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PubMed2000

Avian pneumovirus (APV) RNA from wild and sentinel birds in the United States has genetic homology with RNA from APV isolates from domestic turkeys.

Nasal turbinates or swabs were collected from wild ducks, geese, owls, sparrows, swallows, and starlings and from sentinel ducks placed next to turkey farms experiencing avian pneumovirus (APV) infections and were analyzed for APV genome and infectious particles. APV RNA was detected in samples examined from geese, sparrows, and starlings. APV RNA and antibodies were also detected in two different groups of sentinel ducks. Infectious APV was recovered from sentinel duck samples. The APV M gene isolated from the wild birds had over 96% predicted amino acid identity with APV/Minnesota 2A, which was isolated earlier from domestic turkeys showing respiratory illness, suggesting that wild birds may be involved in spreading APV infection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Continued circulation in China of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses encoding the hemagglutinin gene associated with the 1997 H5N1 outbreak in poultry and humans.

Since the outbreak in humans of an H5N1 avian influenza virus in Hong Kong in 1997, poultry entering the live-bird markets of Hong Kong have been closely monitored for infection with avian influenza. In March 1999, this monitoring system detected geese that were serologically positive for H5N1 avian influenza virus, but the birds were marketed before they could be sampled for virus. However, viral isolates were obtained by swabbing the cages that housed the geese. These samples, known collectively as A/Environment/Hong Kong/437/99 (A/Env/HK/437/99), contained four viral isolates, which were compared to the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong isolates. Analysis of A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses revealed that the four isolates are nearly identical genetically and are most closely related to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96. These isolates and the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong viruses encode common hemagglutinin (H5) genes that have identical hemagglutinin cleavage sites. Thus, the pathogenicity of the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses was compared in chickens and in mice to evaluate the potential for disease outbreaks in poultry and humans. The A/Env/HK/437/99 isolates were highly pathogenic in chickens but caused a longer mean death time and had altered cell tropism compared to A/Hong Kong/156/97 (A/HK/156/97). Like A/HK/156/97, the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses replicated in mice and remained localized to the respiratory tract. However, the A/Env/HK/437/99 isolates caused only mild pathological lesions in these tissues and no clinical signs of disease or death. As a measure of the immune response to these viruses, transforming growth factor beta levels were determined in the serum of infected mice and showed elevated levels for the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses compared to the A/HK/156/97 viruses. This study is the first to characterize the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses in both avian and mammalian species, evaluating the H5 gene from the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 isolates in a different genetic background. Our findings reveal that at least one of the avian influenza virus genes encoded by the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong viruses continues to circulate in mainland China and that this gene is important for pathogenesis in chickens but is not the sole determinant of pathogenicity in mice. There is evidence that H9N2 viruses, which have internal genes in common with the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong isolates, are still circulating in Hong Kong and China as well, providing a heterogeneous gene pool for viral reassortment. The implications of these findings for the potential for human disease are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A wild goose metapneumovirus containing a large attachment glycoprotein is avirulent but immunoprotective in domestic turkeys.

The genomic structure and composition of an avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) recently isolated from wild Canada geese (goose 15a/01) in the United States, together with its replication, virulence, and immunogenicity in domestic turkeys, were investigated. The sizes of seven of the eight genes, sequence identity, and genome organization of goose aMPV were similar to those of turkey aMPV subtype C (aMPV/C) strains, indicating that it belonged to the subtype. However, the goose virus contained the largest attachment (G) gene of any pneumovirus or metapneumovirus, with the predicted G protein of 585 amino acids (aa) more than twice the sizes of G proteins from other subtype C viruses and human metapneumovirus and more than 170 aa larger than the G proteins from the other aMPV subtypes (subtypes A, B, and D). The large G gene resulted from a 1,015-nucleotide insertion at 18 nucleotides upstream of the termination signal of the turkey aMPV/C G gene. Three other aMPV isolates from Canada geese had similarly large G genes, whereas analysis of recent aMPV strains circulating in U.S. turkeys did not indicate the presence of the goose virus-like strain. In vitro, the goose virus replicated to levels (2 x 10(5) to 5 x 10(5) 50% tissue culture infective dose) comparable to those produced by turkey aMPV/C strains. More importantly, the virus replicated efficiently in the upper respiratory tract of domestic turkeys but with no clinical signs in either day-old or 2-week-old turkeys. The virus was also horizontally transmitted to naïve birds, and turkey infections with goose 15a/01 induced production of aMPV-specific antibodies. Challenging day-old or 2-week-old turkeys vaccinated with live goose aMPV resulted in lower clinical scores in 33% of the birds, whereas the rest of the birds had no detectable clinical signs of the upper respiratory disease, suggesting that the mutant virus may be a safe and effective vaccine against aMPV infection outbreaks in commercial turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The avian lung: is there an aerodynamic expiratory valve?

