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PubMed2006

Association of delusions and lack of cognitive flexibility with social anxiety in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Though often overlooked clinically, social anxiety appears to be unusually common in schizophrenia and may represent a barrier to quality of life and wellness. To explore the possible roots of social anxiety in schizophrenia, we concurrently assessed delusions using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, flexibility of abstract thought using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, capacity for interpersonal relations using the Quality of Life Scale and social anxiety using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale among 71 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. ANOVA revealed participants classified as having both significant delusions and impairments in flexibility of abstract thought (n=11) had significantly higher levels of social anxiety and fewer psychological resources for interpersonal relationships than participants with only one or neither of these difficulties. Groups did not differ on demographic variables, awareness of illness or negative symptoms. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Assessment of object relatedness through a lexical content analysis of the TAT.

A variety of psychological tests and scoring systems have been developed to assess object representation, including schemata using Rorschach responses, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Early Memories, and Loevinger's Sentence Completion Test for Ego Development. This article presents an alternative approach to assessing TAT responses for possible indices of self/other schemata. In this study, we explored a lexically based, quantitative approach for assessing object relations in a sample of hospitalized psychiatric patients for whom extensive clinical, psychological test, and behavioral data were available. To test the relationship between lexical choice and individuals' representational schemata, we subjected verbatim transcripts of TAT responses to a computerized content analysis and then correlated content profiles with independent assessments of object representation and interpersonal relations derived from other psychological test assessments and from behavioral and clinical observation. These included the Urist (1977) Mutuality of Autonomy score and Blatt, Brenneis, Schimek, and Glick's (1976) Developmental Analyses of the Concept of the Object, as well as ratings of clinical behavior as expressed in independently derived clinical case reports. The findings suggest that lexical choices in TAT narratives represent a highly reliable, valid means of assessing the quality of object relations, particularly unconscious or preconscious aspects of such representations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[The help relationship as work tool for psychiatric nurse: report of a case].

This study was carried out at a in-ward psychiatric hospital unit at the Medical School of Marília and its aim was to discuss the applicability of the technique of help relation that occurred during the interaction of a nurse and a patient diagnosed as being schizophrenic. A patient presenting a diagnosis of schizo-affective schizophrenia was selected and an interaction of about 35 minutes with him was developed. Afterwards, this moment was analyzed and discussed along with the teaching staff of the discipline "Interpersonal Relation Nurse/Patient". It was noted that even being a difficult approach to work with schizophrenic patients, it is possible to develop nursing care based on help relation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health-promoting behaviors and psychosocial well-being of university students in Hong Kong.

The objective of this study was to examine health-promoting behaviors and psychosocial well-being of university students in Hong Kong. A cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sample (n = 247) of students recruited at various locations on campus. The Chinese version of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II; S. Walker, K. Sechrist, & N. Pender, 1995) was given to students as a questionnaire. Relatively few university students had a sense of "health responsibility" (6.5-27.1%), engaged in any form of physical activity (31.2%), or exercised regularly (13.8%). Less than half ate fruits (35.2%) and vegetables (48.9%) every day. Positive personal growth was reported by 50.6% of the students; 42.5% used stress-management skills and 74.1% rated their interpersonal relationships as meaningful and fulfilling. Students' scores on the health responsibility, nutritional habits, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, or stress-management subscales of the HPLP-II did not differ significantly by gender, but males scored better than females (p = 0.001) on the physical exercise subscale. This study provides information on gender differences and specific needs of students which can help university administrators, curriculum planners, and community health professionals design guidelines for structuring a healthier environment and developing health education programs that support healthy choices among university students.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The impact of computer usage on the perceptions of hospital secretaries.

This study explored the perceptions of hospital unit secretaries regarding computer usage. Specifically, six attitudinal variables: performance, resistance, interpersonal relations, satisfaction, challenge, and work overload were examined. The study had two major findings: (1) hospital unit secretaries have positive perceptions of job performance, satisfaction, and challenge as a result of using the PHAMIS computer system and (2) hospital unit secretaries do not feel resistant to the system, overloaded with work, or inclined to increase their interpersonal interaction with coworkers. These two findings might appear contradictory on the surface, but in fact are consistent with overall positive perceptions about the PHAMIS system. The study also considered the impact of two independent variables--age and number of years at work--on the responses of subjects. The analysis indicated that together these two variables explained some variations in the values of at least two of the dependent variables--resistance and challenge. The authors therefore concluded that the installation of the hospital computer system has established a favorable working environment for those whose work is affected by it. The dramatic expansion of computer systems in nonprofit institutions as well as in profit-oriented institutions has made people more familiar with computer technology. This trend can account for the overall positive perception of the unit secretaries toward the new computer system. Moreover, training programs and the support of top management for the system may also have enhanced the positive attitude of the users.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Inspiration as a psychological construct.

