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PubMed1995

[Intra-uterine artificial insemination. Indications, techniques, results; 83 cases].

OBJECTIVES: Retrospective study of results after intra-uterine artificial insemination performed in the Poitiers University Hospital. MATERIAL: There were 95 infertile couples who benefited from intra-uterine artificial insemination. Indications involved pathology of the cervix in 53% of the cases and male infertility in 30%. Another cause of infertility was found in 5% and no cause could be identified in 12%. METHOD: The technique was as follows. Ovary stimulation using clomifene and hMG, sonographic monitoring with oestradiol assay, hCG for triggering ovulation, 2 inseminations at 24 and 48 h after swim-up sperm preparation and luteal phase supplementation. RESULTS: The overall success rate was 32.6% with a mean success rate per cycle of 11.1%. The best results were obtained in couples with unexplained infertility and cervix-related infertility (42 and 32% respectively). These results are comparable to those in the literature. CONCLUSION: The results of this series and the data reported in the literature demonstrate the interest of intra-uterine artificial insemination in cases of cervical sterility where it is indicated as first intention treatment. In case of impaired ejaculation, unexplained sterility and certain other causes of male infertility, intra-uterine artificial insemination can be useful but requires further study in order to determine the criteria for indications and the techniques to be used. Associating ovary stimulation increases the probability of success, especially in cervical sterility. Finally, more than 4 to 5 attempts do not increased success rate.

Drug Monitoring↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pregnancy rates in a donor sperm program using cryopreservation: effects of total number of motile sperm inseminated and of a procedure to concentrate sperm.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the total number of motile sperm per insemination (TMSI) and pregnancy rates in a donor insemination program. To determine the effect of sperm concentration and resultant increase of TMSI on pregnancy rates. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of pregnancy rates. SETTING: University hospital with tertiary service. PATIENTS: 179 women undergoing donor insemination. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Calculation of pregnancy rates according to TMSI. RESULTS: The pregnancy rate with insemination of thawed donor sperm increases when the TMSI of unconcentrated sperm is > or = 80 x 10(6). Pregnancy rates with previously concentrated sperm are as good as or better than rates of unconcentrated specimens. CONCLUSION: TSMI is important in determining pregnancy rates in donor insemination programs, and concentration of sperm prior to freezing may enhance pregnancy rates by increasing the TMSI.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1994

The use of gamete intra-fallopian transfer with donor spermatozoa after failed donor insemination.

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT) in couples who had failed to conceive by donor insemination. The study was designed as a retrospective analysis of couples who entered the GIFT programme after 12 failed cycles of donor insemination. It took place in a comprehensive reproductive clinic with large donor insemination and in-vitro fertilization/GIFT programmes. A total of 197 patients received a total of 350 treatments from 1985 until 1992. Couples entered the GIFT programme with the routine stimulation and monitoring. The only difference was that frozen spermatozoa were used for the insemination. The main outcome measure was pregnancy, defined as a positive beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (> 30 IU/l) at 16 days after replacement of gametes. The overall pregnancy rate achieved was 31% per cycle. Life table analysis showed a cumulative pregnancy rate of 75.4 +/- 5.7% after four cycles and 96.0 +/- 2.7% after eight cycles. It was concluded that the use of GIFT with donor spermatozoa is a highly effective treatment and should be offered to all couples who fail to conceive with donor insemination.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1993

Canine artificial insemination with frozen semen: comparison of intravaginal and intrauterine deposition of semen.

A total of 57 bitches of various breeds were inseminated with frozen semen [the extender used being Tris-fructose-egg yolk-6.4% (v/v) glycerol] under controlled conditions. The optimum time of insemination was determined using vaginal smears and progesterone assays. Of 38 bitches inseminated one to three times in the vagina using a technique employing a commercial intravaginal pipette, 20 (52.6%) became pregnant, with a mean litter size of 4.2. Of 19 bitches inseminated one to three times using a transcervical technique, the conception rate was 73.6% with a mean litter size of 5.5. These data show, for the freezing method used, that the results of artificial insemination with frozen semen in the bitch are better with intrauterine than with intravaginal deposition.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Retrospective evaluation of an intra-uterine insemination program with donor].