The unidirectional gas-flow pattern through the avian lung is thought to result from 'aerodynamic valves'; support for this hypothesis lies mainly in the failure to find any evidence for anatomical valves. During expiration, air flows from the caudal air sacs through the major exchange area of the lung, the paleopulmonic parabronchi, instead of bypassing the lungs via the intrapulmonary bronchus. We tested whether the effectiveness of this expiratory flow control mechanism depends on aerodynamic factors, especially convective inertial forces that depend on gas density and flow velocity. In pump-ventilated, anaesthetized geese, a bolus of tracer gas was introduced into both the right and left caudal thoracic air sacs during an end-inspiratory pause. During the first expiration, the rise of tracer levels within the caudal trachea was measured. Valve efficacy was positively correlated with the rate of expiratory gas flow, V·ao (range 8­200 ml s-1). At flows assumed to occur during exercise in geese (V·ao>100 ml s-1), the expiratory valve efficacy was approximately 95 %; it was less effective at lower flows. Surprisingly, the density (rho) of the background gas (rho of He/O2=0.43 g l-1, Ar/O2=1.72 g l-1 or SF6/O2=5.50 g l-1) had no effect on expiratory valving. We suggest two possible mechanisms that might explain this unusual combination of flow dependence without density dependence. (1) If airway geometry changes occurred between experiments with different gases, flow in the vicinity of the expiratory valve may have varied independently from flow measured at the airway opening. (2) Alternatively, valving may depend on dynamic compression of the intrapulmonary bronchus, which could depend mainly on viscous resistance and thus on flow velocity but not gas density.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Isolation of myxoviruses from migratory waterfowls in San-in district, western Japan in winters of 1997-2000.

Between November 1997 and February 2000, winter migratory waterfowls of several species staying in San-in district, western Japan were surveyed for influenza A virus and paramyxovirus at four stations. A total of 18 influenza A viruses was isolated from 1,404 fecal samples of whistling swans, pintails, mallards, and white-fronted geese. Five different hemagglutinins and eight neuraminidases were identified in the viruses isolated, in 11 different combinations, including H7N8 related to a subtype of a highly pathogenic chicken virus. In 2000, five lentogenic (non-pathogenic) Newcastle disease viruses were also isolated from white-fronted geese. These results suggested that possible precursor viruses for highly pathogenic avian myxoviruses are still brought into Japan by migratory waterfowls. The results also support the contention that continued surveillance of wild waterfowl population should be an integral part of control policies for these serious poultry diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central Europe.

Two different West Nile virus (WNV) strains caused lethal encephalitis in a flock of geese and a goshawk in southeastern Hungary in 2003 and 2004, respectively. During the outbreak in geese, 14 confirmed human cases of WNV encephalitis and meningitis were reported in the same area. Sequencing of complete genomes of both WNV strains and phylogenetic analyses showed that the goose-derived strain exhibits closest genetic relationship to strains isolated in 1998 in Israel and to the strain that emerged in 1999 in the United States. WNV derived from the goshawk showed the highest identity to WNV strains of lineage 2 isolated in central Africa. The same strain reemerged in 2005 in the same location, which suggests that the virus may have overwintered in Europe. The emergence of an exotic WNV strain in Hungary emphasizes the role of migrating birds in introducing new viruses to Europe.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Experimental infections of waterfowl with Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Digenea).

Sphaeridiotrema globulus in experimentally infected mute swans (Cygnus olor), mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and Canada geese (Branta canadensis) induced ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis. Sites of infection include the jejunum and ileum. The digeneans ulcerated the intestine. The inflammatory response was primarily lymphocytic with some eosinophils. Severe hemorrhage from damaged submucosal capillaries provided a blood meal for the parasite and caused anemia in the host. Extra-medullary hematopoiesis occurred in the liver, and an erythroid hyperplasia occurred in the bone marrow of infected birds. Infected birds exhibited muscular weakness and died from shock associated with severe blood loss. Mallards and Canada geese were less susceptible to fatal infection than the mute swan as evidenced by survivors in the higher dose groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolated from waterfowl and associated avian species in California.

Characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolated from tissues of dead waterfowl and associated avian species found at 23 sites located in northern and central California, from January 1986 through January 1988 are reported. Two hundred ninety five isolates of P. multocida were obtained from 23 avian species. Most of the isolates belonged to the subspecies P. multocida multocida (63%), followed by P. multocida gallicida (37%), and by P. multocida septica (less than 1%). There appeared to be a higher prevalence of P. multocida multocida in Ross' geese (Chen rossi) and Snow geese (Chen coeruleus). All of the isolates belonged to somatic serotype 1, possessed the A capsule type and were susceptible to the 8 antimicrobial agents tested. None contained plasmid DNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Inuvialuit food use and food preferences in Aklavik, Northwest Territories, Canada.

Annual frequency of use of 32 species of mammals, fish, birds and plants was examined among 36 (43% of all) Inuvialuit households in Aklavik, NWT. Degree of preference for each of 34 traditional and 12 store-bought foods was examined among 36 adults and 35 (83% of all) Inuvialuit school children ages 10-16 years, using a Likert-type scale. Traditional foods were used on average 676 +/- 464 (mean +/- S.D.) times per year, the most frequent being caribou (145, mean), beluga whale (74), hares (35), muskrat (26), whitefish (52), cisco (39), burbot (38), inconnu (37), Arctic charr (31), geese (44) ducks (19), ptamigan (18), cloudberries (22), cranberries (20) and blueberries (18). Traditional foods were well-linked, especially caribou, bannock, charr, beluga, muskrat, geese, ducks, and hare. For 31 of 34 traditional foods, there were no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05, t-test) in children's vs adult's preference ratings; however, children rated 8 of 12 store-bought foods higher (p < 0.05) than adults did. Reasons given for the selection of favourite foods included the role of caribou as the dietary staple, the food's traditional nature, its origin in nature, its association with home and childhood, as well as organoleptic and convenience considerations. Overall, traditional foods are frequently consumed and highly preferred by contemporary Inuvialuit of Aklavik.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Metals in muscles, liver and kidney of slaughtered animals from the northern region of Poland, 1985].

The content of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, manganese and iron was determined in muscle tissue of 361 hogs, 59 cattle, 20 rabbits, 19 geese and 19 ducks, in the liver of 355 hogs and 55 cattle, and in the kidneys of 352 hogs and 56 cattle slaughtered in the northern region of Poland in 1985. The mean values obtained related to wet weight (mg/kg) for the muscle tissue of hogs, cattle, rabbits, geese and ducks were: 0.021, 0.018, 0.018, 0.033 and 0.024 Cd, 0.13, 0.12, 0.18, and 0.11 Pb; 0.69, 0.98, 0.97, 3.7 and 4.0 Cu; 20, 23, 18, 11 and 9.1 Zn; 0.11, 0.11, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.16 Mn, and 11, 22, 15, 30 and 26 Fe, respectively. In the liver of hogs and cattle the content was: 0.059 and 0.10 mg Cd/kg, 0.20 and 0.20 Pb, 5.8 and 15 Cu, 40 and 35 Zn, 1.2 and 1.5 Mn, and 64 and 53 Fe. Among all of the samples examined only in one case the tolerance limit for Pb was exceeded in the kidney of hogs, e.g. it was 1.1 mg/kg.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Isolation of ortho- and paramyxoviruses from domestic poultry in Hong Kong between November 1977 and October 1978 and comparison with isolations made in the preceding two years.

