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PubMed2003

Evaluation of LATEX/T.b.gambiense for mass screening of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness in Central Africa.

We compared the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT), which consists of lyophilized bloodstream form trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g.) variable antigen type LiTat 1.3, with LATEX/T.b.g., which consists of a lyophilized suspension of latex particles coated with variable surface glycoproteins of T.b.g. variable antigen types LiTat 1.3, 1.5 and 1.6. This study was carried out during two mass screening surveys in 1998 in Campo, a sleeping sickness focus in Cameroon, with a low prevalence (0.3%) and in 1999 in Batangafo which belongs to the Central African focus of Ouham which has a higher prevalence (3%). In Campo, we compared the CATT performed on whole blood with the LATEX/T.b.g. on diluted blood. In Batangafo, both tests were performed on diluted blood. In all circumstances, the specificity of the LATEX/T.b.g. was higher than of CATT. The use of LATEX/T.b.g. on diluted blood instead of CATT results in an important decrease of workload and as a consequence, of costs related to parasitological examinations. In the case of Campo the workload was up to 12 times less than when using CATT 1.3 on whole blood and the cost divided by 3. In Batangafo the workload was decreased by nearly 20% with the LATEX/T.b.g. Finally, it should be noted that in Batangafo, one of the parasitologically confirmed sleeping sickness patients was negative in CATT and positive in LATEX/T.b.g. and that the reading of the test result in LATEX/T.b.g. is easier than in CATT.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed2002

Type II citrullinaemia (citrin deficiency) in a neonate with hypergalactosaemia detected by mass screening.

Type II citrullinaemia (CTLN2) is an adult- or late childhood-onset liver disease characterized by a liver-specific defect in argininosuccinate synthetase protein. The enzyme abnormality is caused by deficiency of the protein citrin, which is encoded by the SLC25A 13 gene. Until now, however, few cases with SLC25A13 mutations have been reported in children with liver disease. We describe an infant who presented with neonatal hepatitis in association with hypergalactosaemia detected by neonatal mass screening. DNA analysis of SLC25A13 revealed that the patient was homozygous for a IVS11+1G>A mutation. This case suggests that SLC25A13 mutant should be suspected in neonatal patients with hypergalactosaemia of unknown cause.

Citrullinemia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for apolipoprotein B on dried blood spot derived from newborn infant: its application to neonatal mass screening for hypercholesterolemia.

Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and early diagnosis and treatment should be given attention. We developed a simple and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for apolipoprotein B (apoB) on a dried blood spot (DBS). The specificity of this assay was investigated by constructing curves for other proteins. The cross-reactivity was negligible. The mean intra- and intercoefficients of variation were 5.2 and 7.8%, respectively. We used phosphate buffer with Triton X-100 for extracting apoB on DBS. The elution of apoB was stable up to 30 days after bleeding. The correlation between plasma and DBS apoB was r = 0.94, p less than 0.005, n = 55. Using this method, we screened 2,500 babies between 5 and 7 days of age. The mean +/- SD of DBS apoB was 75 +/- 15 U. Seven hypercholesterolemic neonates were detected. Family studies of these neonates disclosed one definite and two suspected heterozygotes for familial hypercholesterolemia. Four other neonates showed no related familial background. This ELISA method for assaying apoB should prove to be a useful tool for large mass screening for hypercholesterolemia, particularly in the newborn.

Apolipoproteins B↗
PubMed1978

Mass screening for early breast cancer detection.

