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PubMed1989

[Multiple organ failure syndrome in infection caused by ictero-hemorragic Leptospira. Description of a clinical case].

A 53 years old fisherman was admitted to General Intensive Care Unit in Arezzo with signs and symptoms of Weil disease. An early acute respiratory failure developed. Radiological and haemodynamic findings confirmed a diagnosis of ARDS. The patient developed a severe jaundice, acute renal failure and ARDS (MOF multiple organs failure). To support different failures of the organs, CMV (continuous mandatory ventilation: CPPV with PEEP max 10 cm H2; IRV max 2:1) and AMV (assisted mandatory ventilation: Pressure Support Ventilation), haemofiltration, haemoperfusion and plasmapheresis were simultaneously used, that got better and better renal and respiratory performances. Haemodynamic worsening by PEEP during extracorporeal treatment was overcome by PSV very useful new ventilatory procedure even during weaning period. The patient treated in such manner survived without important disabilities. This care confirms that ARDS (non cardiogenic edema) and MOF can develop during Icterohaemorrhagic Leptospirosis.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1983

Experimental infection with the virulent, Central-European, murine Leptospira pomona strain in the pig.

The virulent, murine Leptospira pomona strain isolated from Apodemus agrarius was used in an experimental infection of six pigs aged 4--5 months. The clinical course of the infection was inapparent, both the blood picture and the uptake of food were normal. All infected pigs produced antibodies against L. pomona at titres from 1:3 200 to 1:50 000. The reisolation of leptospires from the blood of the infected pigs was successful in one case only, and that on day two p.i. Throughout the course of our experiment, no microscopic evidence was obtained of the presence of leptospires in the blood of the infected animals. Of the six guinea pigs injected repeatedly with the urine of the infected pigs, antibodies against L. pomona were detected in two of these at titres 1:3 200 and 1:6 400. However, no direct proof was obtained of leptospires in their kidneys. Leptospires were isolated from the kidneys of two of the infected pigs, at days 10 and 21 p.i. respectively. As suggested by our results, the Central European, murine Leptospira pomona strain should be regarded as an independent biovar incapable of causing a long-term leptospiruria and, hence, apparently unable to result in an epizooty in intensive pig husbandry. According to experimental evidence, Mus musculus can be a potential reservoir of the murine L. pomona biovar in Central Europe.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona: causes of infections in dairy cows and humans in Florida.

Leptospirosis was diagnosed in 11 milkers on 3 dairy farms in a Florida county. Serologic test results identified Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo as the infecting organism in milkers and cows on one farm, and hardjo was isolated from two cows. On the second farm, serovars hardjo and pomona were implicated serologically in the cows and milkers, and pomona was isolated from two milkers. On the third farm, hardjo infection was identified by serologic tests in one milker, and hardjo was isolated from another.This was the first isolation of hardjo from a human being reported in the United States. Leptospiral infection is an occupational hazard for dairy milkers in some areas of the United States. Thus, the authors recommend that preventive measures should be taken. These measures should include boots and other protective clothing and protection from urine spray for the eyes and nose.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Host immunological mechanisms in the resistance of mice to leptospiral infections.

Several serovars of Leptospira virulent for hamsters and guinea pigs caused acute lethal leptospirosis in mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. Neither BCG vaccine nor Corynebacterium parvum suspension influenced the course of leptospiral infection in either immunosuppressed or normal BALB/c mice. Nude athymic mice produced anti-leptospiral antibody and were therefore resistant to infection with leptospires. Nude mice were made susceptible with cyclophosphamide but were immune if they had acquired antibody from previous infection or immunization. The evidence suggests that mechanisms of resistance to primary infection and immunity to reinfection are exclusively humorally mediated in mice. The roles of host and microbial factors in the outcome of infection are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Enzymatic radioimmunoassay for detecting Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in the urine of experimentally-infected pigs.

