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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of panaxadiol and panaxatriol in ginseng and its preparations by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).

Capillary supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC) method has been developed for the determination of panaxadiol and panaxatriol in ginseng and its preparations. 0.1 g ginseng or an appropriate amount of its preparations was hydrolysed by 15% H2SO4 in an ethanol:water (1:1 v/v) solution for 4 h followed by 15% NaOH for 0.5 h. The mixture was extracted by cyclohexane. The cyclohexane extracts were purified by a partition column and concentrated by an adsorption column and then analysed by SFC. Methyltestosterone was used as the internal standard.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1998

Capillary electrophoretic analysis of ginseng polypeptide.

A ginseng polypeptide (GPP) found in ginseng roots and its modified peptides were tested by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) under acidic as well as basic conditions. Modified peptides were synthesized for three purposes: (i) to analyze their functions in the first three acidic amino acid residues, (ii) to analyze their functions in three sequenced glycines, and (iii) to analyze the length of side chains in acidic amino acids. The roles of glycines, acidic amino acids and amino acid side chains in the binding of Mg2+ were studied at pH values less than 7.0. The migration times of GPP varied with the pH of various electrophoresis buffers, and electrophoresis patterns were significantly changed between pH 7.0-7.5. Based on the electrophoretic analysis, it was concluded that the binding mechanisms for Mg2+ or conformations of GPP changed between low pH and high pH.

Buffers↗
PubMed1990

Panax ginseng extract modulates sleep in unrestrained rats.

The amount of wakefulness and slow wave sleep (SWS) during the 12-h light period slightly but significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in freely behaving rats after continued 1-week intake of Panax ginseng extract through drinking water (15 mg/day). Paradoxical sleep was little affected. No sleep parameters were modulated by the treatment during the dark period. The diurnal SWS enhancement disappeared and recovered to the baseline level after 2 weeks of continued treatment. It is speculated that the well known health-improving effect of the ginseng may be, at least in part, related to an enhancement of sleep.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of ginseng polysaccharide on the stability of lactic acid bacteria during freeze-drying process and storage.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) quickly attenuate or are killed during the freeze-drying process and storage. The effect of some natural polysaccharides, which are known as potent antitumor and immunomodulating substances, on the viability of the LAB, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium breve, on freeze-drying and storage were investigated. Among the polysaccharides tested, red ginseng polysaccharide (RGP) and chitosan significantly inhibited the cell death of the LAB during freeze-drying, and fucoidan and RGP most potently protected the cell death of the LAB during storage. The stabilities of the LAB on the addition of RGP and fucoidan were comparable to that of skimmed milk. However, white ginseng polysaccharide (WGP) did not promote storage stability. When 5% skimmed milk/5% RGP treated LAB were freeze-dried and stored, their viabilities were found to be significantly higher those treated with 5% or 10% RGP. The stabilizing effect of 5% RGP/5% skimmed milk during LAB freeze-drying and storage stability was comparable to that of treatment with 10% skimmed milk. Based on these findings, we believe that RGP beneficially improves the stability of LAB during the freeze-dry process and storage.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Three new dammarane glycosides from heat processed ginseng.

Three new dammarane glycosides were isolated from the processed ginseng (SG; Sun Ginseng). Their structure were determined to be 3beta,12beta-dihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside; 3beta,12beta-dihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-3-O-beta-D- glucopyranoside and 3beta,6alpha,12beta-trihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-6-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside based on spectroscopic evidences. The compounds were named as ginsenoside Rk1, Rk2, and Rk3 respectively.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Pharmacological action of Panax ginseng on the behavioral toxicities induced by psychotropic agents.

Morphine-induced analgesia has been shown to be antagonized by ginseng total saponins (GTS), which also inhibit the development of analgesic tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine. GTS is involved in both of these processes by inhibiting morphine-6-dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the synthesis of morphinone from morphine, and by increasing the level of hepatic glutathione, which participates in the toxicity response. Thus, the dual actions of ginseng are associated with the detoxification of morphine. In addition, the inhibitory or facilitated effects of GTS on electrically evoked contractions in guinea pig ileum (mu-receptors) and mouse vas deferens (delta-receptors) are not mediated through opioid receptors, suggesting the involvement of non-opioid mechanisms. GTS also attenuates hyperactivity, reverse tolerance (behavioral sensitization), and conditioned place preference induced by psychotropic agents, such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and morphine. These effects of GTS may be attributed to complex pharmacological actions between dopamine receptors and a serotonergic/adenosine A2A/ delta-opioid receptor complex. Ginsenosides also attenuate the morphine-induced cAMP signaling pathway. Together, the results suggest that GTS may be useful in the prevention and therapy of the behavioral side effects induced by psychotropic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ginsenoside Rb1: the anti-ulcer constituent from the head of Panax ginseng.

