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PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the action of ivermectin on blood-sucking mosquitoes].

The effect of Ivomec, a formulation of ivermectin administered by various routes: through biological membrane and feeder animal was assessed. Higher insecticidal effect was obtained by feeding mosquitoes with blood containing ivermectin through biological membrane. Anopheles stephensi females were the most sensitive of 3 species under study. Their total death after feeding was observed at 1 ppm, while for Aedes aegypti the lethal dose was 2.5 ppm and for An. sacharovi, 50 ppm. Subcutaneous injection of the drug to rabbits at the dose 0.34 mg/kg wt with further feeding on it of 3 Anopheles species demonstrated the highest drug sensitivity of An. stephensi mosquitoes. Death rates among the females fed on the rabbit 4-6 days after injection of the drug were 93, 70 and 79%, respectively. Death rates among An. sacharovi and An. atroparvus differed only slightly from that of the control group. In some experiments ivermectin effect on female fertility and larvae hatching from ova can be traced. Probably, increasing the preparation dose, administered to an animal-feeder, may change significantly characteristics of the malaria carrier natural population. Moreover, further use of ivermectin versus helminths and mosquitoes in zootechnical practice may produce a side-effect on mosquitoes, feeding recurrently on domestic animals, thus increasing the effect of malaria zoological control.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Community-based treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin: acceptability and early adverse reactions.

A study of community-based treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin was undertaken in a rain forest area of Liberia to investigate the possible occurrence of serious adverse effects. The total population was 13,704, the microfilarial load was 5.35 mf/mg skin, and the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection was 50% at 9 years of age and over 80% among those aged 15 years and older. Certain groups (like pregnant women and young children) were excluded from treatment. Out of the 7956 people eligible for treatment, 7699 (97%) accepted the ivermectin. Data on possible adverse reactions were collected by four different methods, including systematic house-by-house follow-up visits three days after treatment, biweekly population surveillance, and monitoring of both mobile clinic records and hospital records. No severe adverse reactions were noted, and no deaths could be related to ivermectin treatment; only 1.3% of the persons treated had a moderate adverse reaction of the Mazzotti type, presumably related to the killing of microfilariae. The study showed good acceptance by the population, and that mass treatment campaigns with ivermectin are feasible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Ophthalmological results from a placebo controlled comparative 3-dose ivermectin study in the treatment of onchocerciasis.

One hundred and ninety eight patients with moderate to heavy infection with Onchocerca volvulus and with eye involvement in most, were allocated randomly to treatment with 100, 150 or 200 mcg/kg body weight of ivermectin or placebo given as a single oral dose in a double-blind dose finding study. The patients were drawn from an area under over ten years of vector control in Northern Ghana by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme, OCP. They underwent detailed clinical, laboratory and ophthalmological examination before treatment and in the review period of one year in hospital. Ivermectin given in a dose of 100, 150 or 200 mcg/kg eliminated microfilariae similarly slowly over 3-6 months and was associated with inflammatory reaction in the anterior segment which resolved without treatment. No changes in the fundus of the eye was detected by fluorescein angiography and no no-table other adverse eye reaction was observed. The ceiling of therapeutic activity of ivermectin in the eye is therefore put at 100 mcg/kg which is lower than the level fo 150 mcg/kg found in the skin. The apparent discrepancy may be due to different dose requirements on account of different mechanisms of action of ivermectin at the two sites. In the skin there is active killing while in the eye it is presumed there is a passive elimination of microfilariae.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of ivermectin in bovine serum.

A rapid, sensitive method is described for the determination of ivermectin concentrations in bovine serum. Ivermectin is extracted by passing a sample through a reverse-phase C18 cartridge. A silica-packed cartridge is used to purify the extract further. Ivermectin is quantitated by liquid chromatography with detection at 245 nm. Recoveries were 95 +/- 4% for samples fortified with 20 ppb ivermectin. Concentrations as low as 2 ppb can be detected in 5 g samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of ivermectin on Psoroptes ear mange in rabbits].

Ivermectin administered to rabbits in drinking water (3 ml of drenching liquid (0.08% w/v ivermectin) per litre of drinking water) for one of five days, gave rise to blood levels persisting on several days and were measured by the death of mosquitoes following a meal of blood from these animals. In practice ivermectin (3 ml/l) was administered to 98 rabbits on a rabbit-meat farm for 24 hours. This treatment was repeated within a fortnight. The degree of ear mange was determined by the amount of incrustation. Within three weeks after treatment was initiated, all animals were free of crusts. Incrustation gradually recurred during the following weeks. After 161 days, approximately ten per cent of the animals showed some incrustation again. Treatment with ivermectin once every six months is advised to suppress ear mange.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Histological examination of onchocercomata after therapy with ivermectin.