Regular surveillance of domestic poultry from Hong Kong and southern China for influenza A viruses was conducted in Hong Kong from November 1977 to October 1978. Tracheal or cloacal swabs taken from 2844 ducks, geese and fowls yielded 141 influenza viruses of which 135 were derived from ducks. The isolation rate from ducks was twice as high from the cloaca (12.1 per cent) as from the trachea (5.8 per cent). The overall frequency of isolation was 10.3 per cent and 2.3 per cent for poultry originating from southern China and Hong Kong, respectively. Fourteen of the influenza antigenic combinations recorded in this period of surveillance had been obtained in the previous two years while five were new--H2N2, H2Nav6, Hav5N2, Hav6Nav1 and Hav7Nav4. The number of combinations recorded over three years was 39, the most frequent being Hav4Nav1 which comprised one fifth of the total. All the combinations found in geese and fowl isolates, apart from Hav7Nav6 found in a fowl, have been recorded in duck isolates. Faecal/oral transmission of virus from infected pond water was thought to be an important factor in the high incidence of influenza in ducks. The existence of a large number of combinations of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens and the isolation of two viruses from the cloaca suggest that recombination is occurring in these birds. Reasons for the limited isolation of some antigenic combinations are considered. The paramyxoviruses, Newcastle disease virus and the Hong Kong avian paramyxovirus, were also isolated. Over the three year period the isolation rate of influenza and paramyxoviruses from ducks appeared to be cyclical and seasonal. Influenza was found mainly in the summer and paramyxoviruses in the winter.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Comparative extraocular muscle blood flow.

This study was designed to quantitatively determined blood flow to the extraocular muscles (EOM) of animals showing a wide range of ocular motility Blood-flow values (ml/minute/gm) for EOM in primates (0.25 +/- 0.03), dogs (0.33 +/- 0.06), sheep (0.12 +/- 0.01), and geese (0.12 +/- 0.04) were determined using the Reference Sample Method with 15 +/- 3 micrometer 103Ru microspheres and complete cardiovascular monitoring. Mammalian EOM blood flow was significantly higher than that determined for other skeletal muscle; however, EOM blood-flow values for sheep were significantly lower than those for primates and dogs. No significant blood-flow differences were found between avian EOM and other skeletal muscle, reflecting the unique avian ocular anatomy. These data indicate that high blood flow is not a general property of EOM and suggest a relationship between functional ocular motility and blood flow.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

An aerodynamic valve in the avian primary bronchus.

The segmentum accelerans in geese is a constriction in the caudal end of the primary bronchus. Experimental evidence suggests that this part of the airway functions as an inspiratory aerodynamic valve, accelerating the incoming airstream past the ventrobronchial openings. The luminal diameter of the segmentum accelerans dilates in the presence of elevated CO2 levels, probably through relaxation of smooth muscle. Physiological control of the segmentum accelerans may permit inspiratory aerodynamic valving to be maintained throughout a wide range of ventilatory flows.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Characteristics of the proopiomelanocortin system in the outdoor-bred domestic gander. II. Seasonal and circadian rhythmicity; effect of ether stress and lipopolysaccharide administration.

The responsiveness of the POMC system to exogenous stimuli and the diurnal and seasonal rhythmicity of ACTH and beta-endorphin (beta E) in plasma were studied in outdoor-reared domestic ganders. Plasma levels of ACTH- and beta E-like immunoreactivities were determined by direct and specific radioimmunoassays. In the first series of experiments immunoreactive (ir) ACTH and beta E were measured in the plasma of male domestic geese after 5 min of ether stress and after administration of 2 micrograms/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both ir-ACTH and ir-beta E levels increased 5 and 10 min after ether inhalation, but the increase in the ir-beta E concentration was only half that of the ir-ACTH. The plasma ir-ACTH levels were elevated after 60 and 120 min but not after 90 min of LPS administration: ir-beta E levels were unchanged at all time points. In a second series of experiments blood samples were taken on 30 March. 16 June, 4 August, and 27 October. On these days diurnal samplings were performed at 02:00, 06:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h. A two-way analysis of variance showed significant diurnal and seasonal changes for both hormones and significant interaction between the diurnal and seasonal levels. The highest daily mean values of the plasma ir-ACTH and ir-beta E concentrations were measured in June. The maximum of the ir-ACTH level was at 10:00 h in March and August, but at 22:00 h in June and October. The changes in ir-beta E concentrations paralleled those of ir-ACTH, but the changes did not reach statistical significance in every case.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1996

The crystal structure of a high oxygen affinity species of haemoglobin (bar-headed goose haemoglobin in the oxy form).