Inspiration has received little theoretical or empirical attention within psychology. Inspiration is conceptualized herein as a general construct characterized by evocation, motivation, and transcendence. In Studies 1a and 1b, a trait measure of inspiration was developed and was found to have strong psychometric properties. Studies 2a-2c documented a nomological network consistent with the present conceptualization. Study 3 related inspiration to the holding of U.S. patents. Study 4 linked trait inspiration to daily experiences of inspiration, extended the nomological network to the state level, documented antecedents and consequences, and established incremental validity. This research provides a foundation for further study of inspiration, both as a general construct and in specific content domains (e.g., religion, creativity, interpersonal relations).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Resting cortical brain activity and social behavior in higher functioning children with autism.

BACKGROUND: Psychophysiological measurement of processes related to social behavior may be valuable for research on individual differences and subgroups among children with autism spectrum disorders (Coleman, 1987; Dawson, Klinger, Panagiotides, Lewy, & Castelloe, 1995; Modahl et al., 1998). In particular, recent research and theory suggests that measures of resting anterior EEG asymmetry reflect complex brain processes associated with individual differences in approach or avoidance motivation that may be associated with social and emotional interaction tendencies among children with autism. METHOD: This hypothesis was examined in a study of the relations among resting anterior asymmetry, social impairment, and social anxiety in 23 high functioning children with autism (HFA) and 20 controls (age range 9-14 years). RESULTS: These groups were significantly different on the measures of anterior asymmetry, social symptoms and anxiety-related measures. Moreover, HFA children who displayed right frontal asymmetry (RFA group) displayed more symptoms of social impairments and better visual analytic skills than did children who displayed left frontal asymmetry (LFA group). Alternatively, while the LFA group displayed fewer symptoms of social impairment they also reported greater levels of social anxiety, social stress, and lower satisfaction with interpersonal relations than did the RFA group. CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that anterior EEG asymmetry may be a marker of motivation and emotion processes that refract the autism taxon into important individual differences in social presentation among higher functioning children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Analytic neutrality, anonymity, abstinence, and elective self-disclosure.

Recent contributions to the psychoanalytic literature propose new ways of understanding analytic neutrality, anonymity, abstinence, and self-disclosure. They advocate elective self-disclosure by the analyst as an antidote to the allegedly game-playing quality of transference and resistance analysis. The analytic relationship, they assert, becomes unreal when attempts are made to observe the principles of neutrality and abstinence. Both are seen as ill-conceived because of the irreducible subjectivity and unwarranted authority of the analyst. These relational and interactional views are criticized because (1) they ignore the fact that transference and resistance analysis have from Freud onward been accepted as minimal criteria qualifying a clinical process as psychoanalytic; (2) elective self-disclosure carries metapsychological implications dismissing not only Freud's theory of motivation but motivation as a basic feature of human personality; (3) they do not recognize interpersonal relations as mental events and so do not consider the ego's ability to create intrapsychic representations of object relations; (4) elective self-disclosures within the empathic parameters of the analytic situation are themselves unreal compared to the reality of the patient's experience with other objects. Abstinence and neutrality as ideals facilitate maintenance of an internal holding environment or container for the analyst's countertransference.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

[Towards integrated care in autism].

Autism entails major consequences because it affects the development of family relations and social groups, and because of the uncertainty of its causes and of the choices of therapeutic and educational methods. The diversity of clinical pictures leads to the necessity of individualized programs thanks to a global evaluation of the difficulties and capacities of the child. The authors propose a comprehension of the disorder--independently of its causes--from an early disturbance of the development of interpersonal relations, especially emotional. Care aims at respecting the means of development the child has at his disposal by supporting his natural partners--family, social and educational milieu--and by adding direct intervention according to age, intensity and evolution of the disorder. The integration of these different means implies the networking of multiple and complementary structures.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1993

[Psychotherapy, psychoanalysis and the therapeutic process].