The results of 109 intra-uterine inseminations with cryopreserved prepared donor semen (IUId) in stimulated cycles, performed among 42 couples from November 1987 to June 1991, were analysed. The single IUId was performed 39 +/- 3 hours after the injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin. For each IUID 1,25 +/- 1.4 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa (mean +/- standard deviation) were inseminated. 27 pregnancies were obtained and the pregnancy rate per cycle was 24.8%. The number of motile spermatozoa inseminated was significantly higher in the group of pregnant women than in the population without pregnancy (1.64 x 10(6) x 10(6)/IUI versus 1.13 x 10(6)/IUI). The sperm count and the number of motile spermatozoa inseminated were significantly higher when the semen was prepared on discontinuous Percoll gradients than after swim-up in Menezo B2 medium (8.2 x 10(6)/ml versus 4.3 x 10(6)/ml and 1.7 x 10(6) versus 0.77 x 10(6)). Among the 27 clinical pregnancies, 3 were twins and 2 were triplets. The ovarian hyperstimulation associated with the use of a prepared semen of donor, generate a high risk of multiple pregnancies. To improve the results without increasing the risk of multiple pregnancies, we propose to inseminate about 1.5 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa with a maximum plasma estradiol level of 1 100 pg/ml, on the day of hCG injection, associated with 2 preovulatory follicles. This technique may augment the rate of pregnancy and represents an appreciable time gain. These results must be confirmed by randomized prospective studies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Successful treatment of severe oligozoospermia with sperm washing and intrauterine insemination.

During the period January 1, 1991 through December 31, 1995, 258 patients, in whom motile sperm counts for insemination (postwash, processed) were 10.0 million motile sperm or less were seen in the andrology unit for sperm washing and intrauterine insemination (IUI). No significant female factors were noted on history; all female partners had patent Fallopian tubes and were ovulatory spontaneously or were treated by the referring gynecologist with clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ovulation induction in both anovulatory or ovulatory women. Of the total of 258 patients, 15 achieved a pregnancy in 284 cycles of IUI in which the inseminating motile-count was < 1.0 million motile sperm, resulting in a monthly fecundity (f) of 5.3%. The mean (+/-SD) motile count for IUI in this group was 0.61 (+/-0.29) million sperm, with a range of 0.19-0.95 million motile sperm. The initial motile count was 2.97 (3.2) million sperm, with a range of 0.2-12.81 million sperm. With inseminating motile counts of 1.0-10.0 million motile sperm, there were 83 pregnancies after 467 cycles of IUI, resulting in a monthly f of 17.8%. The mean (+/-SD) motile count for IUI in this group was 4.9 (+/-2.7) million motile sperm with a range of 1.0-9.9 million motile sperm. The initial sperm count in this group was 10.9 million (+/-7.1), with a range of 1.1-23.7 million motile sperm. These data suggest that acceptable pregnancy rates can be achieved with IUI, even in severely oligozoospermic specimens. Intrauterine insemination is less invasive and less costly than other assisted reproductive techniques. These data are supportive of IUI prior to attempting other more invasive and potentially costly reproductive technologies.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Intrauterine insemination for treatment of male infertility.

Intrauterine inseminations (IUI) have been performed since the beginning of this century for treatment of infertility. Despite its widespread use the clinical value of this technique remains unclear. Today, indications for IUI include male factor, cervical factor, immunological and unexplained infertility and infertility due to ejaculatory disorders. IUI is superior to intravaginal (IVI) or intracervical insemination (ICI). Before insemination, semen has to be processed using one of the established sperm preparation techniques. Different techniques seem to be equally effective in preparing a highly concentrated sperm fraction with progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm. Ovarian stimulation further improves pregnancy rates achieved by insemination. Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) stimulation seems to be superior to clomiphene citrate stimulation. Among other factors, timing and number of inseminations are crucial when influencing the outcome of IUI treatment.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Optimal insemination concentration for human in vitro fertilization (IVF).

This study is looking for optimal insemination concentration to achieve optimal IVF pregnancy. Sperm lateral head displacement, total abnormal form, Kruger morphology and index, hypo-osmotic swelling test were significantly correlated with fertilization in vitro. Based on those parameters, logistic regression models were formulated. These models predict either fertilization probability provided with an insemination concentration or insemination concentration assigned with a definite fertilization percentage. These models showed that increased insemination concentration can increase fertilization percentage. The increase of fertilization didn't compensate for the significant loss of implantation by increasing insemination concentration.

