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PubMed1983

[Participation of the orienting-exploratory reaction in the formation of a secondary signal association system in lecture instruction].

The close correlation between the skin galvanic reaction (SGR) and the process of formation of scientific knowledge (abstract-logical temporal connections) has been shown by using SGR for the determination of the secondary signal system activity. Rather a high level of each student's SGR is kept during the whole lecture. The more active the student's SGR is mobilized the more efficient the scientific knowledge is learnt.

Association Learning↗
PubMed1982

William Osler and his Gulstonian Lectures on malignant endocarditis.

Current perceptions of the association between William Osler and bacterial endocarditis are, for many of us, encompassed by the eponym, "Osler's nodes." Osler himself credited others with priority in description of those nodes, and the eponym is justified only because it signals the overlordship of the disease that the great clinician maintained for 3 decades (1885 through 1915). In the Gulstonian Lectures on malignant endocarditis, Osler provided, as Cushing said, "the first comprehensive account in English of the disease and did much to bring the subject to the attention of clinicians." In the present account, I have sought to assess the degree to which Osler's contributions to knowledge and understanding of bacterial endocarditis were extended or limited by forces of time and circumstance that, for the most part, extended beyond boundaries that any effort on his part could have altered.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

1994 John J. Bonica Lecture. The clinical effects of morphine pharmacology.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The literature is replete with studies of morphine. It is not surprising that some viewpoints expressed tend to be often repeated without critical analysis. The goal of this lecture is to probe some commonly held viewpoints about the pharmacology of morphine. This involves retracing some of its history, re-examining its physicochemical nature, re-evaluating its physiologic disposition and the pharmacologic activity of its metabolites. METHODS: The background material selected for inclusion consists of historic pharmacologic secondary sources, selections from the recent primary literature on morphine pharmacokinetics and metabolism, and vignettes from the author's personal research in progress with colleagues in Australia. RESULTS: The author's perspective is that of a chemical pharmacologist with more than a passing interest in pharmacokinetics. The synthesis evaluates the therapeutic consequences of the pharmacologic aspects chosen. CONCLUSIONS: Morphine in various forms has been used successfully in the alleviation of pain for at least several millenia but it is only relatively recently that a rationale for its action has been found. Morphine is a relatively poorly lipophilic opioid but equilibrates with tissue of the brain relatively easily. While the metabolism of morphine occurs in the liver, it is metabolized in the kidneys and brain as well. The clearance of morphine is not notably decreased by renal dysfunction, but clearance of its glucuronide metabolites is decreased markedly. While the metabolites produced may be shown to be pharmacologically active in particular experimental preparations, it is not yet certain that they contribute pharmacologically after systemic administration of morphine in experimental animals or humans with generally normal physiology.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The 1994 G. Brohée Lecture (Los Angeles). The scientification of gastroenterology during the 20th century.

At the occasion of the Georges Brohée Lecture presented at the 10th World Congress of Gastroenterology in Los Angeles (1994), the author makes a brief history of Georges Brohée (1887-1957), Belgian Surgeon and Radiologist who promoted modern Gastroenterology, in particular by founding the Belgian Society of Gastroenterology in 1928 and by organizing the first International Congress of Gastroenterology in Brussels in 1935. His continuing efforts culminated in the constitution of the "Organisation Mondiale de Gastro-entérologie" (OMG) which prepared the first World Congress of Gastroenterology for 1958. In the second part, the author continues his description of the scientific development of Gastroenterology during the 20th century. The following topics are treated: gastrointestinal endoscopy, enteric microflora with emphasis on the discovery of Helicobacter pylori, of Tropheryma Whippleii and of antibacterial agents, gastrointestinal immunology.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1994

Maude Abbott Lecture. Hematopathology: a crescendo of scholarly activity.