In 1969 the Center for Social Diseases of Florence started a screening program for early breast cancer detection. The female population over 40 years of age of a group of outlying towns of the District was invited. From January 1969 till March 1977, 21,725 women have been examined in the program. Mammography was the diagnostic procedure of choice, followed by physical examination if necessary. Negative cases were controlled with biennial mammography. This paper summarizes and evaluates the results of this screening program. At first mammography, 67 cancers were detected, 37% of which were clinically unapparent, 62.3% staged T1A, and 52% N--. The average stage at diagnosis is certainly better than the average stage of cancers diagnosed in unscreened women, thus a better prognosis is expected. Actuarial survival rate of detected cancers was 94 +/- 3.7% at 5 years. False negative and false positive cases are reported. The possibility of hazards in the use of repeated mammography in mass screening is discussed. According to reported data the value of this screening program in terms of secondary prevention (early diagnosis) is confirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in neuroblastomas detected by mass screening.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood and the third most common pediatric cancer. Although numerous factors including patient age, disease stage and genetic abnormalities have been shown to be predictive of outcome, the mechanisms responsible for the highly variable clinical behavior of this tumor remain largely unknown. In order to gain new insights into the biology of this tumor, we performed microarray analysis and compared the gene expression patterns of NB detected by mass screening, characterized by highly probable spontaneous regression, versus stage 4 NB with poor prognosis. The bioinformatics analysis revealed a set of 19 discriminatory genes that may play a significant role in the natural progression of the disease. Validation of these results and further mechanistic studies would shed new light on the biology of tumor progression, and provide new tools to predict clinical outcome in children with NB.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1981

A new method of blood galactose estimation for mass screening of galactosemia.

A new method for quantitative determination of galactose in blood by fluorescence of NADH was described. The assay system consisted of beta-galactose dehydrogenase, NAD, buffer and a denatured blood disc (3 mm diameter), and the reaction was carried out for 1 hr at 37 degrees C. Denaturation of hemoglobin was accomplished by exposing the blood disc to a vapor of formic acid in an air-tight container; this procedure completely eliminated false positive cases of galactosemia. This method can be applied in a wide range of galactose concentration from low (0 mg%) to high levels (200-1,000 mg%) with the accuracy of 8.0 +/- 0.3 mg% from a coefficient of variation of 3.5%. Semi-quantitative assay was also possible by using a spot test like Beutler's method. The galactose content in one disc paper (3 mm diameter) of blood containing 5 mg% galactose is approximately 0.1 micrograms. The newly developed method is satisfactorily applicable in neonatal mass screening and clinical cases.

False Positive Reactions↗
PubMed1987

Simple liquid-chromatographic measurement of vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid in urine on filter paper for mass screening of neuroblastoma in infants.

We describe a simple and rapid method for measuring catecholamine metabolites in urine collected on filter paper. By this method, "high-performance" liquid chromatography, urinary vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid can be measured within 15 min after being eluted from filter paper treated with tartrate buffer. One hundred urine samples can be pretreated within 2 h and 100-120 samples analyzed at 18-min intervals overnight in two chromatographic systems. Moreover, urinary creatinine also can be measured rapidly because of the use of microtiter plates. We applied this method in a mass screening program for early detection of neuroblastoma in infants. Between April 1986 and March 1987, two patients with neuroblastoma were detected. In all, neuroblastoma has been detected in 17 of 88,887 infants so examined since April 1981.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2002

Pilot study of mass screening for Wilson's disease in Korea.

Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism with copper accumulation in the liver as well as in the central nervous system. Treatment of WD includes oral chelating agents and diet and it is effective. However, once irreversible damage has occurred, the effect of treatment is diminished and the patient's quality of life is compromised. It is estimated that at least half of the patients with WD remain undiagnosed and die of untreated disease. Early detection of patients presymptomatically has been hampered by the lack of effective methods for mass screening. Recently, a sandwich ELISA method for ceruloplasmin measurement in blood spots was developed. We have used this method to analyze blood specimens collected on filter paper from 3667 children aged 3 months-15 years. The mean value of ceruloplasmin was 30.5+/-9.5 mg/dL. Among these children, we identified one WD case, a 32-month-old boy with markedly reduced ceruloplasmin concentration (2.3 mg/dL). Measurement of CP level in dried blood spot sample is proposed as a reliable method for population screening of WD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[The mortality of prostate cancer in Andalusia. Contributions to mass screening].