During chemotherapy trials in hyperendemic onchocerciasis areas in West Africa 15 adult nodule carriers in Liberia and 24 patients in Mali received single doses of ivermectin (150 or 200 micrograms/kg). Nodules were extirpated two, six and ten months after therapy and examined histologically. No macrofilaricidal effect of ivermectin was observed. Two months after therapy, in 93% of all female worms with intrauterine stretched microfilariae nearly all microfilariae were degenerated. The percentage was lower after ten months but still significantly higher than in untreated control groups. Ivermectin did not cause degeneration of the intrauterine coiled microfilariae. But the percentage of the female worms with coiled microfilariae was significantly lower two and ten months after therapy than that in the placebo or untreated control groups. Correspondingly, the percentage of nodules with intact microfilariae in the nodule tissue was also significantly lower throughout the examination period than that of the untreated control groups. There was not observed any effect on the spermatogenesis and spermatozoa were found frequently in the uteri of female worms. Using the method of histology, the long lasting inhibitory effect of a single dose of ivermectin on the intrauterine production of microfilariae could clearly be demonstrated. This proves the value of histology for the assessment of drug effects on adult O. volvulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Control of induced infestations of adult Amblyomma hebraeum with sustained release ivermectin.

The efficacy of ivermectin, administered in a sustained release formulation by intraruminal pumps at approximate daily dose rates of 20, 40 and 60 micrograms/kg, was evaluated in 16 cattle against induced infestations of 3 strains of adult Amblyomma hebraeum. Engorged female ticks were mass-measured and incubated, and reproductive data recorded. There was an increase in mortality of male and female ticks compared to that of controls with increasing daily dose of ivermectin, and a decrease in the number of ticks engorging. Ticks fed on ivermectin-treated cattle had a smaller mass when engorged and laid smaller egg masses, both absolutely and as a proportion of engorged mass. Index of reproduction was reduced 100% at 60 micrograms/kg/day, greater than 99% at 40 micrograms/kg/day and 96% at 20 micrograms/kg/day. Differences occurred between the 3 strains of A. hebraeum used in the study, especially with regard to engorged mass and reproductive variables. Practical implications of the application of sustained release ivermectin for the control of A. hebraeum, specifically with reference to heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium), are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of ivermectin paste in the treatment of ponies for Parascaris equorum infections.

Twenty ponies less than 18 months of age and infected with Parascaris equorum were treated with either 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight (n = 10) or a placebo (n = 10; controls). Five control and 5 ivermectin-treated ponies were euthanatized 14 and 35 days after treatment, respectively. At necropsy, the small intestinal contents, lungs, and liver were examined for larvae and/or adult P equorum. Significantly (P less than 0.02) higher mean total numbers of P equorum were found in the small intestinal contents of the controls on day 14 (51) and on day 35 (21) than in the ivermectin-treated ponies on days 14 (0) and 35 (3). The efficacy of ivermectin in removing adult and intestinal larvae of P equorum at 14 days after treatment was 100%. The efficacies of ivermectin in removing adults and intestinal larvae of P equorum at 35 days after treatment were 100% and 76.9%, respectively. Gross examination of liver and lung tissues revealed damage as a result of P equorum infections in all ponies. The Baermann technique used on liver and lung tissues did not yield any P equorum larvae. Adverse reactions attributable to treatment were not observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Strongylus vulgaris in the tunica media of arteries of ponies and treatment with ivermectin.

A preliminary investigation was made into the effect of fourth-stage Strongylus vulgaris larvae sequestered in the tunica media of ileocolic arteries of pony foals treated with ivermectin. The foals had been reared parasite-free, inoculated with infective larvae and given orally a placebo or ivermectin paste. Two foals received subsequently one or two further inoculations with larvae and treatment with ivermectin. Arteriography was used to identify the lesions in the ileocolic artery following inoculation and their regression following treatment. At necropsy, foals were examined for lesions and larvae grossly and histologically. Ivermectin was highly effective against fourth-stage larvae and those present in the media appeared not to unduly affect the integrity of the ileocolic artery. Increased numbers of larvae were not found in the media of foals receiving repeat inoculations and repeat treatments. Larvae were not found in the media of foals treated with a placebo. The major pathological changes in the arterial wall of all foals were attributed to infection with S. vulgaris and there was no strong tendency for the damaged arteries to return to normal after the S. vulgaris were removed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ivermectin toxicosis in a dog.