This lecture traces the evolution of hematopathology from the time of Thomas Hodgkin to the modern era of hybridoma antibodies, immunophenotyping, and molecular biology. It highlights the early concepts of Ludwig Aschoff and his school based on the observations of Metchnikoff, Ehrlich, and Maximow and the changes in concepts and terminology that have occurred in the ensuing 80 yr. The ongoing controversy on terminology and classifications of the malignant lymphomas from their first descriptions by Rudolf Virchow, Hans Kundrat, and Theodore Billroth is reviewed with reference to the development of the Working Formulation of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas for Clinical Usage and other classifications that are currently in vogue. Special attention is paid to the remarkable insight showed by Dorothy Reed in her morphologic descriptions of Hodgkin's disease, her thoughtful discussion on the nature of this disorder, and the conformation of her proposals inherent in the subsequent classification of Lukes and Butler. Acknowledgement is given to the remarkable discovery of Köhler and Milstein resulting in the advent of monoclonal antibodies that have revolutionized the field of hematopathology; to the many immunopathologists who have been responsible for the production of more than 1100 monoclonal antibodies comprising 78 clusters of differentiation; and to many of the leading molecular biologists who have (in the words of Berard) "helped to transform hematopathology from a difficult morphologic exercise into a functionally oriented biologic science."

Hematology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of the lecturer practitioner: 2.

The first part of this article examined the development of the role of the lecturer practitioner within nursing. This article discusses the qualifications needed for the role, the conflicts that may arise as a result of the dual nature of the role, and the career structure.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1994

[The dedication of the "inaugural lecture" (1766) of Samuel-Auguste Tissot].

Samuel-Auguste Tissot (1728-1797) has been appointed professor of medicine at the Academy of Lausanne. He gave his inaugural lecture on "De Morbis Litteratorum" on April the 9th 1766 and published it 15 days later under the title "Sermo inauguralis de valetudine litteratorum". The affirmations, made by some of his recognized biographers, that this publication was dedicated to the King of Poland (Stanisław August Poniatowski) are erroneous. In reality, this dedication starts with the inscription: "Inclytae Reipublicae Bernensis Consulibus (...)". The dedication itself and the following "Epistola" are both entirely consecrated to the excellencies and senators of the Republic of Berne.

Faculty, Medical↗
PubMed1994

Yant Memorial Award Lecture, 1992. A more informative list of occupational exposure limits with a supplement.

Dr. Reinier Zielhuis was presented with the Yant Memorial Award by the American Industrial Hygiene Association in 1992. The award recognizes outstanding contributions in industrial hygiene or allied fields made by an individual residing outside the United States. Dr. Zielhuis was chair of occupational and environmental health, medical faculty, at Coronel Laboratory of the University of Amsterdam from 1964-1987. Since 1987 he has been advisor to the Department of Toxic Substances of the Dutch Directorate-General of Labour. In 1990-1991 he was also advisor to the European Community on occupational standard setting. For personal reasons Dr. Zielhuis was unable to present the Memorial Award Lecture at the 1992 American Industrial Hygiene Conference & Exposition, but prepared the following article for publication in the Journal.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed1993

[The clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of chronic liver diseases (a lecture)].

The lecture is devoted to the important scientific trends in study of chronic liver diseases (CLD): pathomorphosis, the role of slow viruses and immunity in the pathogenesis. Three main genetically closely interlinked forms of CLD--hepatitis, hepatosis, cirrhosis--are considered. Principal methods of treatment in various forms of CLD are also described. The conclusion about necessity of further exploration of the problem is made.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1993

[Bruno Bloch and his students. 1. Bruno Block memorial lecture, 8 November 1991, Zurich].

To mark the occasion of the 75th anniversary of Bruno Bloch's appointment to the Chair of Dermatology in Zurich, a commemorative lecture was established. The speaker paid tribute to his professional achievements and to the careers of some of his followers (Wilhelm Lutz, Basel; Marion B. Sulzberger, New York; Edwin Ramel, Lausanne; Hubert Jäger, Lausanne; Werner Jadassohn, Geneva; Guido Miescher, Zurich).