We previously reported that the butanol (BuOH) fraction of the head of Panax ginseng exhibited gastroprotective activity in peptic and chronic ulcer models. In order to identify the active constituent, an activity-guided isolation of the BuOH faction was conducted with a HCl x ethanol-induced gastric lesion model. The BuOH fraction was passed through a silica-gel column using a chloroform-methanol gradient solvent system, and six fractions (frs. 1-6) were obtained. The active fr. 5 was further separated by silica-gel column, to yield 6 subfractions (subfrs. a-f). Subfr. d was composed of ginsenosides Re, Rc and Rb1. The most active constituent was ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), a protopanaxadiol glycoside, which was investigated for its anti-ulcer effect. Gastric injury induced by HCl x ethanol, indomethacin and pyloric ligation (Shay ulcer) was apparently reduced with oral GRb1 doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg. GRb1 at these dosage significantly increased the amount of mucus secretion in an ethanol-induced model. The anti-ulcer effects were consistent with the result of histological examination. These results suggest that the major active constituent in the head of Panax ginseng is GRb1, and that anti-ulcer effect is produced through an increase in mucus secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of ginseng upon the development of liver cancer induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats.

The influence of ginseng upon the development of liver cancer induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats was observed with histochemical methods and microscopy. The incidence of liver cancer was 14.3% in the experimental group and 100% in the control group, with the difference being statistically significant. Degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes in the experimental group were milder than in the control group. Histochemical studies also revealed that the activity of SDH, 5'-NT and gamma-GT, and the amounts of DNA, RNA and glycogen in the experimental group were maintained at relatively normal level, and decreased or increased in the control group. The results obtained in our experimental studies indicated that the ginseng seems to play a role of protecting the hepatocyte from injury by DEN, thereby inhibiting the development of liver cancer induced by DEN.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

American ginseng. III. Pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in the rabbit.

The pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides A1, A2, B2, and C were studied in rabbits and were best described with a one-component open model. Ginsenoside C (protopanaxadiol group ginseng saponin) showed a significantly longer half-life, higher plasma protein binding, and lower metabolic and renal clearance than ginsenosides A1, A2, and B2 (protopanaxatriol group ginseng saponins). All ginsenosides except ginsenoside A1 were slowly absorbed after intraperitoneal administration. Ginsenosides were not found in rabbit plasma or urine samples after oral administration. The observed differences in the pharmacokinetics of the ginsenosides may be ascribed to differences in protein binding. Ginsenoside C was more toxic than ginsenoside A2 after intraperitoneal administration to mice. Toxicity was not observed after oral administration of any of the ginsenosides. The genins, panaxadiol and panaxatriol, were more toxic and had larger volumes of distribution than the ginsenosides.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Accumulation of 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone in suspension cultures of Panax ginseng by a fungal elicitor preparation and a yeast elicitor preparation.

Suspension cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) were treated with either an elicitor preparation from the culture broth of the phytopathogenic hyphomycete Botrytis cinerea or a yeast elicitor preparation, and the accumulation of a new compound, which was not detected in non-elicited cultures, was observed. The accumulated compound was isolated and shown to be 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and electron ionization (EI) mass spectra. While it is well known that this compound shows antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, its presence in ginseng root has not been reported to date. Levels of the compound in the media increased rapidly, reaching a maximum level of 65.10 +/- 4.96 microg/g fresh weight at approximately 12 h after treatment with the yeast elicitor preparation. The maximal level of the compound in medium from the culture treated with an elicitor preparation from the culture broth of B. cinerea was 46.13 +/- 10.42 microg/g fresh weight after 24 h of incubation.

Benzoquinones↗
PubMed2004

Enhanced post-germinative growth of encapsulated somatic embryos of Siberian ginseng by carbohydrate addition to the encapsulation matrix.

