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PubMed2026

Efficacy and safety of ferric citrate tablets in Chinese patients with hyperphosphatemia undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, active-controlled, phase III trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ferric citrate tablets in Chinese patients with hyperphosphatemia undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). METHODS: In this phase III, multicenter, randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial, patients with hyperphosphatemia on maintenance hemodialysis were randomly assigned to receive either ferric citrate or sevelamer carbonate tablets for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in serum phosphorus levels from baseline to week 12, with a non-inferiority margin of 0.32 mmol/L. Secondary endpoints included changes in serum calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, and safety assessments. RESULTS: A total of 239 patients were randomized to the ferric citrate group (n = 119) or the sevelamer carbonate group (n = 120). The mean change in serum phosphorus levels was -0.70 ± 0.50 mmol/L in the ferric citrate group and -0.61 ± 0.59 mmol/L in the sevelamer carbonate group (least squares mean difference, -0.09 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.05 mmol/L; non-inferiority margin, 0.32 mmol/L). No significant inter-group differences were found in the percentage of patients achieving target phosphorus levels (49.09% vs. 48.28%, p = 0.902). Ferric citrate significantly improved iron-related parameters and hemoglobin levels. Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild, with gastrointestinal disorders being the most common. CONCLUSIONS: Ferric citrate tablets were non-inferior to sevelamer carbonate in reducing serum phosphorus levels in hyperphosphatemia patients on maintenance hemodialysis, with the added benefit of improving iron-related anemia and a favorable safety profile.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Hyaluronic acid degradation by ascorbic acid and influence of iron.

The effects of ascorbic acid, iron and ADP on hyaluronic acid, a compound present in inflamed joints, were investigated in an in vitro system. Ascorbic acid induces degradation of hyaluronic acid which increased in the presence of FeCl3 and which is additionally stimulated by ADP chelated ferric ions. The hyaluronic acid degrading reactions induced by the Fe-III/ADP/ascorbic acid system were inhibited by catalase and formate to various extents whereas the presence of superoxide dismutase did not exert any inhibitory effect. Desferrioxamine, a specific iron chelator, completely inhibited hyaluronic acid depolymerisation by ascorbic acid as well as in combination with FeCl3 or FeCl3/ADP, respectively. We suggest that the ultimate hyaluronic acid degrading species is OH, generated via the Fe-III/ADP catalysed Haber Weiss reaction. There is also an indication for the involvement of perferryl or/and ferryl species in the degradation process.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of dental adhesive systems using scanning electron microscopy.

This study used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the effects of various acid conditioners (etchants) on dentine surfaces. The conditioners completely removed the smear layer from dentine and opened the dentinal tubules, but some also left debris or a reaction product on the surface. The study also evaluated the resin-dentine interfaces produced by five new-generation dentine bonding systems: All-Bond 2, Amalgambond, Gluma 2000, OptiBond, and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose. All-Bond 2, Amalgambond, OptiBond, and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose formed acid-resistant hybrid layers and intra-tubular resin tags when they were applied to visibly moist dentine.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1995

Iron from complex salts and its bioavailability to rats.

Complex iron compounds are being used as iron suppliers. Bioavailability of their iron was tested through several parameters. A biological iron prophylactic study in rats was simultaneously carried out with three of these iron complexes products: ferric orthophosphate, iron sodium EDTA and iron glycine chelate. Their iron biodisponibility was compared to that of ferrous sulfate. Five low iron diets were prepared according to AOAC method. Four of them were enriched to a level of 20 mg Fe/kg, with ferrous sulfate and the 3 iron complexes salts under study. These diets were offered to 5 groups of 6 weanling rats each in an iron prophylactic test. Food intake was measured during 5 weeks, weight checked weekly, blood and liver collected for analyses. Weight gain, hemoglobin, hematocrit, transferrin saturation, iron hemoglobin, biodisponibility and relative iron biological values were calculated. The prophylactic iron rat assay proved to be a feasible and practical model to test and compare iron salts biodisponibility. NaFeEDTA and iron aminochelate produced similar results as ferrous sulfate and their iron has a high biological value for the rats. Orthophosphate iron had lower biological value when compared to the reference standard ferrous sulfate and the other complex products studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Application of chemical cytochrome P-450 model systems to studies on drug metabolism--VIII. Novel metabolism of carboxylic acids via oxidative decarboxylation.