Dermatology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of two methods of teaching. Computer managed instruction and keypad questions versus traditional classroom lecture.

Computers increasingly are being integrated into nursing education. One method of integration is through computer managed instruction (CMI). Recently, technology has become available that allows the integration of keypad questions into CMI. This brings a new type of interactivity between students and teachers into the classroom. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in achievement between a control group taught by traditional classroom lecture (TCL) and an experimental group taught using CMI and keypad questions. Both control and experimental groups consisted of convenience samples of junior nursing students in a baccalaureate program taking a medical/surgical nursing course. Achievement was measured by three instructor-developed multiple choice examinations. Findings demonstrated that although the experimental group demonstrated increasingly higher test scores as the semester progressed, no statistical difference was found in achievement between the two groups. One reason for this may be phenomenon of vampire video. Initially, the method of presentation overshadowed the content. As students became desensitized to the method, they were able to focus and absorb more content. This study suggests that CMI and keypads are a viable teaching option for nursing education. It is equal to TCL in student achievement and provides a new level of interaction in the classroom setting.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

1995 Gaston Labat Lecture. Ropivacaine. White knight or dark horse?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ropivacaine, a new local anesthetic now under Federal Drug Administration review for clinical release, is a unique drug designed to take advantage of cardiac sodium channel stereoselectivity. The Labat lecture, honoring the father of regional anesthesia, pays tribute to the master by tracing the evolution of knowledge transfer from basic science frontiers to safer clinical practice. METHODS: A survey was made of pertinent English-language literature on stereoselectivity of bupivacaine isomers and the evaluation and validation of ropivacaine, including a stereoisomerism primer for the nonscientist. RESULTS: A synopsis of current basic and (pre)clinical findings, preparing North American clinicians for the imminent introduction of ropivacaine, is presented, along with predictions for potential clinical application. CONCLUSIONS: Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity results from prolonged sodium channel dwell time of the R(ectus), as compared with the S(inister), stereoisomer. Bupivacaine, like most aminoamide local anesthetics (except lidocaine), has a chiral (asymmetric) carbon atom where the amide linkage joins the hydrophilic tail. Chirality yields two steric forms (S and R) which are spatial mirror images (like the left hand trapped in a right glove) with different receptor kinetics; commercial bupivacaine is the optically inactive racemic (RS) mixture of R- and S-bupivacaine. Ropivacaine is unique in that membrane separation synthesis exclusively yields the S-monomer, which is a local anesthetic with lower cardiotoxic potential than racemic bupivacaine. Its immediate clinical application would be in obstetric analgesia, whereas its shorter duration of action and weaker motor block should make it useful in ambulatory anesthesia.

Amides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the effectiveness of tutored videotape instruction versus traditional lecture for a basic hemodynamic monitoring course.

As nurse educators find themselves faced with increasing responsibilities and as nursing administrators seek to use nurse educators in the most cost-effective, resource-efficient manner, alternatives to the traditional lecture must be sought. Tutored videotape instruction is an educational method in which a tutor serves to clarify points of confusion and to stimulate discussion during a videotape presentation. Using a hierarchal nested research design, there were no significant differences in participant preference or posttest knowledge scores between the methods. As a result, tutored videotape instruction was adopted as an acceptable educational method. In addition, tutored videotape instruction can serve as a developmental tool for RN preceptors as tutors and for newly hired critical care educators.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The lecturer-practitioner role in mental health.

The lecturer-practitioner role can be a means of supporting students and making education relevant to practice. The professional credibility--and skills--of the post-holder can be enhanced by this link with practice. It is vital to ensure that the clinical aspects of the post are not neglected.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1996

Teaching resources for dermatology on the WWW--quiz system and dynamic lecture scripts using a HTTP-database demon.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is becoming the major way of acquiring information in all scientific disciplines as well as in business. It is very well suitable for fast distribution and exchange of up to date teaching resources. However, to date most teaching applications on the Web do not use its full power by integrating interactive components. We have set up a computer based training (CBT) framework for Dermatology, which consists of dynamic lecture scripts, case reports, an atlas and a quiz system. All these components heavily rely on an underlying image database that permits the creation of dynamic documents. We used a demon process that keeps the database open and can be accessed using HTTP to achieve better performance and avoid the overhead involved by starting CGI-processes. The result of our evaluation was very encouraging.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1997

Assessment of preclinical problem-based learning versus lecture-based learning.

