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PubMed2005

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected Venezuelan adults is strongly associated with acute or chronic diarrhea.

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and its clinical and laboratory pattern in Venezuelan HIV-infected patients (N = 397). At enrollment, they underwent thorough clinical history and physical examination and provided stool specimens for the identification of Cryptosporidium sp. and other parasites. Cryptosporidium sp. was identified in 59 subjects (15%). This infection was strongly associated with acute and chronic diarrhea, weight loss, CD4(+) counts below 100 cells/mm(3), older age in patients with leukopenia, and more than 5 stools per day when CD4(+) counts were below 100 cells/mm(3). In addition, patients with Cryptosporidium infection were less likely to be coinfected with Isospora belli (OR = 0.05, P = 0.001). In fact, results of the current study confirm the worldwide importance of cryptosporidiosis as a clinically significant opportunistic infection associated with an advanced stage of immunosuppression.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Parasites of Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) population. Part I. Coccidia (Protozoa, Apicomplexa).

Coccidia infection in Chaffinch population in Mazurian Lakeland was studied. Birds were caught in mist nets from June to September and droppings were collected after defecation. Prevalence of infection was high -80% of Chaffinches excreted oocysts of Isospora sp. Intensity of oocysts' production varied depending on the time of the day and therefore coccidia prevalence in Chaffinch should be best detectable in birds caught after midday.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Coccidia (eimeriidae) of fishes (Cypriniformes) in the continental waters of Russia].

Thorough data on 67 coccidian species of the genera Eimeria, Goussia, and Isospora parasitizing fishes in the continental waters of Russia are given. Authors, year of description, synonyms, morphofunctional organization, and list of the hosts are reported for each species. The paper is supplied with figures of the exogenic stages of coccidia (oocysts).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Histochemistry of acid phosphatase in small intestine mucosa in experimental coccidiosis in suckling piglets].

The activity of acid phosphatase (phosphohydrolase of orthophosphate monoesters; EC. 3.1.3.2) was evaluated densitometrically in the mucosa of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of 22 conventional piglets which were experimentally infected by oocysts of the coccidiae Isospora suis (infection dose of 200,000 oocysts) on day one after parturition (DAP). The activity of the studied hydrolase was investigated in the infected piglets during days two to ten after infection (DAI) in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) and in goblet cells. The density of the reaction product of acid phosphatase was simultaneously determined in the same mucosal cells of different sections of the small intestine in five control conventional piglets at the age of 2-14 days. In the small intestine mucosa of control piglets the activity of acid phosphatase was demonstrated to be located especially in the supranuclear zone of enterocytes. As for goblet cells, the reaction product of acid phosphatase is distributed in all zones (supra-, para-, infranuclear zones); the lowest density of this enzyme was found in the infranuclear zone. The activity of acid phosphatase is also localized in intestinal crypts: in their cells the enzyme concentration is decreasing from duodenum to caudal sections. Important changes were revealed, in comparison with the control data, in the development of the activity of acid phosphatase in the intestinal mucosa cells in the experimentally infected piglets. In the period of investigation (DAI 2-10) there were two stages of the development of the density of the enzyme reaction product. The first stage can be characterized by an increase, the other by a decrease in the level of acid phosphatase activity. Enterocytes are influenced in both stages, but the decrease in the density of the reaction product of acid phosphatase was observed only in absorption cells, and not in goblet cells. The increase in the activity of acid phosphatase occurs in the periods of DAI 4 and 9-10. Enzymatic deviations occur mainly in the absorption cells of the mucosa of duodenum and middle jejunum; in the cells of posterior jejunum and ileum an increase in the density of the reaction product of acid phosphatase was also demonstrated, but at the lower quantitative level (especially on DAI 4). The decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase has a protracted development and it takes place on DAI 5 to 8.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

[Etiology of diarrheal diseases in immunocompetent and HIV-positive patients].

In 1986 and 1987 the stool samples of 206 patients of the Medical Outpatient Clinic Basel were examined prospectively for bacteria, protozoa and worms. Clinical data of the patients were recorded by questionnaire. The patient group comprised 63 immunocompetent patients as well as 23 HIV-infected patients, all with symptoms of acute enteritis. The control group consisted of 120 healthy persons. Pathogenic organisms were found in the stools of 17.5% of the immunocompetent patients with enteritis. The most common germs were Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia and Salmonella enteritidis. Isospora belli, found in 2 cases (8.7%), was the only pathogen found in HIV-infected patients. The most frequent pathogen found in 7.5% of the control group was Giardia lamblia. The facultative pathogenic protozoon Blastocystis hominis was found in 16.7-19.0% of the 3 groups. There was no correlation between clinical symptoms and the results of stool examinations. Stool examinations in the immunocompetent patients corresponded to the known distribution of pathogenic germs in Switzerland. The homogeneous distribution of Blastocystis hominis in the 3 groups examined proves the high rate of infection. There is no evidence of a significant correlation between clinical symptoms of enteritis and infection with Blastocystis hominis in immunocompetent patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

[Parasites, etiologic agents of diarrhea in AIDS. Significance of duodenal aspiration fluid test].

