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Results for “Manual Communication”

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PubMed1988

Efficacy of a distinctive feature model of therapy for hearing-impaired adolescents.

Extensive measures of speech production and perception were secured before and after the individualized training of 75 hearing-impaired postsecondary students to evaluate the efficacy of therapy. Additional measures of hearing, reading, writing, nonverbal intelligence, and manual and simultaneous communication reception were made to explore variables that might influence response to training. Significant improvements in vowel, word and sentence production, and word and sentence perception were observed. Pretherapy measures of speech production and perception were the most powerful factors explaining variability in posttest scores. Other variables predicting the outcome of speech therapy were residual hearing and linguistic competence. Clinical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tracheostoma valve for postlaryngectomy voice rehabilitation.

Newer surgical techniques for postlaryngectomy voice rehabilitation provide a simple, effective method of communication but require manual occlusion of the tracheostoma during speech. We report the development of a unique tracheostoma valve that avoids the necessity for covering the stoma. This airflow-sensitive valve closes during speech and remains open with normal respiration. Results of a clinical trial with 50 patients over a ten-month period are encouraging. Our experience suggests that excessive vocal tract resistance to airflow is the principal limitation to effective valve use. Approaches to decreasing airflow resistance through the vocal tract to improve both voice production and tracheostoma valve use are discussed.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2003

How to optimize physicians' communication skills in cancer care: results of a randomized study assessing the usefulness of posttraining consolidation workshops.

PURPOSE: Although there is wide recognition of the usefulness of improving physicians' communication skills, no studies have yet assessed the efficacy of post-training consolidation workshops. This study aims to assess the efficacy of six 3-hour consolidation workshops conducted after a 2.5-day basic training program. METHODS: Physicians, after attending the basic training program, were randomly assigned to consolidation workshops or to a waiting list. Training efficacy was assessed through simulated and actual patient interviews that were audiotaped at baseline and after consolidation workshops for the consolidation-workshop group, and approximately 5 months after the end of basic training for the waiting-list group. Communication skills were assessed according to the Cancer Research Campaign Workshop Evaluation Manual. Patients' perceptions of communication skills improvement were assessed using a 14-item questionnaire. RESULTS: Sixty-three physicians completed the training program. Communication skills improved significantly more in the consolidation-workshop group compared with the waiting-list group. In simulated interviews, group-by-time repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant increase in open and open directive questions (P =.014) and utterances alerting patients to reality (P =.049), as well as a significant decrease in premature reassurance (P =.042). In actual patient interviews, results revealed a significant increase in acknowledgements (P =.022) and empathic statements (P =.009), in educated guesses (P =.041), and in negotiations (P =.008). Patients interacting with physicians who benefited from consolidation workshops reported higher scores concerning their physicians' understanding of their disease (P =.004). CONCLUSION: Consolidation workshops further improve a communication skills training program's efficacy and facilitate the transfer of acquired skills to clinical practice.

Communication↗
PubMed2002

[Cochlear implantation, new prosthetic alternative in the management of the profoundly deaf child].

Cochlear implants are new medical devices. In contrast to acoustic hearing aids which work by amplification, cochlear implants directly stimulate the hearing neurons via electrode implanted in the cochlear tympanic ramp. They are indicated in case of profound hearing deficiency or in cases of bilateral cophosis, congenital or acquired. Implanted early, they allow deaf children to improve their speech comprehension and their verbal expression considerably, thereby favouring social integration. A concurrent system of support including the use of visual-manual means of communication nevertheless remains vital for the first years. The frequency and duration of such support varies according to the individual.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Communication disturbances in parents of schizophrenics.

The article describes the method and results of and experimental study of communication disturbances in parents of schizophrenics. A non-structured interview was carried out with parents of mentally retarded patients as a control group. Communication disturbances were analysed by means of a manual with operational descriptions of communication disorders. The results showed more disturbances in parents of schizophrenic parents. Within the group of parents of schizophrenics, those with schizophrenia in remission after an active phase of the illness showed more disturbances than parents of chronic schizophrenics. These data, obtained at one point in time after the illness has developed, are consistent with, but cannot confirm the hypothesis that interactional factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of an acute, florid form of schizophrenia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

Acquisition of spoken and signed English by profoundly deaf children.

