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PubMed1976

[Clinical and statistical study of 100 vitiligo patients. I. Etiologic factors and clinical study].

A study of the etiological factors in 100 cases of vitiligo showed female predominance (59%) variable age of onset, absence of radial factor, moderate influence of psychological, physical or endocrine factors, the large number of subjects belonging to group B, a family history in 18% of cases. The morphology site and course of the lesions were also studied. There was no significant correlation between the course of the disease and the various etiological and clinical parameters studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

TESS line: a laboratory line of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora), triple-homozygous for the curly hair (ch), cream coat-color (cr) and red-eyed dilution (rd) genes and segregating the sucrase deficients (suc/suc).

The TESS line, the first tester line of the Suncus has been developed. The TESS shrews are homozygous for three morphological mutant genes, ch, cr and rd. The gene (suc) for sucrase activity deficiency in intestinal brush-border membranes also exists in the line, and its frequency was 34.3%. The deficients could easily be identified by the drastic body-weight losing up to more than 15% of the initial weight, that aroused two days after replacement of the drinking water for its 10%-sucrose solution. The TESS shrews have been maintained as a closed-colony consisting of more than 30 individuals, and will be utilized in linkage analysis with the four loci (ch, cr, rd and suc).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Are patients with psoriasis susceptible to the classic risk factors for actinic keratoses?

BACKGROUND: An increased prevalence of benign solar damage (eg, facial wrinkles) but not neoplastic lesions was observed among patients with psoriasis who were exposed to Dead Sea climatotherapy compared with controls. OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of actinic keratosis in psoriatic patients and controls and to assess whether known risk factors behave similarly in both groups. DESIGN: Multicenter cross-sectional study. SETTING: Dermatology clinics in 4 participating Israeli hospitals and at a Dead Sea clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Adult subjects (n = 460) with plaque-type psoriasis were recruited from the Israel Psoriasis Association (volunteer sample) and from dermatology clinics (convenience sample). The control group (n = 738) consisted of nonimmunosuppressed patients attending these clinics for benign conditions unrelated to sun exposure, such as atopic or contact dermatitis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and distribution of actinic keratoses and odds ratios associated with skin, hair, and eye color and propensity or history of sunburn adjusted for age, ethnicity, and sun exposure. RESULTS: Actinic keratoses were observed in 200 controls (27%) and 51 subjects (11%) (P<.001). This increased prevalence occurred in both sexes, participants aged 35 years or older, all ethnic groups, smokers, and nonsmokers. The anatomical distribution of lesions did not substantially differ between subjects and controls. In multivariate analysis, psoriasis conferred a protective effect (odds ratio, <1), as did dark skin, dark eyes, and a history of severe sunburn in childhood. However, significant interactions were observed between psoriasis and hair color as well as psoriasis and propensity to sunburn, whereby a linear association was observed for controls but not for patients with psoriasis. CONCLUSIONS: Psoriasis confers protection against actinic keratosis. Hair color and propensity to sunburn exert differential effects among psoriatic patients and controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Pigment types of various color genotypes of horses.

Hair samples of various colors of horses were analyzed for content of both eumelanin and pheomelanin by a procedure using high performance liquid chromatography. The results are in accord with generally accepted genetic hypotheses accounting for the various colors. However, the results support the hypothesis that the chestnut/sorrel group of colors is conditioned by the extension locus, not the brown locus. The results also indicate that the brown locus is a likely contributor to some rare color phenotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Immunofluorescence findings in rapid whitening of scalp hair.

Rapid whitening of scalp hair developed during a three-month period along with a diffuse, subtotal alopecia in a patient. Immunofluorescence microscopy of biopsy material showed prominent deposits of IgG and IgM in a granular pattern in the epithelium of the lower portions of hair follicles. Some return of the color and amount of scalp hair occurred within a year, but occasional bouts of hair loss continued to occur. It is theorized that the rapid graying was caused by a selective loss of pigmented hair, which was perhaps caused by an immunologic mechanism. Some of the findings suggest that the cause of this patient's loss of hair color may be different from those of patients who have been previously described as having rapid whitening of scalp hair because of alopecia areata or vitiligo.

Depression↗
PubMed2004

Quantitative measures of the effect of the melanocortin 1 receptor on human pigmentary status.

