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PubMed1985

N-terminal analogues of cecropin A: synthesis, antibacterial activity, and conformational properties.

Six analogues of the 37-residue antibacterial peptide cecropin A were synthesized by the solid-phase method: cecropin A-(2-37), [Glu2]cecropin A, [Pro4]cecropin A, [Glu6]cecropin A, [Leu6]cecropin A, and [Pro8]cecropin A. Their antibacterial activities against four test organisms were determined and related to conformational changes observed in their CD spectra and were discussed on the basis of a previously proposed amphipathic alpha-helix model. An aromatic residue in position 2 was shown to be important for activity against all tested bacteria. The highly alpha-helical 1-11 region of cecropin A did not appear to play a significant role in its activity against Escherichia coli but was clearly involved in its interaction against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus megaterium, and Micrococcus luteus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Measurement of M. luteus endonuclease-sensitive lesions by alkaline elution.

The UV-endonuclease approach to detect DNA damage has been combined with the alkaline elution technique with a resultant marked increase in sensitivity compared to the conventional method using alkaline sedimentation. DNA from UV-irradiated cells was digested on an inert filter with an extract from Micrococcus luteus and then analyzed by alkaline elution. Endonuclease-sensitive sites (endo-sites) were measured after doses of 0.08-0.7 Jm-2 of UV-radiation. An estimate of endo-site production with UV radiation, 0.27 endo-sites/10(8) daltons of DNA/0.1 Jm-2, was similar to that usually seen at higher doses by others. With repair incubation, approx. 50% of the endo-sites were removed in 4 h by normal human fibroblasts after 0.2 or 0.4 Jm-2; no appreciable repair was seen in xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts from complementation group A after 24 h of repair incubation. No photoreaction of UV damage due to 0.4 Jm-2 was detected in normal human fibroblasts. The endonuclease preparation also recognized DNA damage produced by ionizing radiation or an alkylating agent. Approx. 0.4 endo-sites/10(8) daltons of DNA were detected after a dose of 1 krad and 1 endo-site/10(8) daltons was observed after exposure of human cells to 2.5 microM MNNG for 1.3 h. The lesions detected after MNNG treatment by the endonuclease preparation decreased with post-treatment incubation--T1/2 8 h. The kinetics of removal of the endo-sites induced by MNNG were similar in normal cells and human cells of the mer- phenotype which has been shown to be more sensitive by cell killing to alkylating-agent damage. This should prove to be a useful approach to study DNA damage and repair since the entire assay can be done in several hours and a very low level of damage (1 endo-site/2 x 10(9) daltons of DNA) can be detected.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1978

Dextran sulfates as a contaminant of DNA extracted from concentrated viruses and as an inhibitor of DNA polymerases.

Dextran sulfate is commonly used with polyethylene glycol to concentrate viruses before extraction of their DNA. However, dextran slulfate then easily contaminated such DNA and acted as a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerases from Bacillus subtilis (III), phage PBS2, and phage T4. Dextran sulfate only weakly inhibited Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I preparations.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1990

Differences in the phagocytosis of four bacteria by channel catfish neutrophils.

The purpose of this study was to compare the phagocytosis of Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Edwardsiella tarda and Micrococcus luteus by channel catfish neutrophils. Various aspects of opsonization effect and bactericidal ability of channel catfish neutrophils were investigated. Percent phagocytosis ranged from a low of 1% to a high of 91%. The highest percent phagocytosis and phagocytic indices routinely occurred with normal serum and were highest for M. luteus (91.78%, 55.25) and A. hydrophila (87.52%, 43.60). In all cases, the percent phagocytosis and phagocytic index was lowest in assays without serum. Channel catfish neutrophils displayed a bactericidal/static ability for each bacterium tested except E. tarda. Neutrophils exhibited a greater inhibitory capacity for A. hydrophila and M. luteus than for the other bacteria when in the presence of normal or inactivated catfish serum.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1988

Coumarins as inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase.