Ivermectin, a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent, was believed responsible for signs of CNS dysfunction in a dog. Within 2 hours of oral administration of ivermectin, the dog had hind limb ataxia. Neurologic signs progressed rapidly until the dog was in a semicomatose state at admission 20 hours later. The dog improved gradually under supportive care. The ivermectin had been given for suspected endoparasitism. Clinical signs were similar to those reported in dogs with clinical and experimental exposure to ivermectin.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Effectiveness of ivermectin in Strongyloides westeri cases in foals].

Efficacy of Ivermectin in combating Strongyloides westeri infection of foal. The efficacy of Ivermectin and Mebendazol in combating spontaneous Strongyloides westeri infections in foals has been tested by examining faecal egg output reduction. Ivermectin as a paste formulation was given to sucking foals and pregnant mares in a single dosage of 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight by oral administration. A high efficacy of Ivermectin in combating patent Strongyloides westeri infection could be demonstrated; no side effects have been observed. Mebendazol at a dosage rate of 8 mg/kg did not yield satisfactory results.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Efficacy of ivermectin in a topical formulation against induced gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections, and naturally acquired grubs and lice in cattle.

Efficacy of ivermectin in a topical formulation was evaluated in cattle against adult gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections (experiment 1, n = 24), the 2nd- and 3rd-stage larvae of Hypoderma spp (experiment 2, n = 12), and the biting louse Damalinia bovis (experiment 3, n = 12). Nematode infections were induced and grubs and lice were naturally acquired. Treatments consisted of a single dose of ivermectin in a topical formulation of 200, 500, or 1,000 micrograms/kg of body weight in experiment 1 or 500 micrograms/kg in experiments 2 and 3. At 1,000 micrograms/kg, ivermectin was 100% effective against Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Nematodirus helvetianus, Haemonchus placei, and Dictyocaulus viviparus and was greater than 99% effective against Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, and T axei. At 500 micrograms/kg, the efficacy was 100% against C oncophora, C punctata, O ostertagi, T axei, Oes radiatum, N helvetianus, Haem placei, and Dict viviparus and greater than 99% against T colubriformis. At 200 micrograms/kg, the efficacy was 100% against Oes radiatum, Haem placei, and Dict viviparus, greater than 99% for O ostertagi, 96% for C oncophora, 86% for C punctata, 90% for T axei, 85% for T colubriformis, and 71% for N helvetianus. At 500 micrograms/kg, ivermectin was highly effective against the grubs Hypoderma bovis and H lineatum and eliminated the louse Damalinia bovis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1987

Anthelmintic effect of levamisole hydrochloride or ivermectin on tissue toxocariasis of mice.

Paranatal transmission of Toxocara canis infection could be prevented in pups if an effective drug were administered to pregnant bitches. This drug also could eliminate the larvae in dogs that have been experimentally infected repeatedly to produce protective immunity. For these reasons, we assayed the effect of 2 doses of levamisole hydrochloride or ivermectin on T canis larvae. Mice (5 groups) were infected with 1,000 infective T canis larvae and then treated with 2 different dosages of levamisole hydrochloride (6 mg/kg or 12 mg/kg, given subcutaneously), 2 different dosages of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg or 0.4 mg/kg, given IM) or 0.15M NaCl (given subcutaneously) once a day from days 15 to 28 of infection. On day 33 of infection, the parasites in liver, lungs, brain, and carcass were obtained and compared between groups. The smaller dosage of levamisole hydrochloride (6 mg/kg) significantly decreased only carcass parasitism to 17% of that in the controls, but did not affect significantly the total parasite load. The larger dosage of levamisole hydrochloride (12 mg/kg) decreased the infection in all organs, but particularly in carcass and brain; total parasitism was only 36% of that in the controls. The smaller dosage of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of larvae in the lungs to 550% of that in the controls, but it did not significantly affect the total parasite load. The larger dosage of ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg) significantly decreased only brain parasitism, but liver and total parasitism were decreased to 40% and 57%, respectively, compared with that in the controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Normal phase liquid chromatographic determination of nanogram quantities of ivermectin in cattle blood or plasma.

