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PubMed1993

Long-term psychopathological and cognitive outcome of children with fetal alcohol syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The long-term outcome of a large cohort of children suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome was studied. METHOD: Structured psychiatric interviews, behavior checklists for parents and teachers, and intelligence tests were used. Assessments took place during preschool age, early school age (6 to 12 years), and late school age (> or = 13 years). RESULTS: There was an excess of psychopathology with a wide variety of psychiatric syndromes in this cohort. Hyperkinetic disorders, emotional disorders, sleep disorders, and abnormal habits and stereotypes persisted over time. Interview findings were largely in accordance with parents' and teachers' questionnaire findings. Intelligence test findings included a large proportion of mentally retarded children and displayed high stability at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The development of children suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome is jeopardized by a high rate of persistent psychiatric and cognitive impairments.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Speech evaluation and swallowing ability after intra-oral cancer.

In this study, four methods of postoperative speech evaluation are compared for 19 persons with oral cancers who have undergone oral surgery and/or radiotherapy. The Munich Intelligibility Profile was used for intelligibility testing and semiquantitative scoring by novice listeners. Expert ratings were done on the Therapy Outcome Measure (TOM) Phonological Disability form. For self-evaluation, the EORTC QLQ-C30 and the Head and Neck module was used. Swallowing function was scored on the TOM Dysphagia form. There was a high intercorrelation between the results of subjective speech evaluation by experts and non-experts and the intelligibility test, but no correlation with any of these methods could be shown for the self-evaluation by the participants. Voice quality seemed to have an influence on non-expert scores. Swallowing was a more severe problem for our group than speech impairment.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Relationship of perceived stimulus structure and intelligence: further tests of a separability hypothesis.

The representation of objects by moderately and mildly mentally retarded subjects was determined using a classification task in which triads of objects were presented that placed classification by overall similarity relations and classification by shared dimensional relations in conflict. Results indicate that a separability hypothesis of normal perceptual development (Kemler, 1982; Shepp, Burns, & McDonough, 1980; Smith, 1979; Smith & Kemler, 1977) can be extended to retarded populations. Representation as unitary wholistic objects dominated among moderately retarded subjects, and with increasing intelligence, the representation of objects as component separable dimensions began to emerge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Lead exposure and children's intelligence: do low levels of lead in blood cause mental deficit?

OBJECTIVE: It has come to be generally accepted that low levels of lead exposure may result in mental deficit. This causal inference is based on claimed time precedence of the lead exposure and on biological plausibility. The objective of this study is to argue that mental deficit causes pica which causes lead exposure (i.e. to support the theory of reverse causation). METHODOLOGY: The literature since the 1930s has been interpreted in the light of our own long experience in the investigation of lead exposure in children and adults to support the arguments in favour of reverse causation. RESULTS: The arguments for reverse causation are based on: (i) analogy with mental retardation which causes increased lead exposure; (ii) the results of published prospective studies that show a special relationship between blood lead levels at 24 months and intelligence tested later, exactly what would be predicted by the reverse causation theory; and (iii) on an alternative explanation for mental retardation following lead encephalopathy (i.e. that mental retardation following encephalopathy is due to anoxia and not due to a direct destructive effect on the brain neurones). The arguments, which have been proposed for the conventional view, are rejected for the following reasons: (i) none of the prospective studies have found a relationship between cord blood lead levels and intelligence tested later, undermining the argument based on time precedence of lead exposure; and (ii) there is no convincing evidence that lead poisoning, short of encephalopathy, causes mental retardation. CONCLUSION: We believe that the reverse causation hypothesis is a more plausible explanation of the facts.

Causality↗
PubMed1991

The genetic correlation between intelligence and speed of information processing.

This study examined the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the observed correlation between intelligence test scores and speed of information processing, based on data for same-sex adult twin pairs (age, 15-57). Verbal and performance IQ scores from the Multidimensional Abilities Battery, as well as 11 reaction-time measures derived from a battery of information-processing tasks, were available for 50 monozygotic and 32 dizygotic pairs of twins. Multivariate biometrical analyses were used to estimate genetic and environmental parameters underlying observed variances and covariances among intelligence test scores and a general speed of information-processing factor (based on a linear composite of the 11 reaction-time scores). A common-factor model with loadings on general speed of processing, verbal IQ, and performance IQ fit the data well. The common factor was influenced primarily by additive genetic effects, such that the observed relationships among the speed and IQ measures are mediated entirely by hereditary factors. There was additional specific genetic variance for Verbal IQ and specific shared-twin environmental variance for Performance IQ. However, twin similarity for general speed of processing was explained entirely by genetic factors related to intelligence. The results emphasize the importance of common, heritable, biological mechanisms underlying the speed-IQ association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Phenylalanine control and family functioning in early-treated phenylketonuria.

