Air pollution monitoring system.
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Air Pollution↗
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Clinical utility of the continuous glucose monitoring system.
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Adult↗
Performance of an analytical, dual infrared-beam, stored-product insect monitoring system.
A system is described for automated monitoring of pest insects in stored grain. It provides quantitative data indicative of the species of detected insects and is self-calibrating to maintain reliable operation over time across adverse environmental and biological conditions. The system uses electronic grain probes, each with a dual infrared-beam sensor head providing orthogonal views of falling insects. Sensor analog signals are analyzed by an embedded microprocessor, and extracted waveform parameters are transmitted back to a central computer. Filtering algorithms recognize and eliminate false detections due to extraneous (nonfalling) insect activities and provide an indication of species based on body size. Laboratory test data provide species identification templates and an analysis of Montana field test data acquired in aerated and nonaerated bins demonstrates the effectiveness of the filtering algorithms. The described system technology has been licensed by OPIsystems, Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and is commercially available as Insector.
Animals↗
Inhaled nitric oxide reverses hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs. A practical nitric oxide delivery and monitoring system.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent dilator of vascular smooth muscle that likely represents an important endothelium-dependent relaxing factor. Recent interest has focused on inhaled NO as a pulmonary vasodilator. The purpose of this study was to design a reliable NO delivery system with on-line monitoring of NO and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations, and to test the effects of inhaled NO in a dog model of acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Six canines were studied. Marked HPV was induced using a hypoxic gas mixture. Using a standard blender. NO was delivered through a volume-cycled ventilator. We were able to rapidly adjust the delivered NO concentration using this system. An on-line chemoluminescence analyzer was used to continuously measure NO and NO2 concentrations. Inhaled NO at 40 and 80 ppm for 30 min rapidly reversed HPV in all animals (PVR 502 +/- 154 dynes.s.cm-5 with hypoxia, 244 +/- 52 with 40 ppm NO, 227 +/- 47 with 80 ppm NO). No significant NO2 or methemoglobin production was noted during the study. We conclude that inhaled NO can be easily delivered through a ventilator and the dose rapidly adjusted, NO and NO2 concentrations can be monitored continuously on-line, inhaled NO rapidly reverses HPV in dogs, and with short-term NO inhalation, there is no significant NO2 or methemoglobin formation. Inhaled NO may, therefore, have a future clinical role as a new agent in the diagnosis and treatment of other forms of pulmonary hypertension.
Administration, Inhalation↗
Risk analysis of a patient monitoring system using Bayesian Network modeling.
In a modern technological environment where information systems are characterized by complexity, situations of non-effective operation should be anticipated. Often system failures are a result of insufficient planning or equipment malfunction, indicating that it is essential to develop techniques for predicting and addressing a system failure. Particularly for safety-critical applications such as the healthcare information systems, which are dealing with human health, risk analysis should be considered a necessity. This paper presents a new method for performing a risk analysis study of health information systems. Specifically, the CCTA Risk Analysis and Management Methodology (CRAMM) has been utilized for identifying and valuating the assets, threats, and vulnerabilities of the information system, followed by a graphical modeling of their interrelationships using Bayesian Networks. The proposed method exploits the results of the CRAMM-based risk analysis for developing a Bayesian Network model, which presents concisely all the interactions of the undesirable events for the system. Based on "what-if" studies of system operation, the Bayesian Network model identifies and prioritizes the most critical events. The proposed risk analysis framework has been applied to a vital signs monitoring information system for homecare telemedicine, namely the VITAL-Home System, developed and maintained for a private medical center (Medical Diagnosis and Treatment S.A.).
Bayes Theorem↗
An on-line ultraviolet radiation monitoring system for control of photosensitivity test dose.
A system has been developed to monitor and integrate on-line a small fraction of the monochromatic ultraviolet radiation directed at the skin from a phototest source, thus correcting for fluctuations in the irradiance. On completion of the required test dose, the exposure is terminated automatically. Radiation is reflected from a silica plate, housed in a skin applicator, onto a photodiode connected to an integrator. The variation of the reflectivity of the silica plate with wavelength and with incident angle was calculated. The reflectivity of the applicator with and without the silica plate in situ was studied experimentally. Measurements were made of the spatial distribution of irradiance from and across the face of the applicator. To calibrate the photodiode current, the absolute irradiance at the face of the applicator had to be measured with a wide angle detector. No significant deviation from a linear variation was observed between changes in the skin irradiance and changes in the photodiode current.
Humans↗
Extended attributes of event monitor systems for criteria-based notification modalities.