The authors examine the transformation undergone by psychoanalytically-based theories in the context of therapeutic application and with regard to the concepts of health or mental disease, and in particular in relation to the consideration of each individuality and intersubjectivity derived from psychotherapeutic relations. The paper discusses works by some of the main supporters of this theory: W. Bion, D. Winnicott and M. Khan in the Freudian field; lastly, with regard to analytical psychology, Jung's idea of the practice of psychotherapy and his aims are fully discussed. The "hermeneutic" aspect of all psychotherapy is then emphasised and it is viewed as the intermingling and reciprocal involvement of three factors: theory, technique and interpersonal relations.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Linguistic intergroup bias in political communication.

The Linguistic Intergroup Bias (LIB) illustrates the disposition to communicate positive in-group and negative out-group behaviors more abstractly than negative in-group and positive out-group behaviors. The present research examined the function of language in reinforcing this bias in political communication. To illustrate the LIB, the Linguistic Category Model (LCM) was used, including a nouns category. Because social stereotypes are usually conveyed by nominal terms, the aim was to observe the relationship between stereotypes and language in political communication. Moreover, we were interested in analyzing the psychological processes that drive the LIB. Therefore, we verified whether the LIB is more related to language abstractness than to agent-patient causality. Several political debates and interviews, which took place before the latest Italian provincial elections, were analyzed. Results suggested that the language politicians use in communicating about political groups are conceptualized as stereotypes rather than as trait-based categories. Moreover, it seems that the LIB could not be explained only at a lexical level. Social implications of the present findings in interpersonal relations and causal attribution were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Patient satisfaction--does it matter?

The paper aims at answering the question: Has the measurement of patient satisfaction improved the quality of care? After concluding that there is no evidence in the literature, the paper proceeds to look at why the evidence is lacking. Four factors seem to explain it: the objectives, the focus and the originator of the patients satisfaction studies and measurements and difficulties related to the interpretation of the findings. The last part of the paper analyses why patient satisfaction should be taken seriously although we do not know whether its measurement improves the quality of care. They include the fact that the patients are partners in health care; they literally feel in their skin whether care is good or bad. They are also the best judges of certain aspects of care, such as amenities and interpersonal relations. The second reason is the transformation of health care from a sellers' market to a consumers' market where the satisfaction of the patients' needs is part of the definition of quality. Finally, there is the ideological reason that, in a democratic society, the patients should have the right to influence decisions and activities influencing them. Measurement of patient satisfaction realizes the principle of community participation in health care.

Health Services Research↗
PubMed2000

Individual predictors of traumatic reactions in firefighters.

Increasingly, theorists and researchers in the area of trauma are pointing to the importance of individual differences in resilience and vulnerability as key determinants of the intensity and duration of trauma-related symptoms. Determining the relative influence of individual predictors is important for the further development of theoretical models for understanding trauma responses and for the subsequent development of intervention strategies that are sensitive to individual differences. This study explores the influence of individual factors and social support on traumatic reactions in firefighters exposed to tragic events in the line of duty. A total of 164 Australian firefighters completed questionnaires targeting locus of control, self-efficacy, patterns of interpersonal relating, social support and level of emotional distress. Results indicate that individuals with feelings of insecurity, lack of personal control, and alienation from others were more likely to experience higher levels of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms subsequent to exposure to traumatic events on the job.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Denial in cancer patients.

Denial is a basic mechanism for coping with stressful themes, common in healthy and sick individuals. This article deals with the role and functions of denial in cancer, reviewing empirical studies about the effects of denial on cancer prevention, screening, undergoing tests for early detection, delay in seeking medical attention and getting treatment, complying with medical instructions, and coping with the disease in different stages. Special sections are devoted to the possible role of denial as a risk factor for cancer, the effects of denial on disease course and survival, and the relation of denial to immunocompetence. Major conclusions are that denial may have a positive effect when applied in the first phase of coping, after diagnosis, because it reduces anxiety. This holds also for the terminal stage. The negative effects of denial are that it may interfere with getting treatment (e.g., delay in going to the doctor, not showing up for follow-ups, noncompliance), may disrupt the process of assimilating the stressful event, may affect adversely interpersonal relations, and constitutes a cumulative stressor depressing even immunocompetence. The use of denial varies with the severity of the situation, the patient's personality, and his or her familial and cultural background. A large body of research examined the hypothesis that a tendency toward denial could be one of the risk factors for cancer. Despite evidence supporting the occurrence of denial as a correlate of cancer, a lot of research is necessary to clarify the role of denial in general and of anger specifically as a factor affecting the occurrence of cancer and the course of disease and survival.