An enzymatic radioimmunoassay (ERIA) has been developed for detecting Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in porcine urine. Four grower pigs were experimentally infected with serovar pomona. A total of 39 urine samples was collected, and ERIA was compared with dark ground microscopy (DGM) and culture for demonstrating leptospiruria. Of 20 samples positive by at least one technique, leptospires were detected by ERIA in 14, by culture in 16 and by DGM in 13. ERIA, unlike the other 2 methods, was suitable for use with urine which had been stored frozen for several months.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Care of a patient with leptospirosis icterohemorrhagica].

Leptospirosis is an acute generalized infectious disease caused by a spirochete of the genus Leptospira. Humans become infected by direct contact with the animal reservoir or indirectly through standing water or contaminated wet areas; once the leptospira has entered the body through the mucosa or eroded skin, it is spread by blood circulation. It can cause hepatic, renal and muscular disorders, as well as meningeal inflammation. We report the case of a patient admitted to the ICU for an infectious process produced by leptospira. Complications are described and identified as nursing problems and/or diagnoses. Following the NANDA nomenclature, the diagnoses were: Tissue-perfusion disturbance. Deterioration of gas exchange. Deterioration of verbal communication. Nutritional disorder. These categories enabled specific nursing interventions to be planned for the patient's care. The patient died of multiple organ failure in spite of conventional care and treatment.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

[Occurrence of Leptospira spp. soropositive stray dogs in Itapema, Santa Catarina, Brazil].

This study aimed to verify Leptospira spp. serovar infections in stray dogs in Itapema, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Serum samples were collected from 590 stray dogs and tested against 25 Leptospira spp. serovars using the microscopic agglutination test. Prevalence of anti-leptospiral antibodies against one or more serovars was 10.5%. The most frequent serovar was pyrogenes, positive in 26 (18.0%) samples, followed by canicola with 20 (13.8%) and icterohaemorragiae and copenhageni with 18 (12.5%, with antibody titers from 1:100 to 1:3,200). Significant prevalence (10.4 to 11.1%) was also detected against serovars castellonis, butembo, and grippothyphosa.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1995

[Leptospirosis in slaughter cattle--serologic and bacterial study].

Antibodies to leptospiras were demonstrated in 91 cases (7.4%) out of 1,239 animals examined by serological assays of blood sera of cattle slaughtered in slaughter-houses and coming from 21 farms of one district. The antibodies were detected in animals coming from eleven out of the farms investigated (52.4%). The most frequent reactions were proved with leptospiras of the serovar L. grippotyphosa (61.8%) and with leptospiras of the serological group Sejroe (18.9%), rarely with leptospiras of the serovar L. icterohaemorrhagiae or copenhageni (5.7%). Antibodies to leptospiras of other serovars (L. canicola, L. bulgarica and L. hardjo) were demonstrated only as coagglutionations with the above-mentioned leptospira serovars. We failed to demonstrate leptospiras in the animals examined by culture examinations as well as by bacterioscopy. The results of examinations have shown that the cattle on Czech farms is also exposed to infections by various serovars of leptospiras. The infections are not accompanied by manifest clinical symptoms in many cases nor do they cause significant elimination of leptospiras in urine in the serologically positive animals. On the Czech cattle farms the occurrence of antibodies to leptospiras of the serovar L. grippotyphosa is prevailing; this serovar seems not to be expressly pathogenic to cattle and does not cause the formation of anthropurgic foci. Reduction in the occurrence of antibodies to leptospiras of this type is possible to achieve by preventing the contact with natural foci of this type. Hence the prognosis of epizootologic situation in bovine leptospirosis in the conditions of this country is relatively favorable. But special attention should be paid to animals bought and imported from foreign countries. These animals could be a source of some highly pathogenic serovars of leptospiras to cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of temperature on gene expression patterns in Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai as assessed by whole-genome microarrays.