Chlorobiocic acid and 3-(carbobenzoxyamino)-4,7-dihydroxy-8-methylcoumarin were identified as two new inhibitors of Micrococcus luteus DNA gyrase. Both compounds possess weak antibacterial activity against whole M. luteus cells which indicates that they probably lack efficient transport functions to penetrate the cell envelope.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

HMG17 protein facilitates the DNA catenation reaction catalyzed by DNA topoisomerases.

HMG17 protein is shown to greatly facilitate the catention of double-stranded DNA rings catalyzed by DNA topoisomerases. Even at low DNA concentrations such that catenanes are not observable in the absence of HMG17, the addition of the protein promotes the catenation of greater than 95% of the input DNA into networks that do not enter the gel upon electrophoresis. Electron microscopy and restriction enzyme cleavage experiments indicate that these networks are large structures containing many catenated DNA rings. The HMG17-promoted DNA network formation has been observed with calf thymus type II DNA topoisomerase and the type I topoisomerases of Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and calf thymus.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Measurement of pyrimidine dimers in spheroplasts of Bacillus subtilis.

A method is described for making spheroplasts of Bacillus subtilis which are permeable to exogenous enzymes. Conditions are described for measuring small numbers of pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of UV-irradiated cells by use of a partially purified Micrococcus luteus extract containing an enzyme specific for pyrimidine dimers. The system will detect as few as 10-12 pyrimidine dimers per genome.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1977

Ecological effects of a deodorant and a plain soap upon human skin bacteria.

The effects of a commercial trichlorocarbanilide-containing deodorant soap and a commercial plain soap upon the cutaneous flora of individuals were compared. Using a cross-over design, 21 volunteers (10 women and 11 men) washed their forearms at least once a day with one soap for 3 weeks and then switched soaps for another 4 weeks use. By analysis of variance no significant difference in total colony counts was noted among individuals in their use of the two soaps. With the exception of individual variation, neither sequence of use, sex, nor any combination was influential. However, in 20 of 21 subjects an alteration in the composition of skin flora was observed. The deodorant soap, which in six cases increased total flora, tended to reduce or eliminate diphtheroids in 12 to 17 carriers (71%). Fewer kinds of bacteria were also noted. More Staphylococcus epidermidis was seen with the plain soap, but washing with the deodorant soap seemed to favour Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Micrococcus luteus. The impact of this alteration and the use of total counts to measure effectiveness of deodorant soaps were brought into question.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

In vitro enzymatic recognition of DNA modified by O,O'-diacetyl or O-acetyl derivatives of the carcinogen 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide.

Purified DNA was modified in vitro by 3H-labelled O-acetyl or O,O'-diacetyl-4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide (Ac4HAQO or di Ac-4HAQO). It was then subjected to the action of the single-stranded DNA specific nuclease S1 and the digested fractions were analysed. For both types of modified DNA, the release of non-modified nucleotides was faster than the release of modified nucleotides. This result is at variance with that obtained with acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene-modified DNA: in the latter case, the modified nucleotides were preferentially released. The results suggest that the S1 endonuclease can recognize different conformational changes in DNA, which depend on the carcinogen used. The enzymatic activity (or activities) present in Micrococcus luteus cell extracts released ethanol-soluble products from Ac-4HAQO modified DNA.

4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Deinococcus radiodurans UV endonuclease beta DNA incisions do not generate photoreversible thymine residues.

The ability of UV endonuclease beta of Deinococcus radiodurans to act as a pyrimidine dimer DNA glycosylase was investigated. Cell-free extracts of D. radiodurans exhibiting UV endonuclease beta activity failed to generate incisions in irradiated DNA that liberated free-thymine residues upon photoreversal with 254-nm light. This is in marked contrast to the pyrimidine dimer UV glycosylase of Micrococcus luteus that does liberate such residues. The result suggests that UV endonuclease beta incises DNA by true endonuclease action.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1983

Tactic behavior of Myxococcus xanthus.