The association between effective metabolic control and patients' intelligence test performance and behavior in phenylketonuria (PKU) has been demonstrated frequently. The present study reexamined this relationship in a population of 41 young children with early-treated PKU, and added a dimension of family investigation to determine relationships between dietary phenylalanine control and patient functioning, family functioning and phenylalanine control, and family functioning and patient functioning. Significant correlations were found between concurrent phenylalanine control and patients' intelligence test scores, and lifetime phenylalanine control and patients' social competence. Parent-report measures of family psychological adjustment, stress, interaction, and socioeconomic status showed no significant association with children's dietary phenylalanine control. Family cohesion and adaptability correlated positively with patients' cognitive performance. Results support a policy of diet continuation in PKU, and suggest that family interaction patterns influence patient functioning. Longitudinal study of family factors in PKU is indicated.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Human motor responses to simultaneous aversive stimulation and failure on a valued task.

The effects of presentation of an aversive stimulus and simultaneous failure on a bogus intelligence test upon a subject's aggressive reactions were studied. The subject's fist clenching was used as an indicator of aggression. Four conditions, generated by the combinations of two kinds of stimulus delivered to the subjects (aversive or nonaversive) and two outcomes of the task (failure or success), were investigated. 20 female and 20 male students (ages: 17-34 years) were instructed, upon the reception of an aversive or nonaversive acoustic signal, to press with the right hand a device that displayed a slide. Each slide presented an item from an intelligence test, to which the subjects were either allowed to answer successfully (success) or not (failure). Failure increased the subject's autonomic arousal, as measured by photoplethysmographic sensors, in all stimulation conditions, but only the condition with aversive stimulation increased the speed of clenching. This was interpreted as indicating subject's tendencies to aggression. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of frustration.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

Prospective study of attainment of social class of severely obese subjects in relation to parental social class, intelligence, and education.

Cross sectional population studies have shown that subjects who are severely obese are of lower social class than comparable subjects who are not obese. This may be ascribed to lower parental social class, poorer education, and lower intelligence test scores of the obese subjects. In this study based on 242 633 draftees appearing before the draft board in Copenhagen between 1956 and 1977, 1144 extremely overweight men (body mass index greater than or equal to 31 kg/m2) were compared with 2123 young men randomly chosen from the remainder of the population. The two groups were followed up for an average period of 12 X 5 years, after which time their occupation was obtained from the National Population Register. Social class was derived from a ranking of occupations based on prestige from 0 (unskilled, manual worker) to 7 (for example, judge, professor). Among the obese subjects, only 300 (30%) out of 1006 attained a position above social class 2, compared with 988 (51%) out of 1948 in the control group. At each level of education and intelligence test score, as registered at the draft board, the obese subjects still showed a significantly lower attainment of social class than the controls. Inclusion of parental social class, information which was available for part of the population, did not eliminate the difference in attainment of social class. The results of this study show that obese subjects not only suffer from a higher risk of somatic diseases but have to live with a social handicap that is independent of parental social class, intelligence, and education.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1982

Klinefelter's syndrome in adolescence.

Twelve boys with Klinefelter's syndrome (47,XXY) identified by sex chromatin screening at birth were examined at between ages 16 and 18 years, together with 12 controls matched for social class and birth order from the same newborn population. Physical examination, psychometric assessment, personality, and degree of psychosexual development were assessed without knowledge of the karyotype. Anthropometry showed increased leg length and decreased head circumference in the XXY boys. Gynaecomastia was present in 4 boys, and testicular volume was reduced in the majority but one boy had normal sized testes. On the Wechsler intelligence scale there was a significant reduction in verbal score but not in either performance or full-scale score compared with the controls. Although appreciable differences were found in growth, personality, intelligence test scores, and psychosexual development, these were of small degree.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Cognitive development in transposition of the great vessels.

Ten children who had had transposition of the great vessels (TGV) repaired, deep hypothermia, and cardiac arrest were examined. Seven children with acyanotic heart disease and 12 unaffected siblings were tested for comparison. Their intelligence, academic achievement, and behaviour was studied. The group with TGV had lower performance subscores on the intelligence test, an increase in somatic complaints, and aggressive behaviour.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

The development of learning difficulties in children with Down's syndrome.

This paper examines individual developmental profiles drawn from a series of longitudinal studies of cognitive development and problem-solving in children with Down's syndrome (DS) from birth to 11 years of age. These highlight the difficulties in explaining DS development in terms of a slowed-down version of normal development and illustrate how, from a very early age, developmental progress in DS is undermined by the children's failure to exercise and maintain existing skills and by their counter-productive approach to learning new skills. Developmental instability and inefficient learning were found to characterize performance on contingency detection tasks, on tests of object concept development, and on standardized intelligence tests. Implications of the findings for assessment, educational practice and developmental theory are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1997

[A child showing memory disorders].