A research was made on one hundred cases of diarrhoeas in Aids-patients by stool examination including examination of duodenal aspirated liquid. Concerning the examination of duodenal fluid, we founded the parasites in almost one hundred patients of the cases. Among parasites observed, Isospora belli was the most frequent (20% of cases), followed by Cryptosporidium (15%). Strongyloides stercoralis represented 10% of the cases. The majority of other parasites was miscellaneous protozoa and some helminths.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1973

Parasites of dogs from Indian settlements in northwestern Canada: a survey with public health implications.

A total of 959 faecal samples were obtained from dogs in 12 native communities in Northern Saskatchewan, Central and Northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories. All samples were examined using a flotation technique. Samples from an area of endemic human amoebic infections were also examined by a formol-ether sedimentation method. Eighteen necropsies were performed. Entamoeba histolytica cysts were recovered from dog faeces at Loon Lake, Saskatchewan. Toxocara canis had low incidence in Saskatchewan and Central Alberta, and appeared to be almost non-existent further North. Toxascaris leonina was found in all areas surveyed. Canine hookworm infections were plentiful in all areas, the highest incidence being recorded from Northern Alberta and Northwest Territories. Many Taenia (or Echinococcus) infections were found consistently in all areas. Only one infection with Dipylidium caninum was discovered.Metorchis conjunctus infections were found to be common in the Saskatchewan reserves. Infections with Diphyllobothrium sp. were found in all communities with access to good fishing. One specimen of Dioctophyma renale was recovered at necropsy. Infections with parasites of no known zoonotic importance such as Trichuris, Alaria and Isospora species were also recorded.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed1984

[Coccidiosis in cats].

Coccidia infections occurring in cats (Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Hammondia, Sarcocystis), peculiarities of their life cycles, and diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic possibilities are described; the problems of Toxoplasma infections of cats are intensively discussed. If the oocystshedding cat is suspected to be the source of infection for the owner, only both coproscopical and serological results allow an appropriate advice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Incidence and clinical aspects of intestinal coccidiosis in a tropical medicine practice].

The microscopic investigation of 3 500 faecal samples with a method of concentration combining the ether treatment and flottation, has allowed to spot 5 cases (out of 700) of isosporosis (Isospora belli) among subjects coming all from the tropical area and showing an occasionally serious symptomatology which has been treated by tinidazole. Besides 2% samples were infested by Sarcocystis hominis. The subjects affected were also from tropical origin, but did not present clinical disorders directly to be attributed to this parasite. These observations permit to review the last bibliography and to make a parasitological and clinical review in the field of coccidiosis.

Africa↗
PubMed1993

Parasitic infections in AIDS patients. Cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, microsporidiosis, cyclosporiasis.

AIDS is characteristically associated with several intracellular enteric protozoan infections that often cause chronic and sometimes fatal intractable large-volume diarrhea. Until the AIDS epidemic, several of these parasitic infections were almost unknown as causes of human disease. This article reviews the diseases produced by cryptosporidia, isospora, cyclospora, and microsporidia in humans.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1993

Coccidia (Apicomplexa), genetic diversity, and environmental unpredictability of four chromosomal species of the subterranean superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi (mole-rat) in Israel.

Forty-five mole-rats, representing 4 chromosomal species (2n = 52, 54, 58, 60) of the superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi, were collected from 12 localities in Israel in 4 distinct climatic regions. Feces were examined for coccidian oocysts and 41 (91%) were infected; 26 (63%) had multiple infections of up to 5 coccidian species, 4 of which are described here as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria anzanensis n. sp. were ellipsoidal 18.3 x 12.5 microns (14-22 x 10-16) and had elongate-ovoidal sporocysts 7.3 x 4.9 microns (5-10 x 3-7); it occurred in 39 of 45 (87%) mole-rats, including all chromosomal species. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spalacensis n. sp. were ovoidal 23.4 x 18.3 microns (17-29 x 12-21) with ovoidal sporocysts 9.4 x 6.8 microns (6-12 x 4-10); it occurred in 7 of 45 (16%) mole-rats (2n = 54, 58, 60). Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria carmelensis n. sp. were subspheroidal to ellipsoidal 19.1 x 16.5 microns (14-25 x 11-20) and had sporocysts that were spheroidal to ellipsoidal 8.6 x 6.2 microns (6-13 x 4-8); it occurred in 5 of 45 (11%) mole-rats (2n = 58, 60). Sporulated oocysts of Isospora spalacensis n. sp. were ellipsoidal 14.6 x 11.0 microns (12-17 x 9-14) with ellipsoidal to ovoidal sporocysts 8.5 x 4.5 microns (7.5-11 x 4-7); it occurred in 5 of 45 (11%) mole-rats (2n = 58, 60). Twenty-five of 45 (56%) mole-rats (all 4 species) were infected with a previously described form, Eimeria elliptica Sayin, Dincer, and Meric, 1977.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Opportunistic and non-opportunistic parasites in HIV-positive and negative patients with diarrhoea in Tanzania.