With time-lapse videomicroscopy it was demonstrated that cells of Myxococcus xanthus are capable of directed (tactic) movement toward appropriate targets. Mutants that had lost A motility (J. Hodgkin and D. Kaiser, Mol. Gen. Genet. 171:177-191, 1979) were unable to show directed movement. Cells showed directed movement to polystyrene latex beads and to glass beads, as well as to clumps of Micrococcus luteus. This is consistent with other observations in an accompanying paper (M. Dworkin and D. Eide, J. Bacteriol. 154:437-442, 1983) that indicate that M. xanthus does not perceive chemical gradients.

Chemotaxis↗
PubMed1982

Antimicrobial characteristic of insoluble alkylpyridinium iodide.

Insoluble and soluble alkylpyridinium iodides (C8 to C18) were synthesized. The insoluble agents were quaternized 4-vinylpyridine-divinylbenzene copolymers. The insoluble agent [C12(50)] that contained 50% divinylbenzene and had a C12 alkyl chain was selected as the most suitable insoluble agent. C12(50) showed poor durability of the antibacterial activity, but C12(50), which had lost the activity, was refreshed by washing with ethanol. This washing became ineffective after a few cycles of antibacterial treatment and refreshment. Such C12(50) recovered the activity upon 1.0 N NaOH treatment. The antibacterial activity of C12(50) depended on its surface area. It showed high antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and also showed activity against gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. But the activities of C12(50) and laurylpyridinium iodide solution were different against some microbes. The antibacterial activities of the agents were investigated against Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus under various conditions. The activity of C12(50) was higher at a higher temperature or at a lower cell concentration. The activity of C12(50) decreased on addition of NaCl, glucose, or bovine albumin to the cell suspension or in 0.01 M sodium-potassium phosphate buffer. C12(50) showed less activity when cells were mixed with dead cells or the supernatant of dead cells killed in an autoclave. The mode of action of the laurylpyridinium iodide solution against E. coli and M. luteus was similar to that of C12(50) except for the influence of E. coli cell concentration.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1989

Inhibition of bacterial isoprenoid synthesis by fosmidomycin, a phosphonic acid-containing antibiotic.

The mechanism of action of fosmidomycin (FR-31564), a phosphonic acid containing antibiotic, was examined against Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus and other bacteria. It converted growing Esch. coli cells into spheroplasts or swollen cells, but did not inhibit the enzymatic reactions of cell wall synthesis in ether-treated cells. Unlike bicyclomycin, phenethyl alcohol and mitomycin C, it did not reduce the amount of envelope lipoprotein, phospholipids, or DNA, but did reduce the amount of menaquinones and ubiquinones in growing Esch. coli cells. It also inhibited the biosynthesis of both carotenoids and menaquinones in M. luteus cells, suggesting that inhibition of the biosynthesis of a common precursor of these isoprenoids (possibly farnesyl pyrophosphate) might be the main site of its antibacterial activity.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed2000

Diversity of L-methionine catabolism pathways in cheese-ripening bacteria.

Enzymatic activities that could be involved in methanethiol generation in five cheese-ripening bacteria were assayed, and the major sulfur compounds produced were identified. L-Methionine and alpha-keto-gamma-methyl-thio-butyric acid demethiolating activities were detected in whole cells and cell extracts (CFEs) of all the bacteria tested. No L-methionine deaminase activity could be detected in any of the ripening bacteria and L-methionine aminotransferase was detected in CFEs of Brevibacterium linens, Micrococcus luteus, and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The results suggest that several pathways for L-methionine catabolism probably coexist in these ripening bacteria.

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed1986

[Isolation and characteristics of an antibacterial substance produced by a strain of Streptococcus sp. Thom-1606. A study of the biological activity of the metabolic products of Streptococcus sp. Thom-1606].

The data on the biological properties of the culture fluid of Streptococcus strain sp. TOM-1606 are presented. The native preparation has been shown to possess the capacity for stimulating the rate of the clearance of the peritoneal cavity of mice from Staphylococcus aureus cells, strain MT-1, rif. r., found to be insensitive to the action of the above-mentioned preparation in vitro. The crude preparation produces a transitory bacteriostatic effect on the streptococcal and staphylococcal strains under study. The preparation produces a prolonged bacteriostatic effect only on Micrococcus luteus test strain. All these data suggest that the crude preparation contains at least two active principles.

Animals↗