We report a girl with memory disorders. Her memory remained disturbed regardless of input or output modalities. She could recognize items and recall them randomly, but she could not recall them in the correct order. She showed memory impairment with regard to temporal context. We could clearly demonstrate this by cognitive psychological and neuropsychological tests and by analyzing the results of ordinary intelligence tests by input and output modalities. These results suggest that subjects who show memory disorders should undergo further resting to clarify the qualitative aspects of these disorders and the possibility that learning disabilities caused by memory disorders should be considered a specific type of learning disability.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

School performance and intellectual outcome in adolescents with phenylketonuria.

In a retrospective study, 34 treated adolescents with phenylketonuria and their relatives were tested with scale 2 of the Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFT20) and self-developed questionnaire concerning their development in school. The patients also filled in the Anxiety Questionnaire for Children. With an IQ of 93.6, the patients reached a normal mean intellectual performance but this was significantly below the mean IQ of the general population (100, p < 0.01), the IQ of their mothers (98.2, p < 0.05), their fathers (105.4, p < 0.05) and their siblings (110.3, p < 0.05). The patients' IQs correlated significantly with the IQs of their mothers, the socio-economic status of their families, the quality of dietary control since birth and the serum phenylalanine concentration at the moment of testing. With respect to age at which the patients started school, type of school attended and number of school years which had to be repeated, there were no significant differences between the patients and their siblings. The patients did not display a markedly higher degree of general anxiety, nervousness at examination time or a greater reluctance to attend school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Phenylalanine metabolism and intellectual functioning among carriers of phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninaemia.

All members of 63 families who had phenylketonuric or hyperphenylalaninaemic offspring received a phenylalanine tolerance test and an individual intelligence test. Parent carriers (heterozygotes, n=115) displayed a significant relationship (canonical correlation R=0.75, P is less than 0.05) between their ability to metabolise phenylalanine and their intellectual strengths and weaknesses. Mothers of hyperphenylalaniaemic children did not show this relationship. The number of carrier children (n=40) was too small for multivariate or sex analysis, but significant bivariate correlations were found for this group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The psychological consequences of Turner syndrome and review of the National Cooperative Growth Study psychological substudy.

OBJECTIVE: To present longitudinal data on the psychological profile of a cohort of girls with and without Turner syndrome (TS) treated for 3 years with growth hormone (GH). METHODS: Among a sample of 283 children with short stature, 37 girls with TS were recruited at 27 US medical centers. Of the original cohort, 22 girls with TS, 13 girls with isolated growth hormone deficiency (GHD), and 12 girls with idiopathic short stature were followed through 3 years of GH therapy. All were school-age, were below the 3rd percentile for height, had low growth rates, and were naive to GH therapy. Psychological tests (the Wide Range Achievement Test and the Slosson Intelligence Test) were administered to the clinical groups within 24 hours of their first GH injection and yearly thereafter. Control subjects were 25 girls with normal stature matched for age and socioeconomic status, who were tested only at baseline. One parent of each subject also completed the Child Behavior Checklist for that subject. RESULTS: At baseline, the clinical groups had more internalizing behavioral problems, had fewer friends, and participated in fewer activities than did the control subjects. The groups did not differ in mean IQ or academic achievement, but the TS group did have more problems in mathematics achievement. Height and growth rate significantly increased in the clinical groups over the 3 years of GH therapy, but IQ and achievement scores did not. Significant linear reductions were noted in both Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems after GH treatment, with the TS group having fewer behavior problems before and after GH treatment than did the GHD-idiopathic short stature group. Decreases in specific Child Behavior Checklist subscales, including attention, social problems, and withdrawal, also were seen in the clinical groups after GH therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive treatment of girls with TS should include educational and behavioral interventions in addition to traditional medical therapies.

Achievement↗
PubMed1981

A content analysis of the data presented at special education placement team meetings.

Conducted two studies to ascertain the kinds of information presented and discussed at special education placement team meetings. Both studies used naturalistic observation methodologies. In study 1 it was demonstrated that teams spend twice as much time discussing academic information as time spent discussing behavioral information. Almost no time was spent discussing physical or medical data. In study 2 we looked at the specific kinds of assessment data presented and discussed. Nearly all of the meetings were devoted primarily to presentation and discussion of classroom data, scores on achievement tests, and scores on intelligence tests.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Etiology of intellectual impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

The precise etiology of intellectual impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is unknown. Histopathologic and computed tomographic studies have revealed structural brain changes; however, to our knowledge, no cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have been performed on DMD patients to further delineate these structural changes. We prospectively studied 4 DMD patients by cranial MRI, DNA deletion analysis, clinical evaluation, and intelligence testing. There was no significant correlation between verbal intelligence scores and MRI findings, DNA deletion, or the clinical severity of the disease. These first MRI studies of DMD did not reveal any significant anatomic brain alteration, other than mild atrophy in 2 patients. We believe these results must be considered when investigating the etiology of intellectual impairment in DMD in future studies with larger patient samples.

Adolescent↗