The oxidative decarboxylation of carboxylic acids by the chemical cytochrome P-450 model and rat liver microsomal systems was investigated. In the chemical system using meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin iron chloride [Fe(TPFPP)Cl] with iodosylbenzene (PhIO), alpha-arylcarboxylic acids and alpha,alpha,alpha-trisubstituted acetic acids are converted to the corresponding one-carbon-reduced alcohol (I) and carbonyl derivatives (II) via oxidative decarboxylation. These products were then used as standards to identify the metabolites in vivo and in vitro. Biliary excretion of Ia and IIa in bile duct-cannulated rats after oral administration of ketoprofen amounted to 0.22 and 0.03% of the dose, respectively. In the case of indomethacin, Ib and IIb were detected as metabolites in the rat liver microsomal system, in yields of 2.8 and 0.29%, respectively. Further, the yields of Ib and IIb were decreased in the presence of SKF-525A. Thus, these metabolites were formed by cytochrome P-450-dependent reactions. Metabolites Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb had moderate to strong inhibitory activities on arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation and cyclooxygenase activity in vitro, comparable to those of the parent compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Differential loss of enzyme activity by vitC and iron containing proteins.

Our earlier studies showed that rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase was irreversibly inactivated by exposure to a mixture of vitamin C, FeCl3 and O2. The enzyme lost about 70% of its phosphate (V.V. Desphande and J.G. Joshi, J. Biol. Chem. 260, 754-764, 1985). The present report shows that several other iron proteins can substitute for FeCl3 to a varying degree. The rate of inactivation by FeCl3 greater than ferritin greater than hemoglobin = hemerythrin greater than transferrin = ferridoxin = vitamin C. These iron compounds also produced dephosphoenzyme but did not dephosphorylate ATP, ADP, AMP or phospholipids.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Fe(III) reduction activity and cytochrome content of Shewanella putrefaciens grown on ten compounds as sole terminal electron acceptor.

Shewanella putrefaciens was grown on a series of ten alternate compounds as sole terminal electron acceptor. Each cell type was analyzed for Fe(III) reduction activity, absorbance maxima in reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra and heme-containing protein content. High-rate Fe(III) reduction activity, pronounced difference maxima at 521 and 551 nm and a predominant 29.3 kDa heme-containing protein expressed by cells grown on Fe(III), Mn(IV), U(VI), SO3(2-) and S2O3(2-), but not by cells grown on O2, NO3, NO2-, TMAO or fumarate. These results suggest that microbial Fe(III) reduction activity is enhanced by anaerobic growth on metals and sulfur compounds, yet is limited under all other terminal electron-accepting conditions.

Cytochromes↗
PubMed2004

Peptide damage under Fenton conditions is sequence-dependent.

Peptides with two or more acidic amino acids are damaged to a greater extent than other peptides under Fenton conditions as revealed by treating a 29791 membered one-bead-one-compound peptide library with FeCl(3), sodium ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Is there life after Buckley's Formocresol? Part I -- a narrative review of alternative interventions and materials.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To present a narrative review of the currently available alternative interventions and materials to formocresol pulpotomy for the management of extensive caries in the primary molar, and (2) to produce a clinical protocol for pulp therapy techniques in the extensively carious primary molar. INTRODUCTION: The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently classified formaldehyde as carcinogenic to human beings. Since Buckley's Formocresol contains 19% formaldehyde in its full strength and, therefore, 1% in a 20% dilution, a safer alternative should be identified. METHODS: A narrative review of the published literature for primary molar pulp therapy techniques was undertaken following an extensive and appropriate literature search. A specialist group of paediatric dentists was formed to arrive at a consensus and establish an evidence-based protocol for the management of extensively carious primary molar teeth. Part I of this paper explores the currently available alternative interventions and materials to formocresol in the form of a narrative review. The second part of the paper will present the formation of a specialist group to arrive at a consensus and establish an evidence-based protocol for the management of the extensively carious primary molar. CONCLUSIONS: After consideration of a review of extensively searched literature, a protocol and key points document have been developed to assist clinicians in their treatment planning. Further long-term studies with the highest level of evidence (i.e. randomized controlled trials) are required to enable us to identify acceptable alternatives which can replace formocresol.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed2000

Iron(III)picolinate-induced oxygenation and subsequent rearrangement of triterpenoid derivatives with hydrogen peroxide.

The reaction of oleanane triterpenoid 1b with a FeIII(PA; picolinate)3/H2O2/MeCN system (reagent system A), a simple model system for mono-oxygenase, gave the 11 alpha-hydroxyl derivative 3 as major product, along with 11-oxo derivative 4 and 12-oxo derivative 6. The reaction of lupane triterpenoid 2b with reagent system A gave only oxidative rearrangement compounds, (20R)-aldehyde 8 and (20S)-aldehyde 9 were epimeric isomers. Then, we have found that iron(III) picolinate complex, FeIII(PA)3 is efficient in effecting the rearrangement of triterpenoid epoxides 5 and 7 into the corresponding carbonyl compounds, 6, 8 and 9 with 1,2-shift of the hydride.