A survey on intestinal parasites in a rural area of Tanzania revealed the presence of eight protozoa and seven helminths in 287 subjects (81.8%). The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides was higher in HIV-negative than in HIV-positive patients (P < 0.01; P < 0.04) (25.1% and 12.5% for E. histolytica; 10.5% and 3.7% for A. lumbricoides). On the other hand, Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli and Strongyloides stercoralis prevalence was higher in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative patients (P < 0.01). The prevalence of these two opportunistic protozoa was also higher in AIDS patients than in HIV-positive patients without AIDS. Specific anti-C. parvum IgG were detected by ELISA in 18% and 56% of HIV-negative and positive patients, respectively, confirming the high number of contacts between this parasite and humans. Specific anti-Encephalitozoon cuniculi and anti-Encephalitozoon hellem IgG were detected by IFA in 18% and 19% of subjects, respectively, without any correlation with HIV and malaria infections.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of enteric parasitic infection among HIV-infected attendees of an inner city AIDS clinic.

One hundred individuals confirmed to be infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), volunteered to participate in a pilot study comparing clinical status and enteric parasite burden with race, age, CD4 levels, risk factors and sexual practice. The prevalence of enteric parasites was 55 (55%) for Giardia lamblia, 6 (6%) for Cryptosporidium, 10 (10%) for Isospora belli and 3 (3%) for Entamoeba histolytica. There was no associations between demographic variables and the presence of parasites. The presence of giardia was significantly associated with anal-penile sex (P = .017), with an odds ratio of 2.9. A logistic regression model was used to explain the presence of any parasite by a number of sexual practices. The only practice found to be significant was anal-penile sex, which substantially increased the likelihood of the presence of the parasites. In this regression, 38.5% of pairs were concordant and 12.2% were discordant. These findings differed from surveys conducted in similar populations. The significance of this will be discussed in the context of medical service provision to this and similar populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Intestinal opportunistic parasites among different groups of immunocompromised hosts.

The present study was designed to find out the prevalence of different intestinal opportunistic parasites in different groups of immunocompromised hosts; patients suffering from malignancy with or without immuno-suppressive drugs, or with chronic renal failure, or diabetes mellitus, or subjects under cortisone therapy. Examination of stool samples collected from 427 immunocompromised hosts revealed the detection of intestinal opportunistic parasites in 98 samples, with a prevalence of 23%. Infection with opportunistic parasites was higher in males than in females (32.6% versus 12.9%). There was statistically significant association of infection with G. lamblia and Cryptosoporidium in the mixed infection detected. The highest group affected with the opportunistic parasites was the group of patients under corticosteroid therapy (31.7%), followed by patients suffering from renal failure (28.8%) and malignancy (25.7%), while the least group affected were the diabetic patients (8%). The highest prevalence rate was 10.3% for G. lamblia, being followed by E. histolytica (7%), C. parvum (6.3%), Microsporidia (2.3%) and the least one was for Strongyloides (0.7%). No cases of Isospora belli infection was detected. Relation between presence of opportunistic parasites and risk factors was discussed and evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A survey of the coccidian parasites of reptiles from islands of the Galápagos Archipelago: 1990-1994.