BACKGROUND: To describe the mortality of prostate cancer in Andalusia from 1975 to 2001. METHODS: Estimation of crude rates, age-adjusted rates, Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) adjusted rates, risk of death and the changes produced in the adjusted rates. RESULTS: Prostate cancer deaths rise from 407 to 767. Crude rates increased from 13.54 to 21.35 per 100,000 persons-years. However, the age-adjusted rates showed a steady trend over the study period, with an annual percent change of -0.21%, and the premature mortality indicators declined. The cumulative risk of death increased with age, and presented an exponential increase after the age of 50 years, in both the periods, 1975-1979 as 1997-2001, with highest values in the second one. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer mortality in Andalusia has increased in absolute values due to the ageing of the population. When adjusted for age, the mortality has remained stable, with a shift of deaths toward the more extreme age groups, as indicated by the decrease of premature deaths. The results of this study do not support the starting-up of mass screening programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Mass screening for hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma in men.

To determine the incidence of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma without symptoms in men, the serum levels of prolactin were measured in 4803 men. Of these, 14 had hyperprolactinemia with prolactin level of over 50 ng/ml, and 3 had prolactin levels of more than 500 ng/ml. Of these 3 subjects, 2 were found to have pituitary prolactinoma by computed tomograph scanning and surgery, the other subject, who was highly suspected to have prolactinoma, refused further examinations. The serum prolactin levels of 51-100 ng/ml in 11 subjects may have been induced by drugs (sulpiride) or unknown factors. The present survey suggests that the incidence of prolactinoma in men in the general population might be estimated to be 1:1600, and that mass screening is useful for early diagnosis of asymptomatic prolactinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Role of urbanization and air pollution in adolescent asthma: a mass screening in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The prevalence of asthma in school children in Taiwan is increasing. This study used mass screening among middle school children in Taiwan to determine the prevalence of asthma and related factors. METHODS: Data were collected from parents using a self-reported questionnaire and from children using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) video questionnaire. Six study teams conducted the survey nationwide in 1995-1996, with the assistance of middle school nurses and teachers. RESULTS: Among the 1,018,031 students at 795 middle schools who returned questionnaires, 8.5% had a history of asthma (ranging in prevalence from 4.2% to 13% in 25 areas). The prevalence of asthma was higher in boys than in girls (10.0% vs 7%) and was highest in more urbanized areas (11.2%), followed by moderately urbanized areas (7.4%) and less urbanized and rural areas (6.5%). Controlling for age, family smoking, family incense burning, and parental education level, multivariate logistic regression models indicated that children living in an area with heavy air pollution were more likely to have asthma than those in an area with no or light pollution (odds ratio, OR = 2.01 and 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.94-2.09 based on parental ranking of pollution level, or OR = 1.30 and 95% CI = 1.18-1.42 based on pollution level reported by the Environmental Protection Administration). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent asthma in Taiwan is most prevalent in the most urbanized areas and decreases in prevalence in less urbanized areas. This study also found that higher parental education level and higher area air pollution were associated with higher adolescent asthma prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Significance of urinalysis for subsequent kidney and urinary tract disorders in mass screening of adults.

To evaluate dipstick urinalysis as a predictor of subsequent kidney and urinary tract disorders in apparently healthy adults, we designed a cross-sectional, prospective, and retrospective study within a cohort. The severity of proteinuria was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with the amount of pathological casts, whereas hematuria without proteinuria was not. The frequency of subsequent serum creatinine increase (0.3 mg/dl/5 years or more) was significantly enhanced (from 0.4% to 7.3% along with the severity of proteinuria, whereas it was not related to the severity of hematuria. Patients who subsequently developed renal failure and glomerulonephritis exhibited hematuria (11.1-32.1%) less frequent than proteinuria (62.3-83.3%). Even those with renal tumors or stones showed infrequent (14.3-27.9%) hematuria. Thus, urine protein and occult blood have different implications in mass screening.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

American cutaneous leishmaniasis in domestic dogs: an example of the use of the polymerase chain reaction for mass screening in epidemiological studies.

Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are firmly incriminated as reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. As an increasing number of studies have reported high infection rates with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in dogs, it is suggested that they should also be incriminated as reservoir hosts of ACL. The evidence to incriminate dogs as ACL reservoir hosts is reviewed, and we conclude that there is, as yet, only circumstantial evidence to support that claim, one of the reasons being that diagnostic tests (mainly serology) used in the studies underestimate the true rate of infection. We report results from the first large-scale study to measure ACL infection rates using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A high prevalence of ACL was detected in blood and bone marrow of dogs surveyed in an area of Peru endemic for Leishmania braziliensis and L. peruviana, providing further evidence for their suspected role as ACL reservoir hosts. However, the relatively low ACL prevalence detected in symptomatic dogs (i.e., dogs with ACL lesions or scars) demonstrated that PCR alone cannot be the diagnostic 'gold standard' for mass screening of samples in epidemiological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Results of a mass screening program for colorectal cancer.

Following a series of educational newscasts about colorectal cancer that were aired on a local television news program, stool guaiac slide kits were distributed on request to 72,000 persons in Memphis. One or more slides were positive In 1310 (6%) of the 23,000 kits returned. Of the 1310 individuals with positive cultures, 597 (45%) saw a physician for further evaluation. Sixty-five of these persons received inadequate evaluations. Of the 532 individuals (90%) who received adequate evaluations, 154 (26%) had no evidence of pathology that would account for occult blood. Of the remaining 443 persons, 26 were found to have colorectal cancer, and 20 of these 26 persons were found to have surgically amenable lesions (Dukes' stages A through B2). In addition, 67 potentially precancerous polyps were found. Mass screening for colorectal cancer using guaiac slide tests, coupled with patient compliance for a screening protocol and adequate follow-up evaluation, has the potential to identify and treat early colorectal cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Preliminary evaluation of LATEX/T. b. gambiense and alternative versions of CATT/T. b. gambiense for the serodiagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis of a population at risk in Côte d'Ivoire: considerations for mass-screening.

A study was conducted to compare classical card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT)/T. b. gambiense with CATT-EDTA and LATEX/T. b. gambiense as alternative field tests for serodiagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis. The tests were performed on freshly collected blood in an endemic and a low prevalence area in Côte d'Ivoire. Diagnostic performance of each test was assessed using Quantitative Buffy Coat as the parasitological reference and immune trypanolysis as the serological reference test. According to the parasitological data, CATT-EDTA on 10 microl and LATEX/T. b. gambiense on blood diluted 1:4, detecting all confirmed cases with good specificity (respectively 94.6% and 98.1%) yielded better results than the classical CATT did (one false negative and 92.5% specific). However, when immune trypanolysis data and feasibility are taken into account, the classical CATT remains the test of choice for mass screening under the given field conditions.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The questionnaire method in mass screening of the population for the presence of diabetes mellitus].

A questionnaire form for detection of diabetes mellitus among high risk persons has been prepared. The form includes only such questions and answers which provide information on the presence of absence of diabetes. Their qualitative characteristics are presented in the form of a scale of assessment, and the total assessment is expressed by integral characteristics of a degree of probability of the presence of diabetes mellitus. A study of the efficacy of this method permitted one to divide population into 3 categories: with a low, average and high probability of diabetes. Persons with a high probability of diabetes mellitus should be examined using a standard glucose tolerance test (GTT). As compared to a mass screening this method permits sparing about 70% of expenses and detecting 80-90% of diabetes mellitus patients who are not in the focus of physician's attention at the moment.

Diabetes Mellitus↗