Leptospirosis is an important zoonosis of worldwide distribution. Humans become infected via exposure to pathogenic Leptospira spp. from infected animals or contaminated water or soil. The availability of genome sequences for Leptospira interrogans, serovars Lai and Copenhageni, has opened up opportunities to examine global transcription profiles using microarray technology. Temperature is a key environmental factor known to affect leptospiral protein expression. Leptospira spp. can grow in artificial media at a range of temperatures reflecting conditions found in the environment and the mammalian host. Therefore, transcriptional changes were compared between cultures grown at 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 37 degrees C, and 39 degrees C to represent ambient temperatures in the environment, growth under laboratory conditions, and temperatures in healthy and febrile hosts. Data from direct pairwise comparisons of the four temperatures were consolidated to examine transcriptional changes at two generalized biological conditions representing mammalian physiological temperatures (37 degrees C and 39 degrees C) versus environmental temperatures (20 degrees C and 30 degrees C). Additionally, cultures grown at 30 degrees C then shifted overnight to 37 degrees C were compared with those grown long-term at 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C to identify genes potentially expressed in the early stages of infection. Comparison of data sets from physiological versus environmental experiments with upshift experiments provided novel insights into possible transcriptional changes at different stages of infection. Changes included differential expression of chemotaxis and motility genes, signal transduction systems, and genes encoding proteins involved in alteration of the outer membrane. These findings indicate that temperature is an important factor regulating expression of proteins that facilitate invasion and establishment of disease.

Environment↗
PubMed1996

Leptospira interrogans in the genital tract of sheep. Research on ewes and rams experimentally infected with serovar hardjo (hardjobovis).

To verify if Leptospira hardjo can colonize the male and female genital organs of sheep, 9 animals (6 non pregnant ewes and 3 mature rams) were infected with a strain of L. hardjobovis recently recovered from the kidneys of a seropositive ewe. Postinfection controls (bacteriologic, serologic, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy) failed to disclose the presence of leptospires in the uterus and oviducts, testicles, epididymis, prostate and bulbourethral glands of animals used for the experiment and slaughtered from 37 to 242 postinfection days. All animals showed a renal localization of L. hardjobovis lasting for the entire period of the study (over 8 months). These results emphasize the important role of sheep as maintenance hosts of the serovar.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Antigenic variants of leptospiras detected in peritoneal cavity in early stage of infection in immunized guinea pigs.

Antigenic variants were detected firstly 7 h following intraperitoneal challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni Shibaura in the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs which had been previously immunized with the homologous strain. The variants appeared at a rate of 63% of the leptospiras which survived in the peritoneal cavity, and the survivors' rate was 0.00005% of the inoculated organisms. The antigenicity of these variants reversed to that of the parent after 3-5 passages in liquid normal serum medium.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

Chemotherapy of experimental leptospiral infection in mice.

A strain of Leptospira zanoni was used to produce chronic renal infections in young white mice. A variant of this strain produced an acute disease with over 50% mortality. The responses of both forms of disease to chemotherapy were studied. When treatment of the acute disease was initiated before jaundice occurred, suitable single doses of streptomycin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline and oxytetracycline (in oil) prevented death and chronic renal infection in a high percentage of mice. Bicillin, a long-acting penicillin preparation, was more effective than other penicillins, but it prevented the development of chronic renal infection in only half the treated mice. Streptomycin was the only antibiotic of which a single administration regularly cured the chronic renal infections: chlortetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline (in oil) were partially effective. Oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, Bicillin, fortified penicillin, procaine penicillin and potassium penicillin had no permanent action. The suitability of mice as laboratory animals in the study of experimental leptospirosis and the need for complete cure of carriers of chronic renal infection are emphasized. The above findings indicate that streptomycin is the drug of choice for the treatment of leptospirosis in animals, and that it is worthy of further trial in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A serological study of bovine leptospirosis in the district of Taranaki.