From 1990 through 1994, fecal samples were collected and examined for coccidian parasites from 26 giant land tortoises Geochelone nigra, from 715 lava lizards Tropidurus spp., from 139 land iguanas Conolophus subcristatus, and from 128 marine iguanas Amblyrhynchus cristatus, all of which inhabit various islands in the Galápagos Archipelago. None of the samples from A. cristatus or from C. subcristatus was infected with coccidia. Only 1 of 26 (4%) G. nigra was infected with a single Eimeria species that we describe here as new. A total of 262 of 715 (37%) individuals representing 3 species of Tropidurus discharged oocysts of 1-3 different coccidian species; these included 2 previously described species Eimeria tropidura and Isospora insularius, and an eimerian that we describe here as new. Additionally, 104 fecal samples from Tropidurus spp. were from 51 animals recaptured in either 2 or 3 yr; 21 had no infections in any year, 15 were infected at least once, 14 were infected in 2 yr, and only 1 was infected during 3 yr. No animal was recaptured and sampled during each of the 4 yr of this study. Of the 262 infected individuals, 30 (12%) had multiple coccidial infections at the time of collection (eimerian and isosporan, or 2 eimerians). Where determination of the sexes was possible in the lava lizards, there was no difference in prevalence rates between males (39%) and females (41%). Sporulated oocysts of the new eimerian from Tropidurus are ellipsoidal, 27.1 x 15.6 (25-31 x 14-18) microns, with a polar body, but without a micropyle or oocyst residuum; they contain ellipsoidal sporocysts, 11.8 x 6.7 (10-14 x 6-8) microns, without Stieda, sub-, or parastieda bodies, but with a sporocyst residuum. Sporulated oocysts of the new eimerian from G. nigra are ellipsoidal to ovoidal, 21.6 x 18.1 (18-25 x 16-20) microns, with a large polar body, but without a micropyle or oocyst residuum; they contain ellipsoidal sporocysts 10.7 x 7.0 (8-12 x 5-8) microns, with Stieda body but no sub- or parastieda bodies. Also present is a sporocyst residuum of medium to large granules randomly distributed among the sporocysts.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Opportunistic intestinal protozoa in chronic diarrhoeic immunosuppressed patients.

Chronic diarrhoea accompanied by weight loss is a common and often debilitating problem in immunocompromized patients, receiving chemotherapeutic agents. In these patients, the intestinal opportunistic parasites probably played a major role in causing this clinical manifestation. The present work, aims to search for these parasites. Special stains for each parasite were used to differentiate it easily from the fecal elements, obviating the need for diagnostic invasive techniques especially used in microsporidial infection. The detected parasites were, Giardia lamblia (17.7%) best seen by iron haematoxylin stain. Coccidian oocysts (Cryptosporidia; 13.3% Isospora belli; 2.2%) were clearly seen by using Ziehl-Neelsen and Chromotrope-based stains. The Gram positive spores of Enterocytozoon bieneusi were (4.4%) and best seen by using chromotrope-based stain, where as Giemsa failed in their diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Remarks on the morphology, site of infection and validity of some coccidian species from fish.

The morphological identification of carpelli-type oocysts of Goussia species parasitizing the gut of different cyprinids is unreliable. Species similar in shape and size can be differentiated only by cross-infection experiments. Goussia scardinii (Pellérdy et Molnár, 1968), developing in the renal tubules of cyprinids, is a synonym of Goussia leucisci (Shulman et Zaika, 1964). The morphology and location hitherto assumed to be species characteristics of G. scardinii can be explained by the aging of oocysts and the type of host reaction. Eimeria rutili Dogiel et Bychowsky, 1938 is a coccidian parasite occurring in various organs of the roach. Its oocysts can be found in the blood vessels and, thus, also in the gill capillaries. Eimeria branchiphila Dyková, Lom et Grupcheva, 1983, described from blood vessels of the gills of the same fish species, should be regarded as a synonym of E. rutili. The Octosporella species described from fish are based on erroneous identification and should be considered nomina nuda. Similarly, the Eimeria and Isospora species described from fish by Davronov in 1987 should also be regarded as nomina nuda, as they appear to be avian or mammalian coccidia that entered the intestinal tract of fish with food. The sporocyst residua of fish coccidia cannot be used as characters suitable for species identification, as they tend to change with oocyst aging.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Contamination of soil with parasite eggs in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Soil was examined for contamination by parasite eggs in Surabaya Indonesia. Surveys were carried out on three occassion; July, 1993 (dry season), March, 1994 (rainy season), and August, 1994 (dry season). Throughout the study, five species of nematode eggs (Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara cati, Trichuris trichiura, Physaloptera sp, Capillaria sp), two species of cestode eggs (Hymenolepis diminuta, Spirometra erinacei), and one species of protozoa oocyst (Isospora felis) were detected. The contamination rate and number of species found from the soil were significantly different in the dry and rainy seasons. In the dry season, the prevalence was 8-20%, with two to four species detected. During the rainy season, this rate was 83% with eight species, suggesting parasite infection to possibly occur mainly in this season. The reason for this seasonal difference may be that, in spite of constant temperature around 27 to 29 degrees C throughout the year, rainfall in the dry season in only a few percent of that of the rainy season. We concluded that parasite eggs die during the dry season owing to dryness of the soil. Contamination of soil with parasite eggs and the number of species found were greater in alley-ways and at communal water supply sites around residential areas than in open-air parks or sandy beaches. The method used in the present study proved extremely effective for ascertaining the actual dynamics of parasite infection in a certain region.

Animals↗