Female↗
PubMed1981

Results of donor artificial insemination (AID) in 415 couples.

During a 4.5-year period 415 spouses of infertile males were treated by artificial insemination with donor semen, resulting in 210 pregnancies (51%). An average of 7.1 insemination cycles and 11.5 inseminations was required to achieve a pregnancy. Thirty-six percent of the pregnancies occurred in the first cycle of treatment, 71.5% after three cycles of treatment, and 91.5% in six cycles. The abortion rate was 15%, comparable to that in the fertile population. The sex ratio of deliveries at time of reporting was 60 males to 62 females. For selected couples suffering from male sterility, artificial insemination with donor semen provides a reliable and therapeutically effective alternative to adoption.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1994

Calcium concentration and fertilization by subzonal insemination of a single spermatozoon in mouse oocytes.

The effect of calcium concentration in culture medium on the fertilization of subzonally microinseminated mouse oocytes was examined. Oocytes were injected with a single spermatozoon so that the sperm head was forced to adhere onto the ooplasmic membrane with a micromanipulation technique. For the inseminations, epididymal spermatozoa preincubated in culture medium and those treated with ionophore A23187 were used. Inseminated oocytes were cultured using media with three different calcium concentrations of 1.71, 3.42, and 5.13 mM; 40.0%, 71.6%, and 47.9% of oocytes microinjected with preincubated sperm were fertilized after incubation with those media, respectively. When the oocytes inseminated with ionophore-treated sperm were incubated in media containing 1.71 and 3.42 mM calcium, their fertilization rates were 58.2% and 87.5%. Thus fertility of subzonally microinseminated oocytes was obviously enhanced when cultured in medium with 3.42 mM of calcium, irrespective of being inseminated with preincubated sperm (P < 0.01) or with ionophore-treated sperm (P < 0.005). Some of the microinseminations with preincubated sperm were performed without sperm adhered to the oolemma. In these cases, the incidence of fertilization was not improved by incubating the inseminated oocytes in medium containing 3.42 mM calcium (32.6%) as compared to those incubated in medium with 1.71 mM calcium (28.3%). These results suggest that the concentration of extracelluar calcium exerts an important effect on the progress of fertilization events subsequent to sperm adherence onto the ooplasmic membrane. Almost 80% of the zygotes fertilized via incubation in medium with 3.42 mM of calcium developed into blastocysts after culturing in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sperm-derived activating ability does not persist in mouse oocytes inseminated during in vitro maturation.

Activity of the sperm-derived oocyte-activating factor persists in zygotes and can be detected by a fusion with metaphase II (MII) oocytes leading to the activation of the hybrids. We have shown, that in the great majority of oocytes inseminated 1-2 hr after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) the sperm-derived activating ability was eliminated. Only few hybrids produced by fusion of MII oocytes with oocytes inseminated during in vitro maturation (M x IVM-P + sperm hybrids) underwent activation, whereas almost all of MII oocyte x zygote hybrids entered interphase. However, frequency of activation of M x IVM-P + sperm hybrids was higher than that of control hybrids, which were obtained by fusion of MII oocytes with oocytes uninseminated during in vitro maturation. Although the difference was not statistically significant, it suggested that in a certain number of oocytes inseminated after GVBD the sperm-derived oocyte-activating factor remained partially active. This was confirmed by our observation that several oocytes, which were inseminated during in vitro maturation and managed to accomplish MII, underwent activation and formed pronuclei when examined 25-26 hr after the beginning of maturation. We have also demonstrated that parthenogenotes, could acquire the sperm-derived activity, as a consequence of sperm injection. MII oocytes were fused with parthenogenotes inseminated by ICSI and all hybrids underwent activation. This result indicated that the ability to induce activation in hybrid, was sperm-derived.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Skim milk progesterone in pregnant cows from insemination throughout lactation.