A sample of 327 profoundly deaf children from oral/aural (OA) and total communication (TC) programs across the country was tested on the Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language--Simple Sentence Level (GAEL-S), which measures production of selected English language structures. Results were analyzed separately for four different response modes: the oral productions of OA children, the oral productions of TC children, the manual productions of TC children, and the combined productions of TC children. Percentage correct scores for the oral productions of TC children were substantially below scores for their manual productions and below the scores of OA children in all grammatical categories sampled on the GAEL-S. The percentage correct scores of OA children were significantly higher than the manual and combined production scores of TC children in more than 50% of the grammatical categories. The manual scores of TC children significantly exceeded the scores of OA children in less than 20% of the categories. The gap between oral and manual production of the children in total communication programs indicates that spoken English did not develop simultaneously with manually coded English and that these children educated in programs using manually coded English did not develop competence with early developing English syntax at a rate faster than those not using signs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Socio-affective characteristics and properties of extrinsic feedback in physiotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The usual approach in physiotherapy is to communicate the desired action by means of some combination of verbal instruction and explanation, visual demonstration and manual assistance. Patients' and physiotherapists' communication and acts express socio-affective elements which influence the atmosphere governing this interaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the socio-affective characteristics of the verbal, visual and manual feedback given to their patients by physiotherapists in the performance of their duties. METHOD: Data were collected by videotaping patient-physiotherapist interaction. Systematic observation was used to depict physiotherapists' and patients' verbal and physical communications. The observation instrument consisted of the categories of verbal communication, physical activities and the socio-affective features of communication. RESULTS: The physiotherapists used verbal and physical guidance more and visual guidance less. In the main, the properties of the feedback given were motivational and reinforcing. Information feedback appeared very seldom. Verbal cues were mostly short comments. The main significance of manual cueing was in the tactile input that was used in orienting patients to produce the correct movement. The most effective way of helping patients to understand the purpose of the action and the sequential organization of the subroutine of the movement was to give a demonstration containing the relevant visual and verbal cues. CONCLUSIONS: The extensive use of verbal and manual guidance found in this study needs to be thought over carefully, especially as physiotherapists seemed to use these techniques more as routine than as a result of careful consideration. The socio-affective atmosphere seems to influence physiotherapists' ways of giving feedback to their patients. Further research is needed to determine the most effective way of arranging guidance strategies for physiotherapists to produce effective feedback.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Simultaneous development of vocal and physical object combinations by a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): bottle caps, lids, and labels.

On the basis of primarily behavioral data, researchers (e.g., P. M. Greenfield, 1991) have argued (a) that parallel development of communicative and physical object (manual) combinatorial abilities exists in young children; (b) that these abilities initially have a common neural substrate; (c) that a homologous substrate in great apes allows for similar, if limited, parallel development of these 2 abilities; and (d) that such abilities thus may indicate a shared evolutionary history for both communicative and physical behavior (J. Johnson-Pynn, D. M. Fragaszy, E. M. Hirsh, K. E. Brakke, & P. M. Greenfield, 1999). The authors of the present study found a comparable, if limited, parallel combinatorial development in a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Given the evolutionary distance between parrots and primates, the authors suggest that the search for and arguments concerning responsible substrates and common behavior should be approached with care and should not be restricted to the primate line.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Acquisition of expressive signing by autistic children: an evaluation of the relative effects of simultaneous communication and sign-alone training.

Two methods of training autistic children to use manual signs were compared. Two children, one mute and one capable of some verbal imitation, were taught to use signs as expressive labels for pictures of objects. Using an alternating treatments design, speed of sign acquisition was compared across two training conditions in which signs were presented either accompanied by, or without, the corresponding verbal label. In both conditions, the training procedure incorporated reinforcement, modeling, prompting, fading, and stimulus rotation. The efficacy of training in both treatment conditions was demonstrated by the use of a multiple baseline control across signs, but no clear differences in acquisition speed across conditions were apparent. Posttests conducted to assess stimulus control of signing, and learning of verbal labels when these were present in training, showed that the behavior of the imitative, but not the mute, child was controlled by the verbal stimuli. The implications of the results both for understanding deficits characteristic of autistic children and for developing appropriate language training procedures are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) intentional communication is not contingent upon food.

Studies of great apes have revealed that they use manual gestures and other signals to communicate about distal objects. There is also evidence that chimpanzees modify the types of communicative signals they use depending on the attentional state of a human communicative partner. The majority of previous studies have involved chimpanzees requesting food items from a human experimenter. Here, these same communicative behaviors are reported in chimpanzees requesting a tool from a human observer. In this study, captive chimpanzees were found to gesture, vocalize, and display more often when the experimenter had a tool than when she did not. It was also found that chimpanzees responded differentially based on the attentional state of a human experimenter, and when given the wrong tool persisted in their communicative efforts. Implications for the referential and intentional nature of chimpanzee communicative signaling are discussed.