We have determined the crystal structure of bar-headed goose haemoglobin in the oxy form to a resolution of 2.0 A. The R-factor of the model is 19.8%. The structure is similar to human HbA, but contacts between the subunits show slightly altered packing of the tetramer. Bar-headed goose blood shows a greatly elevated oxygen affinity compared to closely related species of geese. This is apparently due to a single proline to alanine mutation at the alpha 1 beta 1 interface which destabilises the T state of the protein. The beta chain N and C termini are well-localized, and together with other neighbouring basic groups they form a strongly positively charged groove at the entrance to the central cavity around the molecular dyad. The well-ordered conformation and the three-dimensional distribution of positive charges clearly indicate this area to be the inositol pentaphosphate binding site of bird haemoglobins.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗
PubMed1977

The morphology of erythroid cells separated by density gradient centrifugation through Ficoll.

The regenerating blood of geese injected with phenylhydrazine was subjected to large scale, zonal centrifugation through density gradients of Ficoll. In this way, erythroid cells were fractionated according to their respective stages of development. Highly enriched fractions were obtained, containing cells that were well preserved as assessed by both light and electron microscopy. The separated cells exhibited ribosome density and nucleic acid and protein staining patterns typically associated with erythrocyte differentiation. Morphometric analysis of nuclei indicated that despite an apparent net increase in the amount of compact chromatin during development, comparatively little difference existed between the volumes of condensed chromatin present in immature and mature cells. Instead, there was a three fold decrease in nuclear volume between young erythroblasts and reticulocytes, coupled with a concomitant decrease in the volume occupied by dispersed chromatin, RNP and nucleoli. These observations are discussed in relation to molecular changes associated with nuclear differentiation in erythroid cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Avian locomotion activated by brainstem infusion of neurotransmitter agonists and antagonists. I. Acetylcholine excitatory amino acids and substance P.

Previous studies have demonstrated that focal electrical stimulation of regions within the brainstem of a decerebrate bird will elicit all the normal patterns of avian locomotion. However, electrical stimulation can activate a variety of neuronal elements within the radius of effective current spread, including axons of passage traversing the stimulation point. To restrict activation to neuronal cell bodies within the immediate vicinity, we have utilized direct intracerebral injection of neurotransmitters, their agonists and antagonists, into identified brainstem locomotor regions. To undertake these studies, birds (geese or ducks) were placed in a stereotaxic frame and decerebrated under halothane anesthesia. After completion of surgery, several discrete locomotor regions were first identified with electrical microstimulation. Acetylcholine (ACh) and excitatory amino acid (EAA) agonists and antagonists, as well as Substance P were then slowly infused into each brainstem region. Any change in locomotor behavior was recorded by electromyographic techniques. When injected into a variety of sites, carbachol (an ACh nicotinic (AChN) and muscarinic (AChM) agonist) and pilocarpine (an AChM agonist) evoked locomotion, whereas atropine (an AChM antagonist) blocked locomotion. N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDA), but not glutamate, also elicited locomotion or reduced the current intensity threshold for electrically-evoked locomotion. The NMDA-induced locomotion evoked locomotion. The NMDA-induced locomotion could be blocked by the injection of glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE, an EAA antagonist) or D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) into the same site. Finally. Substance P also evoked locomotion. The above observations strongly suggest that brainstem electrically-stimulated locomotion in decerebrate birds is not due to activation of fibers traversing a brainstem locomotor region, but instead, is due to the activation of receptors located on neuronal cell bodies, dendrites or presynaptic terminals in the immediate vicinity of the micropipette tip. After correlating our findings with similar lamprey and mammalian studies, the comparable discoveries serve to underscore the suggestion that the neuroanatomical substrates underlying the brainstem control of locomotion appear to be highly conserved in all vertebrates.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1983

Central localisation of somatic evoked responses in Landes goose.

The central localisation of responses to stimulation of different peripheral somatic areas was studied in anaesthetised geese of the Landes breed. Natural (light touch, tap) and electrical stimuli were applied. In the first experiments the changes in the spontaneous activity following natural stimuli were recorded systematically from different brain regions. In the following experiments evoked potentials were recorded from responsive sites. The majority of the somatic responses were localised in the paleostriatum augmentatum, the neostriatum and the neostriatum caudale. Stimulation of the bill and the head elicited responses in tractus quinto-frontalis, paleostriatum augmentatum, neostriatum and neostriatum caudale while activation from the body were mainly localised in neostriatum caudale and paleostriatum augmentatum. Responses to photic stimulation were recorded from the visual wulst, the stratum opticum and the nucleus rotundus. Auditory stimuli were found to be ineffective under our recording conditions. These results are discussed and compared with previous data obtained in other species.

Animals↗