The efficacy of event monitors (EMs) at reducing morbidity and mortality of certain clinical conditions (CCs) is well established. In addition, studies have shown that user inverted exclamation mark s preferences on the modality of notification are correlated to the type of reminder or alert. Nonetheless, few institutions have implemented large scale automated monitoring of a considerable number of distinct CCs, and to our knowledge, none of these sizable projects also offer user-customizable communication modalities (CMs) over all monitored conditions. As both the numbers of CMs and CCs increase, the complexity of customizing user preferences amplifies following a geometric progression. This paper demonstrates an automated approach, based on generic notification attributes (NAs) and notification criteria (NC), which significantly simplifies the management and personalization of the CMs for institutions where the manual assignment of a CM for every alert is forbidding. The methods by which these NAs were developed, their significance for existing CCs and their implementation using the Arden Syntax and Guideline interchange format (GLIF) are described. The proposed Criteria-Based Notification is shown to improve two facets of the management of event monitors: 1) the assignment of CMs becomes independent from clinical conditions, de-facto removing institution-specific CMs from the knowledge bases of the event monitors and inserting CC-specific and institution-independent NAs, thus increasing their reusability and sharability; 2) knowledge-based independent NAs facilitate both institution-level management and user-level preference configuration.
Decision Making, Computer-Assisted↗
[Disease outbreak monitoring system based on ambulance transport data].
INTRODUCTION: Disease outbreak monitoring is relevant not only for naturally occurring diseases but also for detecting a biological terror event. Surveillance systems are already operational in Denmark, but none of these has the high update frequencies necessary for early warning, and the majority monitor specific infectious diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An early-warning system for detection of disease outbreaks in Denmark based on ambulance transport frequency was developed and tested employing a biological outbreak scenario. RESULTS: The system, termed "Bioalarm", demonstrated an ability to adapt to minor statistical variations due to, e.g., mild influenza epidemics and at the same time to elicit an early warning in the event of a outbreak consistent with a bioterrorist attack. CONCLUSION: Bioalarm not only is relevant for early warning of a disease outbreak as a result of a biological attack but also facilitates early detection of naturally occurring outbreaks.
Ambulances↗
Prevalence of selected maternal and infant characteristics, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 1997.
PROBLEM/CONDITION: Certain maternal behaviors and experiences (e.g., unintended pregnancy, late entry into prenatal care, smoking cigarettes during pregnancy, and physical abuse during pregnancy) might be related to adverse reproductive outcomes (e.g., low birthweight, infant morbidity and mortality, and maternal morbidity). Information on the prevalence of these behaviors and experiences is needed to monitor trends over time, to increase understanding of maternal behaviors and experiences and their relation to perinatal and maternal outcomes, and to develop and assess programs and policies designed to reduce these adverse outcomes among pregnant women and their infants. REPORTING PERIOD: From 1993 through 1997. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) is a CDC-developed, ongoing, state- and population-based surveillance system designed to collect information on self-reported maternal behaviors and experiences that occur before, during, and shortly after pregnancy among women who deliver a live-born infant. A 14-page questionnaire is mailed to a sample of mothers that is randomly selected from state birth certificate records. The questionnaire is followed by two additional mailings and follow-up with nonresponders by telephone. Responses are accumulated during the calendar year, combined with birth certificate data, and then weighted to be representative of all mothers who had a live-born infant in the state. Data for 1997 from 13 states were examined. RESULTS: The prevalence of unintended pregnancy resulting in a live-born infant ranged from 33.9% to 50.0% in the 13 states. From 1993 through 1997, data from Georgia demonstrated a significant decreasing trend (p = .01) in unintended pregnancy, whereas this trend significantly increased in New York (p = .03). In most states, women who were younger (aged <20 years), had less than 12 years of education, were black, and received Medicaid were more likely to report an unintended pregnancy. In 1997, 16.6%-30.7% of women entered prenatal care after the first 3 months of pregnancy. In most states, women who were younger (aged <20 years), black, had lower levels of education, and received Medicaid were more likely to enter prenatal care late or not at all. Georgia and Washington experienced significant decreasing trends in smoking during pregnancy. Across the 13 states, 11.0%-23.9% of women reported smoking during pregnancy. In seven of 13 states, white women were more likely to smoke during pregnancy than black women. In eight of 13 states, smoking was significantly more prevalent among women who delivered a low birthweight infant than women who delivered a normal weight infant. In seven states, the proportion of women who initiated breast-feeding significantly increased from 1993 through 1997; the prevalence in 1997 ranged from 48.1% to 86.8%. Women who were most likely to breast-feed were older, more educated, white, and did not receive Medicaid. The state-specific prevalence of physical abuse during pregnancy by a husband or partner ranged from 2.4% to 5.6%. In most of these states, women who had less than a high school education and women who received Medicaid were more likely to report having been abused. INTERPRETATION: Findings indicate that many women report high-risk behaviors or experience high-risk conditions before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. Furthermore, several specific groups of women were significantly more likely to report these behaviors or experience these conditions. In many states, women who were younger, less educated, and Medicaid recipients were more likely to experience unintended pregnancy, enter prenatal care after the first 3 months of pregnancy or not at all, smoke during the last 3 months of pregnancy, and never initiate breast-feeding. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: These findings are useful for state agencies to monitor trends in behaviors and experiences and to design public health programs and policies that addre
Adult↗
New beam-position monitor system for upgraded Photon Factory storage ring.