This experiment was carried out to enhance conversion and ex vitro survival of encapsulated somatic embryos of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus). Cotyledonary somatic embryos were encapsulated with 3.0% sodium alginate; 96% of the encapsulated embryos converted to plantlets with well-elongated epicotyls in Perlite containing sucrose as a carbon source. However, although they germinated, post-germinative growth of encapsulated embryos was suppressed on Perlite that did not contain sucrose. Instead of sucrose addition to Perlite, addition of carbon sources to the encapsulation matrix enhanced post-germinative growth of encapsulated embryos. In the encapsulation matrix with 2% sucrose, post-germinative growth of encapsulated embryos was more than twice (23.5%) that of the control capsules without sucrose (10.0%). Embryos encapsulated with both 2% sucrose and 1% starch powder showed the highest post-germinative growth percentage (42.1%). Iodine staining and analysis of starch content in the encapsulation matrix revealed that starch in the encapsulation matrix decomposed during embryo germination. This result indicates that carbohydrate treatment in the encapsulation matrix enhanced post-germinative growth of encapsulated embryos of Siberian ginseng.

Cell Culture Techniques↗
PubMed1988

Acute and chronic effects of ginseng saponins on maternal aggression in mice.

The present study investigated the acute and chronic effects of crude ginseng saponin (CGS), pure ginsenoside Rb1 (GS-Rb1) and ginsenoside Rg1 (GS-Rg1) on maternal aggression in mice. Maternal aggression was determined on postpartum days 5 and 7 in female mice that had been housed alone since the end of the 4-day mating period. Acute intraperitoneal administration of CGS (50 and 100 mg/kg) and GS-Rb1 (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) significantly suppressed maternal aggression in a dose-dependent manner, whereas GS-Rg1 was ineffective. As compared with the vehicle-treated group, chronic treatment with CGS (50 mg/kg) and GS-Rb1 (2.5 mg/kg) significantly suppressed maternal aggression without causing motor dysfunction, whereas GS-Rg1 (2.5 mg/kg) showed a tendency to facilitate maternal aggression. These findings indicate that the root of Panax ginseng contains a psychoactive ingredient, GS-Rb1, which can suppress maternal aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1995

Stimulatory effect of saponin from Panax ginseng on immune function of lymphocytes in the elderly.

We used the saponin Rg1 extracted from Panax ginseng to study its effects on lymphocytes of 10 young and 19 elderly persons. The proliferative response of lymphocytes cocultured for 72 h with PHA and saponin was measured by using MTT method and the 3H-TdR incorporation procedure. PHA and Rg1 had stimulative effects on the phenotype of lymphocytes (P < 0.001). Rg1 also increased the fluidity of lymphocyte membrane of the aged (P < 0.001). The CD25 and CD45RA positive cells of lymphocytes in the elderly were lower than those of the young people, 8.6% +/- 2.7% vs 10.43% +/- 3.5%; 20.95% +/- 15.5% vs. 50.86% +/- 4.2%, respectively. More CD45RO positive cells (41.5% +/- 13.9%) than CD45RA positive cell lymphocyte populations were seen in the aged. The CD45RO positive cells of the young people were 39.63% +/- 3.2%. We discussed the cause of declined immune function of lymphocytes of aged person and the mechanism of the effect of P. ginseng on lymphocytes.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Chronic intake of panax ginseng extract stabilizes sleep and wakefulness in food-deprived rats.

The amount of wakefulness and slow wave sleep significantly fluctuated during 48 h food deprivation and subsequent recovery periods in freely behaving male rats. In contrast, such fluctuations were significantly less prominent in age-matched male rats chronically treated with Panax ginseng extract via drinking water. It is speculated that the ginseng extract may exert a stabilizing effect on sleep-waking disturbances which possibly accounts for its outstanding health-improving activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Hypoglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng.

This article reviews the recent progress in the identification of hypoglycemic and insulino-mimetic principles in ginseng. Hitherto five types of substances have been discovered. They include five glycans designated panaxans A to E, adenosine, a carboxylic acid, a peptide with a molecular weight of 1400 and lacking in basic amino acid residues, and a fraction designated DPG-3-2 prepared from the water extract of ginseng. The structure of panaxan A has been partially elucidated and the glycans have been demonstrated to elicit hypoglycemia in both normal and diabetic mice. DPG-3-2 exerted its hypoglycemic action or provoked insulin secretion in diabetic and glucose-loaded normal mice while having no effect on normal mice. Adenosine, the carboxylic acid and the mol. wt 1400 peptide inhibited catecholamine-induced lipolysis in rat epididymal fat pads. EPG-3-2, a fraction related to DPG-3-2, also exhibited antilipolytic activity.

Adenosine↗