Academic performance on a standardized oral comprehensive exam (OCE) was compared for students taught basic science in a problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum and a lecture-based learning (LBL) curriculum. The OCE was administered to the graduating classes of 1991-1994 (n approximately 20/class) six months after completion of their basic science courses. The OCE contained six components including: Organization and Thoroughness, Diagnosis, Primary Treatment Plan, Alternate Treatment Plan, Science and Medical Knowledge, and Dental Knowledge. Six to eight examiners graded each of the students by using a standardized scoring system and by subjective comments. The class of 1991 was taught by LBL, classes of 1993 and 1994 by PBL, and the class of 1992 by an incomplete PBL teaching method. Mean OCE scores were not significantly different between classes; however, the Science and Medical Knowledge component score was significantly better for the class of 1994 than for 1991 (p < 0.05). There was a non-significant 40 percent increase (p = 0.07) in honors and a 269 percent (p < 0.001) increase in cumulative positive examiner comments between 1991 and 1994.

Attitude↗
PubMed1995

1995 AUR Hartman Centennial Lecture. Academic radiology: time for action.

To summarize, the 10 actions I believe we should take are as follows: 1. Protect our patient base by institutional involvement and selected departmental outreach programs. 2. Reorganize our faculties and gain their support to meet the changes that will occur as a result of health care reengineering. 3. Restructure our residency and fellowship programs to adapt positively to the needs of a new delivery system. 4. Take a stand on resident/fellow training, accreditation issues, and program length and composition. 5. Develop a national program to continue to attract the best medical students into radiology. 6. Get the information needed to provide the best estimate of work force requirements and work toward achieving the proper balance between supply and demand. 7. Support subspecialization in our field. Quality eventually will be an issue. 8. Support research training for faculty and make research important. 9. Continue to present our field as an exciting place to be, which it is. 10. Support the AUR, the SCARD, and the APDR as the collective voice for academic radiology. Finally, I would like to challenge the AUR, the SCARD, and the APDR to unite to become a strong force in academic radiology. Academic radiology now has no singular voice. Radiologists in private practice have the ACR, neuroradiologists have the ASNR, vascular-interventional radiologists have the SCVIR, nuclear medicine radiologists have the Society of Nuclear Medicine, ultrasonographers have the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, and I can name many other important special interest groups within our field. No doubt, all these organizations share many of our common concerns and interests, but having an organization interested solely in the continued health of academic radiology is vital to our future and, because of the reengineering of the health care system, more important than ever. Academic radiology is in the unique position of being radiology's only supplier of human resources and research. We must make our voice heard on staff issues, training program changes, accreditation, certification, financing of graduate education, support for biomedical research, and all other matters important to our academic programs. Although we will be drawn into the delivery of managed care, we cannot afford to ignore our other two principal missions: education and research. If we do, all of radiology will suffer the consequences in years to come. So let's take up the challenge and make our three organizations a steady, consistent, rational but firm voice in the support of academic radiology. I believe that the future of radiology is bright, but we need to make it happen. Now is the time for action. Thank you for the invitation to present the Glen W. Hartman lecture. It is truly a great honor.

Faculty, Medical↗
PubMed1997

[The art of delivering a lecture. Thoughts at a Scandinavian congress].

During a Nordic scientific meeting 29 lectures were evaluated according to the written instructions about how to present a paper. Three speakers (10 per cent) were able to fulfil all rules. Nordic Conferences should continue to be a forum, where young scientists are invited to present their work but senior co-authors are advised to give better instructions about the art of oral presentation.

Humans↗