Variation in human hair and skin color is the most striking visible aspect of human genetic variation. The only gene known to exert an effect on pigmentary within the normal population is the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R). Previous studies have used a Mendelian framework to relate MC1R genotype to phenotype, by measuring pigmentary status using categorical scales. Such approaches are inadequate. We report results using direct measures of hair color using objective colorimetric dimensions and HPLC determined hair melanins. We have linked MC1R genotype with chemical measures of melanin quantity and type and objective phenotype measures of color. MC1R genotype was predictive of hair melanin expressed as the ratio of the loge of eumelanin to pheomelanin ratio, with a dosage effect evident: MC1R homozygote mean, 1.46; heterozygote, 4.44; and wild type, 5.81 (p<0.001). Approximately 67% of the variance in this model could be accounted for in terms of MC1R genotype. There was also a relation between MC1R status and hair color, most prominently for the b* axis (p<0.001), but also for the a* and L* scales (L*a*b*, CIE). We show for one of the most polymorphic human traits that it is possible to demonstrate meaningful relations between various physical characteristics: DNA sequence diversity, hair-wavelength-specific reflectance patterns, and chemical melanin assays.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Skin and hair cosmetic issues in women of color.

Women of color comprise many phenotypically heterogeneous groups. Despite the general heterogeneity, however, there are unique skin and hair care issues and needs. These issues often present therapeutically challenging problems for the dermatologist and the skin and hair care industry.

Black People↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hair analysis for cocaine: the requirement for effective wash procedures and effects of drug concentration and hair porosity in contamination and decontamination.

It has been proposed that issues of external contamination of hair can be resolved by the presence of metabolites. This is true for some drugs in some circumstances. However, even if some metabolites such as cocaethylene are sufficiently definitive to indicate certainty of use, others such as benzoylecgonine can occur as contaminants. In addition, for phencyclidine, only the parent compound is determined. Therefore, effective washing procedures are needed to rule out contamination as the source of the parent or metabolite. The protection provided by cutoffs is also dependent on washing to remove surface contamination, which can range from very little to greater than 20 times the amount in the hair. In cocaine-positive head hair samples from 67 subjects with cocaine-positive urine tests, contamination of positive hair samples ranged from 0.7 to 8009 ng/10 mg hair, demonstrating that analyses of such samples to determine use is meaningless without removal of contamination. Wash procedures have been a focus of this laboratory for many years. In this paper, the effectiveness of our wash procedure was further challenged by application to negative hair (blonde, auburn, brown, and black) contaminated by soaking for 1 h in 1000, 10,000, and 50,000 ng cocaine/mL water. The uptake of the cocaine was approximately linear with increasing concentrations of cocaine in the soaking solutions. By application of the wash criterion, all samples were clearly identified as contaminated (i.e., negative). The effects of hair porosity on uptake of cocaine were also studied with 10 hair samples of all colors. Permed and unpermed samples were soaked in 10,000 ng cocaine/mL for 1 hour. All hair responded to the perm with increased uptake, and all were decontaminated or identified as contaminated (i.e., negative for cocaine use). Porosity, not hair color, determined the rate of penetration of hair by cocaine in solution, and, likewise, washing characteristics were unrelated to hair color.

Cocaine↗
PubMed1992

Variation and covariates of the number of benign nevi in adolescents.

Melanocytic nevi of diameter greater than or equal to 2 mm were counted on most of the skin surface of 349 adolescents aged 14-15 years of European race or ethnicity in Dunedin, New Zealand. Total counts are described by means of a form of Poisson-error log-linear modeling suitable for data showing unexplained variation (NE Breslow, Appl Statist 1984;33:38-44). There were marked interpersonal variation in the number of nevi; only some was attributable to observed factors. The mean and median counts were 23.8 and 18 nevi, respectively. The estimated ratio of the number of nevi for females compared with males was 0.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-0.8). Greater amounts of sunbathing were associated with greater numbers of nevi. Hair and eye color, socioeconomic status, and sunburn history did not show statistically significant effects. Time since menarche and shaving status also showed no effects. Lack of suntan was associated with lower counts. Freckling was positively correlated with higher counts; the severe freckling group had an estimated ratio of 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.8) compared with those with no or very few freckles. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that ultraviolet radiation exposure from recreational sun exposure positively influences the total burden of nevi in normal subjects. Comparison with other epidemiologic studies suggests that the typical ultraviolet radiation dose-nevus yield curve might be steeper in males than females. Unexplained variation of nevus count may reflect heterogeneity of constitutional factors not yet measured in epidemiologic studies.

Adolescent↗