Accompanying the brilliance-upgrading project at the Photon Factory storage ring, the beam-position monitor (BPM) system has been renovated. The new system was designed to enable precise and fast measurements to correct the closed-orbit distortion (COD), as well as to feed back the orbit position during user runs. There are 42 BPMs newly installed, amounting to a total of 65 BPMs. All of the BPMs are calibrated on the test bench using a coaxially strung metallic wire. The measured electrical offsets are typically 200 micro m in both directions, which is 1/2-1/3 of those of the old-type BPMs. In the signal-processing system, PIN diode switches are employed in order to improve reliability. In the fastest mode, this system is capable of measuring COD within about 10 ms; this fast acquisition will allow fast suppression of the beam movement for frequencies up to 50 Hz using a global feedback system.
Journal Article↗
A home monitoring system for nasal CPAP.
A compact portable sensing system (PSS) was developed for home monitoring of patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with nasal continuous positive-airway pressure (CPAP). The system consisted of a solid-state pressure sensor connected with plastic tubing to the side port of the nasal CPAP mask, a power supply, and a strip chart recorder. The device was validated against standard polysomnography in ten patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing overnight nasal CPAP trials. A total of 397 apneas and hypopneas were observed in the ten patients. The PSS device detected 386 events (sensitivity, 97.2 percent). In addition, there were 29 false positive events noted by the device (positive predictive value, 93 percent). The device was then tested at home in 23 patients on nasal CPAP. Eight of these patients had persistent apneas requiring adjustment of their CPAP pressure. The PSS device allowed for accurate reevaluation of nasal CPAP settings in the patient's home without necessitating expensive, time-consuming in-hospital laboratory polysomnographic studies.
Home Care Services↗
[Monitoring nutrition and the quality of the food products in the social-hygiene monitoring system in the Russian Federation].
The results of monitoring of population dietary intake and quality of foods in Russia in last years are discussed. Main problems in dietary intake of population are high animal fat intake and slightly low level of high quality protein intake. Deficits of some vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber intake are also first priority problems in nutrition of population. Monitoring of food safety testify about high frequency of microbial contamination of food and raw food materials especially milk and diary food. These data are used at development of state politics in improving of dietary intake of population.
Adult↗
The microcomputer in medical instrumentation. Aspects of an automated monitoring system.
The major technical trends in medical computing include sensor devices and artificial intelligence techniques. Use of the computer will render instruments more accessible and make them friendlier to the user. Examples include automation of gain setting in echocardiology and instant computation of M-mode data. In intensive care units, computers have become an integral part of patient monitoring over the last two decades. Third generation microcomputer-based systems are presently helping to solve many earlier problems. Features such as touch-sensitive keys or screens (eliminating keyboards) and integrated front-end are greatly increasing user acceptance. A new monitoring system developed at the Thorax Center for intensive cardiac patient monitoring and provided with these features will be described.
Computers↗
An innovative online VFA monitoring system for the anerobic process, based on headspace gas chromatography.
A new method for online measurement of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in anerobic digesters has been developed based on headspace gas chromatography (HSGC). The method applies ex situ VFA stripping with variable headspace volume and gas analysis by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). In each extraction, digester sample was acidified with H(3)PO(4) and NaHSO(4), then heated to strip the VFA into the gas phase. The gas was sampled in a low friction glass syringe before injected into the GC for measurement. The system has been tested for online monitoring of a lab-scale CSTR reactor treating manure for more than 6 months and has shown good agreement with off-line analysis. The system is capable of measuring individual VFA components. This is of advantage since specific VFA components such as propionic and butyric acid can give extra information about the process status. Another important advantage of this sensor is that there is no filtration, which makes possible application in high solids environments. The system can thus be easily applied in a full-scale biogas reactor by connecting the system to the liquid circulation loop to obtain fresh sample from the reactor. Local calibration is needed but automatic calibration is also possible using standard addition method. Sampling duration is 25-40 min, depending on the washing duration, and sensor response is 10 min. This is appropriate for full-scale reactors, since dynamics within most biogas reactors are of the order of several hours.