The skim milk progesterone profile was assessed by radioimmunoassay, without extraction, from the day of insemination (day 0) until the cows were dried off on day 225 of gestation. A total of 418 samples were collected from 154 pregnant Holstein cows. The daily variation in skim milk progesterone was recorded from day 1 until day 45 of pregnancy to detect the commencement of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum after insemination. Subsequent determinations were made every 2 weeks from day 46 until lactation ceased. On the day of artificial insemination and for the first 2 days after insemination, all the cows had a basal progesterone concentration < 0.1 ng/ml. A rise in progesterone (0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/ml) was first detected on the third day after insemination. The progesterone values then increased significantly (p < 0.001) until day 15. The values then remained nearly constant (2.5-3.5 ng/ml) until day 106 of pregnancy, when they began to decline. Between days 120 and 180 of gestation, progesterone was significantly decreased (2.2-2.9 ng/ml) before it rose again to the previous plateau (3.5-3.9 ng/ml) around day 180. The progesterone concentration then remained at the higher level until the animals were dried off.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Artificial insemination of subtropical commercial beef cattle following synchronization with cloprostenol (ICI 80996): I. Fertility.

Two trials were conducted over a two-year period with 519 cycling Bos taurus x Bos indicus heifers and cows. The objectives of these trials were: 1) To compare fertility of artificial insemination at the cloprostenol-induced estrus and the naturally occurring estrus, 2) To evaluate the fertility of artificial insemination at a predetermined time (Timed AI) following an estrous synchronization regime with cloprostenol (CLP) and 3) To define the optimum interval from a second CLP treatment for Timed AI. In Trial I, 128 animals were assigned to four treatments: 1) Controls, which were inseminated at the natural occurring estrus; 2) timed AI at 72 hr and again at 96 hr post-second CLP; 3) Timed AI at 72 hr post-second CLP and 4) AI at the CLP-induced estrus. Trial II included 391 heifers distributed among six treatments; 1) Timed AI between 70 and 90 hr post-second CLP; 2) Sham AI between 70 and 90 hr post-second CLP, 3) Chute Stress between 70 and 90 hr post-second CLP; 4) AI at the CLP-induced estrus; 5) Control-AI at the naturally occurring estrus and 6) Non-treated and exposed to fertile bulls. The fertility of the animals artificially inseminated at the CLP-induced estrus was similar to that of insemination at the naturally occurring estrus in Trial I and Trial II (30 vs 46%; 37 vs 38%, respectively). The first service pregnancy rates of the animals bred at a predetermined time were similar to those bred at the CLP-induced estrus in Trial I, but lower in Trial II (P<.01).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Intrauterine insemination of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) with frozen-thawed semen via laparoscopy.

Estrus and ovulation of mature fallow does (n=155) on two North American farms were synchronized by intravaginal silastic devices containing 0.3 g progesterone (CIDR-type G) for 14 d. Each of 151 does received laparoscopic intrauterine inseminations of either 50x10(6) (n=125) or 25x10(6) (n=26) frozen-thawed spermatozoa, 65 to 68 h after CIDR device withdrawal. Four does received intrauterine inseminations per vaginam of 50x10(6) spermatozoa 68 to 69 hours after CIDR device withdrawal. Semen from crossbred Dama dama damaxDama dama mesopotamica sires was collected in New Zealand by electroejaculation. The overall pregnancy rate to artificial insemination, as assessed by rectal ultrasonography at Day 45, was 67.7%. The pregnancy rates for does receiving laparoscopic inseminations were 58.2% (Texas; 50x10(6) spermatozoa; n=79 does); 80.8% (Texas; 25x10(6) spermatozoa; n=26 does) and 76.1% (New York; 50x10(6) spermatozoa; n=46 does). Three of the four does receiving intrauterine inseminations per vaginam became pregnant to the frozen-thawed semen.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Migration of spermatozoa in the oviduct of hens following intravaginal, intramagnal and intraabdominal insemination.