Animal Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Publishing a nursing textbook: collaborating through "seamless technology".

Electronic communication can enhance long-distance networking and scholarly activity and make long-distance collaboration through technology a reality. Technology presents a new world of opportunity for improving writing skills, nurturing collegiality, and maximizing efficiency in the successful completion of collaborative projects. The concept of "seamless technology" introduced by the authors provides a guide to assist partners involved in collaborative projects to manage technology for a successful, rewarding experience. Basic questions regarding technology that need to be answered on the front end of a long-distance project are suggested in this article. In addition, the steps taken by the authors to co-author and co-edit a nursing textbook and accompanying instructor's manual by using electronic communication and other sources of technology are outlined. The authors address ways that long-distance collaboration required them to maximize their communication and planning skills, thereby increasing productivity and reducing costs. The challenges and rewards of working together exclusively through technology are discussed, and finally, implications for professional nursing are addressed.

Authorship↗
PubMed1997

Behavioural hearing tactics: a controlled trial of a short treatment programme.

Nineteen elderly hearing impaired subjects participated in an experimental treatment study and received either behavioural hearing tactics or served as untreated controls. Treatment was supplied in the form of a self-help treatment manual supplied with telephone contacts during 4 consecutive weeks. The treatment manual included applied relaxation, communication strategies training, advice to relatives, information, and coping skills. Assessments (pre-post) were conducted in a structured interview measuring coping behaviour. In order to evoke behavioural compensation small acoustic provocations were included in the interview. Pre-post assessments also included questionnaires, daily registered hearing problems, and hours of daily hearing aid use. Results showed significant beneficial effects in favour of the treatment in terms of self-assessed problems and behaviour change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1983

Development of intraverbal behavior in mentally retarded individuals through transfer of stimulus control procedures: classification of verbal responses.

Intraverbal behavior, in which an antecedent verbal stimulus is followed by a verbal response that lacks point-to-point correspondence with that stimulus, is often lacking in mentally retarded individuals. The present studies examine the use of transfer of stimulus control procedures for developing one type of intraverbal responding (classification of verbal responses) in mentally retarded participants who employed manual signs as their primary mode of verbal communication. In Experiment 1, a delayed prompting procedure was used to transfer control from nonverbal stimuli (pictures) to verbal stimuli (signs). This procedure was modified so that transfer of stimulus control was effected without errors in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, a delayed prompting procedure was employed to train intraverbal behavior that involved a conditional discrimination. In all cases, transfer of stimulus control procedures produced rapid and enduring improvement in participants' intraverbal responding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Factors contributing to parents' selection of a communication mode to use with their deaf children.

This study examines factors contributing to parents' selection of a communication mode to use with their children with hearing loss. More than 90% of children with prelingual hearing loss have normally hearing parents. Communication difficulties are among the obstacles facing these parents in connection with these children's development. Controversy over manual and aural/oral methods of communication creates further complications. Case studies of two families with deaf children were conducted to identify factors that could influence parents' selection of a communication method. Semistructured questionnaires and unstructured interviews were used in data collection. A qualitative approach was used in data analysis. Based on the results, the factors influencing parental choice were grouped under four themes: (a) the influence of information provided to parents, (b) parents' perceptions of assistive technology, (c) attitudes of service professionals and educational authorities, and (d) quality and availability of support services. Implications of these themes for service provision are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprehend the referential character of the human pointing gesture.

The authors tested a dolphin's (Tursiops truncatus) understanding of human manual pointing gestures to 3 distal objects located to the left of, to the right of, or behind the dolphin. The human referred to an object through a direct point (Pd), a cross-body point (Px), or a familiar symbolic gesture (S). In Experiment 1, the dolphin responded correctly to 80% of Pds toward laterally placed objects but to only 40% of Pds to the object behind. Responding to objects behind improved to 88% in Experiment 2 after exaggerated pointing was briefly instituted. Spontaneous comprehension of Pxs also was demonstrated. In Experiment 3, the human produced a sequence of 2 Pds, 2 Pxs, 2 Ss, or all 2-way combinations of these 3 to direct the dolphin to take the object referenced second to the object referenced first. Accuracy ranged from 68% to 77% correct (chance = 17%). These results established that the dolphin understood the referential character of the human manual pointing gesture.

Animal Communication↗