Denial, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

The effect of office concepts on worker health and performance: a systematic review of the literature.

Conventional and innovative office concepts can be described according to three dimensions: (1) the office location (e.g. telework office versus conventional office); (2) the office lay-out (e.g. open lay-out versus cellular office); and (3) the office use (e.g. fixed versus shared workplaces). This review examined how these three office dimensions affect the office worker's job demands, job resources, short- and long-term reactions. Using search terms related to the office concept (dimensions), a systematic literature search starting from 1972 was conducted in seven databases. Subsequently, based on the quality of the studies and the consistency of the findings, the level of evidence for the observed findings was assessed. Out of 1091 hits 49 relevant studies were identified. Results provide strong evidence that working in open workplaces reduces privacy and job satisfaction. Limited evidence is available that working in open workplaces intensifies cognitive workload and worsens interpersonal relations; close distance between workstations intensifies cognitive workload and reduces privacy; and desk-sharing improves communication. Due to a lack of studies no evidence was obtained for an effect of the three office dimensions on long-term reactions. The results suggest that ergonomists involved in office innovation could play a meaningful role in safeguarding the worker's job demands, job resources and well-being. Attention should be paid, in particular, to effects of workplace openness by providing acoustic and visual protection.

Environment Design↗
PubMed1990

Suicide among young men: psychiatric illness, deviant behaviour and substance abuse.

The role of psychiatric illness versus social and behavioural risk factors for suicide in young men was analysed in a longitudinal study of 50,465 conscripts. Data collected in 1969-1970 on social background, personality characteristics, use of alcohol and drugs, psychological assessment and psychiatric diagnosis were linked to records from the national psychiatric case register and the national cause-of-death register through 1983. A total of 247 deaths from suicide occurred in the cohort during the follow-up. By means of multivariate analysis, the role of different social and behavioural characteristics was assessed in relation to that of psychiatric diagnoses, with suicide as dependent variable. A psychiatric diagnosis in inpatient care (n = 2247) was the strongest predictor of suicide, with an odds ratio (OR) of 11.3 (8.3-15.4), controlling for social and behavioural risk factors. Schizophrenia was the diagnosis with the highest suicide risk: OR = 13.3 (8.2-21.6). A psychiatric diagnosis at conscription (n = 5877) was not associated with a significantly increased risk of suicide. Several indicators of poor social background, deviant behaviour, substance abuse and disrupted interpersonal relations were associated with a significantly increased suicide risk, also after controlling for psychiatric illness. Although mental illness requiring inpatient treatment was the most powerful predictor of suicide, less than half the cohort had received such treatment. Social and behavioural risk factors are thus important for prevention on the population level.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cortisol, hedonics, and maternal responsiveness in human mothers.

New mothers are more attracted to the body odor of newborn infants than are nonmothers. In this study we investigated the relation of postpartum hormones and of prior experience with infants to this enhanced maternal attraction to infant odors. New mothers were asked to complete a hedonics task, using a pleasantness scale to provide an attraction score to different odorants presented on a cotton substrate in a 1-pt Baskin-Robbins container. Mothers were "blind" to the contents of the container. Participants also completed an extensive set of 100-item likert scales concerning their attitudes toward infants, care taking, own maternal adequacy, and other interpersonal relations. Mothers were videotaped interacting with their infants and provided salivary samples prior to the interaction. Salivary samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for salivary concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone. Results show that first-time mothers with higher cortisol concentrations were more attracted to their own infant's body odor. Mothers with higher cortisol levels were also better able to recognize their own infants' odors. While cortisol was not related to attitudinal measures of maternal responsiveness, mothers with more prior experience interacting with infants exhibited both more attraction to infant odors and more positive maternal attitudes. Together, prior maternal experience and postpartum cortisol explain a significant proportion of the variance in mothers' attraction to newborn infant odors. These relations are discussed in terms of the variety of "meanings" cortisol could have during the postpartum period.

Adult↗