A cross-sectional serological survey of dairy cattle in Taranaki in 1979-80 indicated that 62% (551/891) of the animals had evidence of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection as disclosed by the microscopic agglutination test. Titres to Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona were demonstrated in only 4% (23/591) of the animals examined. The high prevalence of hardjo infection is suggestive of an endemic infection whilst the low level to pomona is indicative of sporadic infection. In a detailed examination of 10 herds, 9 revealed high (55%-91%) prevalence of serological reactions to hardjo and the herd profiles of titres, indicated that the animals had become infected at one to two years of age. A field strain of hardjo from cattle as well as the usual laboratory strain (hardjoprajitno) was incorporated in the test but there were no significant differences between the results given by the two antigens.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Sero-epidemiology of canine leptospirosis in Trinidad: serovars, implications for vaccination and public health.

A sero-epidemiological study on canine leptospirosis was conducted in house, stray, farm and hunting dogs, as well as in suspect cases of clinical canine leptospirosis. Serum samples were collected from apparently healthy (vaccinated and non-vaccinated), house dogs. A questionnaire was administered to the owners to elicit information on risk factors for leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test was used to screen for leptospirosis using 17 international serovars. Reciprocal titres of between 100 and <800 were considered as evidence of past exposure while reciprocal titres of 800 or greater were classified as suggestive of acute/current infection. Of a total of 419 serum samples tested, 61 (14.6%) were seropositive for Leptospira agglutinins, 23 (5.5%) had mixed infections and 16 (3.8%) had current infection. Amongst 50 suspected cases of clinical leptospirosis, 24 (48.0%) were seropositive and only 13 (26.0%) had current infection compared with 10 (6.3%) and three (1.9%) of 160 apparently healthy house dogs respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05; chi2). Twelve (25.5%) of 47 hunting dogs, 10 (20.4%) of 49 farm dogs and five (4.4%) of 113 stray dogs were seropositive (P < 0.05; chi2). Overall, a total of nine serovars were detected with serovars mankarso, icterohaemorrhagiae RGA, autumnalis and copenhageni being involved in 29 (47.5%), 20 (32.8%), 25 (41.0%) and 10 (16.4%) respectively in 61 seropositive dogs (P < 0.05; chi2). Serovar mankarso was most predominant in seropositive apparently healthy dogs, 37.8% (14/37), suspected clinical cases of leptospirosis, 62.5% (15/24) compared with serovar icterohaemorrhagiae with a frequency of 21.6% (8/37) and 50.0% (12/24), the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05; chi2). Although all vaccines used for prevention of canine leptospirosis in the country contain serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae, serovar mankarso was mostly associated with infection and disease and may be a good candidate for inclusion in the vaccine used locally. The public health risk posed to owners of dogs infected with Leptospira cannot be over-emphasized considering the zoonotic nature of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis on type hardjo-bovis infection of cattle.

Effectiveness of 2 pentavalent leptospiral vaccines containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was evaluated for protection of steers from infection with serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis. The hardjo component of 1 vaccine was prepared from serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno. The hardjo component of the other vaccine was prepared from serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis. Two steers were vaccinated once and 4 steers were vaccinated twice with the pentavalent vaccine containing type hardjoprajitno. Four steers were vaccinated once and 4 steers were vaccinated twice with the pentavalent vaccine containing type hardjo-bovis. Four steers were maintained as non-vaccinated controls. Steers given vaccine containing type hardjo-bovis developed higher mean serum microscopic agglutination titers against serovar hardjo than steers given vaccine containing hardjoprajitno. Six months after the first vaccination, all steers were challenge-exposed on 3 occasions by conjunctival instillation of 10(7) serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis organisms, and on 1 occasion by conjunctival instillation of urine from a steer shedding hardjo-bovis. All control and all vaccinated steers became infected and shed serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis in the urine. Lesions were detected in kidneys of 3 of 4 nonvaccinated control steers, 5 of 6 steers given hardjoprajitno vaccine, and 6 of 8 steers given hardjo-bovis vaccine. Leptospires were detected in kidneys of 4 of 4 control steers and 13 of 14 vaccinated steers.

Animals↗