A method has been developed for determining ivermectin in 5 mL samples of cattle blood by a 2-step process: cleanup solvent extraction followed by direct injection onto a normal phase liquid chromatography (LC) system with UV detection. Recovery was 77-80% +/- 5.5% standard deviation. Endogenous interference that may be present caused the lower limit of detection to be set at 4-5 ng/mL. The method was used to show that in blood the distribution of ivermectin favors plasma in a fixed proportion over cellular material, and further to provide a time-course profile of ivermectin in the whole blood of injected cattle. In whole blood, ivermectin concentration peaked between 3 and 5 days and dissipated slowly with a half-life of 3 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Comparative efficacy of injection routes and doses of ivermectin against Psoroptes in rabbits.

Rabbits infested with Psoroptes ovis (Hering) or with P cuniculi (Delafond) were injected IM or subcutaneously with ivermectin or with vehicle. A single injection of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) either IM or subcutaneously was inadequate to eliminate all mites in the ears of the rabbits. However, a single injection of ivermectin at 400 micrograms/kg, regardless of the route of injection, eliminated all P cuniculi mites, but eliminated P ovis mites in only 50% of the rabbits. Ivermectin was more effective against P cuniculi than against P ovis at both doses tested, regardless of the route of injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Dose-titration studies of ivermectin against experimental Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala infections.

Dose-titration trials of ivermectin were conducted on pups with dual experimental infections of 4th-stage larvae or adult Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala. Ivermectin was administered orally or subcutaneously at dosages of 0.006, 0.012, or 0.024 mg/kg of body weight. Maximal or near maximal (greater than or equal to 96% to 100%) anthelmintic effect was observed for both stages of development for each hookworm species by either route of administration at a dosage of 0.024 mg/kg. Responses for all of the aforementioned categories were linearly related to increasing log dosage of ivermectin, with common slopes (regression coefficients). Regression analysis also provided estimates of the minimal dosages required to produce maximal reduction in worm burden for each stage, species, and route of administration. The estimated ivermectin dosages for maximal efficacy ranged from a low of 0.014 mg/kg for adult A caninum by oral treatment to 0.044 mg/kg for 4th-stage larvae of U stenocephala by oral treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical effects of ivermectin in the treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis in farm foxes].

The efficacy of ivermectin against natural infection of the mange mite Sarcoptes scabiei var canis in foxes was evaluated. The investigations consisted of two field studies and one controlled study. In experiment 1, ivermectin was given as a single subcutaneous dose at 200 micrograms/kg in six foxes. In experiment 2, was one group, consisting of five animals, administered 200 micrograms ivermectin/kg s.c. twice with an interval of 35 days. Group two, consisting of four animals, was given one subcutaneous injection of 400 micrograms ivermectin/kg. In experiment 3, ten foxes were given 1 ml 0.2% Eqvalen s.c. (i.e. 340-440 micrograms ivermectin/kg). A control group of ten animals was not medicated. Before and after treatment a clinical evaluation and skin scraping for microscopic examination was carried out in all three experiments. The results indicated that ivermectin was a good alternative in the therapy of the Sarcoptes mange in foxes by moderate mite infection. A progressive clinical improvement of the mange lesions was evident in the treated foxes. Mites were not detected in skinscraping, except in one animal in experiment 3. It was concluded that ivermectin should be administered, in an initial dose of 400 micrograms/kg and a repeated dose of 200 micrograms/kg 2-3 weeks after the first treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Efficacy of ivermectin against Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in naturally infected dogs.

Ivermectin, given in a single subcutaneous dose of 200 micrograms/kg, was evaluated for its efficacy against Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in a trial with naturally infected dogs. Sodium thiacetarsamide (2.2 mg/kg) was administered twice daily for 2 days to 2 groups of 10 dogs. Two weeks later, 1 group was treated with ivermectin, and the other group was given the vehicle. Microfilariae were not detected (by blood sample concentration techniques) in 90% of the dogs 21 days after they were treated with ivermectin. Microfilariae were not detected in samples of any dog at days 28 and 35. However, 1 dog (not the one positive at day 21) had a detectable microfilaria at day 42. One dog with pretreatment ascites, exercise-induced cough, and high microfilaremial count was anorectic and depressed 2 days after treatment with ivermectin; the clinical signs were resolved 4 days later.

Animals↗