Anaerobiosis↗
A laboratory evaluation of the accuracy and precision of the photovac snapshot portable gas chromatograph and the Dräger Chip Measurement System monitor for benzene in air measurements.
A laboratory evaluation of the accuracy and precision of two field instruments, the Photovac Snapshot Gas Chromatograph and the Dräger Chip Measurement System (CMS) Monitor, both capable of specific determination of benzene, was carried out. The evaluation was based on the generation of a test atmosphere of known concentration of benzene in a stainless steel calibration chamber and simultaneous sampling of the test atmosphere by each instrument. At the same time, the chamber atmosphere was continuously monitored by one or two data logging photoionization detector (PID) hydrocarbon analysers. A series of six, 10-minute charcoal tube air samples of the test atmosphere was also collected over the 1-hour run and analyzed by gas chromatography. Nine different concentrations ranging from 0.25 ppm to 8 ppm were used. Accuracy was evaluated using National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) criteria. The Photovac GC consistently met the NIOSH recommended accuracy criteria of +/- 25 percent at or below 1 ppm of benzene, whereas the Drager CMS results generally fell slightly outside this criteria. Compared against less stringent accuracy criteria of +/- 35 percent, all Photovac GC results were acceptable but about 40 percent of Drager CMS results were not. The precision of Photovac GC (CV +/- 10%) is better than Drager CMS (CV = +/- 20% to 40%). Both instruments are, however, good field instruments provided their limitations are taken into account in their use.
Air Pollutants↗
A multi-station culture force monitor system to study cellular contractility.
Cellular contraction contributes to the formation of scar tissue, which is characterized by an over-produced, disorganized collagen matrix. To study the contractility of cells in vitro and its potential contribution to scar tissue formation, we have developed a multi-station culture force monitor (CFM) system. This system consists of four vertical cantilever beams with semiconductor strain gages and a computerized data acquisition unit to monitor contractile forces of the cells in a collagen gel. Calibration showed that this system has a highly linear voltage-force relationship (R(2) > 0.99). Further, to demonstrate the applicability of this system, contractile forces of human skin fibroblasts in a collagen gel were measured. These fibroblasts were found to produce an average force of 0.2 nN/cell, which is consistent with the data in literature. The significant advantage of this CFM system is its ability to test multiple samples simultaneously. Therefore, the system can facilitate statistical design and analysis of experiments to study the effects of growth factors (e.g., TGF-betas) on cellular contraction and their potential role in scar tissue formation.
Cell Culture Techniques↗
Use of multi-objective air pollution monitoring sites and online air pollution monitoring system for total health risk assessment in Hyderabad, India.
A consensus has been emerging among public health experts in developing countries that air pollution, even at current ambient levels, aggravates respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and leads to premature mortality. Recent studies have also presented well-founded theories concerning the biological mechanisms involved and the groups of people that are probably more susceptible to health effects caused or exacerbated by inhalation of ambient particulate matter (PM.). On the basis of prognostic studies carried out in Center for Environment, JNT University, Hyderabad "it has been estimated that in Hyderabad some 1,700 to 3,000 people per year die prematurely as a result of inhaling PM". These figures reflect only the effects of acute exposure to air pollution. If the long-term effects of chronic exposure are taken into account, 10,000-15,000 people a year could die prematurely in Hyderabad. This estimate of the chronic effects is based on other studies, which are not completely comparable with the Hyderabad situation. While the study designs and analyses in these other studies may indeed be different or irrelevant to Hyderabad, the fact they were carried out in other countries is irrelevant. Taking into account these considerations, a model for total health risk assessment for the city of Hyderabad, and its state of Andhra Pradesh in India has been developed using a multi-objective air pollution monitoring network and online and real time air pollution monitoring stations. For the model studies a number of potential monitoring sites were screened for general and site-specific criteria in a geographic information system (GIS) environment that may, on a local basis, affect the representativeness of the data collected. Local features that may affect either the chemical or meteorological parameters are evaluated to assure a minimum of interference. Finally, for monitoring air pollution, an online and real-time monitoring system was designed using advanced electrochemical sensor systems (sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, ozone, mercaptans and hydrogen sulphide) and a particulate matter analyzer (total suspended particulate matter TSPM), PM2.5 and PM10). The sensor and data acquisition systems are programmed to monitor pollution levels at 1/2 hour durations during peak hours and at 1-hour intervals at other times. Presently, extensive statistical and numerical simulations are being carried out at our center to correlate the individuals living in the monitored areas with respiratory infections with air pollution.
Air Pollutants↗