When hens were inseminated intravaginally with 200 million spermatozoa, the largest number of sperm cells reaching the infundibulum was observed 2 d after insemination (41.64 x 10(3) per female), even though a few sperm (0.23 x 10(3) per female) had already been detected within the first hour following insemination. After 2 d, the number of spermatozoa rapidly decreased and only 4.09 x 10(3) sperm per female were present in the infundibulum on Days 14 and 21, respectively. However, when the same dose of spermatozoa was inseminated intramagnally, a large number of spermatozoa (8.01 x 10(3) per female) was found in the infundibulum within 4 h after insemination. A parallel study showed that extensive migration of spermatozoa towards the abodminal cavity had already occurred.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Laparoscopy for intrauterine insemination and embryo recovery in superovulated ewes at a commercial embryo transfer unit.

Of 111 variable age, pedigree ewes subjected to a range of superovulatory regimens and then submitted to embryo recovery by laparoscopy, nine had adhesions corresponding to a mid-line laparotomy (presumably from a previous attempt to recover embryos) and could not have their embryos recovered by the laparoscopic technique. Of the remainder, 27 ewes (26.5%) had less than three ovulations or had prematurely regressing corpora lutea at the selected time for embryo recovery (Days 5 to 6 following insemination), and no attempt was made to recover embryos from them. For the 75 ewes subjected to laparoscopic ovum recovery following laparoscopic intrauterine insemination, the average number of ovulations (+/- SEM) was 7.9 +/- 0.6; the average ovum recovery (mean of values for each ewe) was 51.7% +/- 3.5; and the percentage of recovered ova that were fertilized was 87.3%. For a further nine 3-yr-old crossbred ewes the mean values for ovulation and ovum recovery were 7.6 +/- 1.2 and 70.1 +/- 7.7, and were not significantly different for the two insemination methods used (laparoscopic intrauterine vs cervical). In general, ovulation rates for ewes given pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) tended to be lower (5.2 +/- 0.7) than for those given porcine follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH, 7.7 +/- 0.8) or human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG, 7.7 +/- 2.3). Ova recovery rates were similar on Days 5 and 6 (Day 0 = insemination), and were not affected by method of insemination (laparoscopic intrauterine vs cervical).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Estrus synchronization with melengestrol acetate in cyclic ewes. Insemination with fresh or frozen semen during the first or second estrus post treatment.

A total of 540 cyclic ewes were randomly allocated to 1 of 6 groups according to synchronization or not with melengestrol acetate (MGA), insemination with fresh or frozen semen, and insemination during the first or second estrus post treatment. The MGA was effective in synchronizing estrus, since the percentage of ewes showing estrus during the first 6 days after treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) for treated (79.5%) than for nontreated ewes (33.5%); 74% of the treated ewes showed estrus during a 72-h period. Progesterone concentrations in plasma samples obtained at random from 34 treated ewes on Day 8 post estrus revealed that 94% of them ovulated and formed a functional CL. Synchronization was maintained during the second estrus post treatment, since 71.9% of the ewes showed the second estrus during a 72-h period. Treatment with 0.22 mg of MGA/head/d for 14 d had a detrimental effect on fertility when insemination was carried out during the first estrus post treatment. Delaying insemination until the second estrus post treatment caused a less marked reduction in conception rates. Thus, MGA can be a useful alternative for estrus synchronization of a large number of ewes. Artificial insemination can be delayed until the second estrus post treatment, improving fertility without loosing the advantages of estrus synchronization.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

The effect of insemination volume on pregnancy rates of pony mares.

It has recently been reported that large insemination volumes might affect fertility of mares. The results from these studies are confounded by other factors, however, such as inadequate number of spermatozoa in the inseminate. We conducted a study to test whether volume alone affects fertility when sufficient numbers of spermatozoa are present. Semen from one stallion was collected, extended at 50 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml, and stored in a commercial semen cooling device for 18 to 30 h before insemination. Ten pony mares were assigned during estrus in random pairs to be bred every other day with either 30 or 120 ml of extended cooled semen. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography per rectum on Days 11, 12 and 13 after ovulation. On Day 13, the mares were given a luteolytic dose (5 mg) of PGF(2alpha). On the subsequent cycle, the mares were given the alternate treatment. The pregnancy rates in the 30- and 120-ml insemination volume groups were 7 9 and 10 10 , respectively; this difference was not significant (P=0.2). Embryonic growth from Day 11 to Day 13 was not different (P>0.05) between groups. We conclude that insemination volumes as large as 120 ml have no adverse effect on fertility.

Journal Article↗