Acetylation↗
PubMed2004

Hydroperoxoferric heme intermediate as a second electrophilic oxidant in cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions.

Experimental evidence supporting the catalytic activity of the peroxoferric and hydroperoxoferric cytochrome P450 intermediates as alternative oxidants to the compound I (ferryl) state in the oxygenation of organic substrates is reviewed. The peroxoferric P450 state is proposed to function as a nucleophile in the lyase step of the P450-aromatase reaction. Several systems are reviewed in which the hydroperoxoferric P450 intermediate likely functions as a second electrophilic oxidant, the "two-oxidants" model. These include alkene epoxidation, sulfoxidation, and hydroxylation of methyl groups on cyclopropane rings. The key use of the P450 mutants from different sources in which the conserved threonine in the distal substrate binding pocket is replaced with alanine, in order to minimize the formation of the compound I intermediate and unmask the reactivity of the hydroperoxoferric state, is emphasized. These data are discussed in the context of the "two-states" model, which proposes that the compound I P450 intermediate has both high- and low-spin states with different reactivities. A complicated reaction profile emerges for the wide range of P450 reactions involving up to three reactive intermediates, of which the most reactive, the compound I P450 state, has two spin states with different reactivities.

Catalysis↗
PubMed1990

Influence of aspirin and iron(III) tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine on bilirubin binding by human serum albumin.

The interaction of bilirubin with aspirin-modified human serum albumin (HSA) and the influence of iron tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine on bilirubin binding by the native protein has been studied by difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism measurements. Spectroscopic studies of the systems containing bilirubin and aspirin-modified HSA compared to the analogous systems with the native protein have shown that selective acetylation of albumin at lysine 199 inhibits bilirubin binding by this protein. In both cases, interaction between bilirubin and albumin leads to complex formation at a molar ratio of ligand to protein of 2:1. The studies of the reaction of bilirubin with fragments of albumin produced by reaction with CNBr have demonstrated that one of the strong bilirubin binding sites is located in the M fragment and is close to the high-affinity binding site of aspirin. The other one was found in fragment C. Acetylation of albumin brings about marked conformational change in the protein, which probably accounts for the decrease in its ability to react with anti-HSA antibody. Bilirubin does not change the secondary structure of albumin but, like aspirin, lowers its antigenicity. It has been suggested that the decrease in antigenic properties in this case results from cooperation of the closely neighboring antigenic and bilirubin-binding sites. The studies of the influence of iron(III) tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine on bilirubin binding by HSA suggest that there is no competition between strong sites for iron(III) tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine and bilirubin, but these compounds compete for some of the weaker sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A direct colorimetric method for the determination of phospholipids with dithiocyanatoiron reagent.

A simple and sensitive colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of phospholipids in various kinds of biological materials is described. The method, modification of a previous method using tetrathiocyanatocobaltate, is based on the formation of hydrophobic complexes between dithiocyanatoiron reagent and phospholipids. Under the standard conditions all species of neutral phospholipids, including lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, form stable hydrophobic complexes with the iron compound. Although species of acidic phospholipids also have slight affinity for the iron compound, they do not disturb the assay appreciably, because their contents in biological materials are low. Under special conditions, the iron compound reacts only with phosphatidylcholine, and therefore it may also be used for specific determination of this phospholipid.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed1991

Iron oxide enhanced MR imaging of the liver and spleen: review of the first five years.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles are a potent new class of MR contrast agents affording improved detection of hepatic and splenic neoplasms. In this report we review the development of this agent through preclinical studies and early clinical results at Massachusetts General Hospital during a 5 year investigation. SPIO particles are sequestered by normal reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic Kupffer cells but are not retained in tumor tissue. Consequently, there is a five fold increase in T2 relaxation between normal RES tissue and tumor with a comparable advantage in quantitative signal to noise ratio, contrast to noise ratio and lesion detectibility in the liver and spleen at MR imaging. Increased lesion conspicuity can be exploited to decrease threshold size for lesion detection to less than 3 mm. Clinically beneficial effects occur with a variety of mildly T2-weighted spin-echo pulse sequences; gradient-echo techniques show even greater benefit after administration of SPIO. Metabolically, pharmaceutical grade preparations are biodegradable and bioavailable, being rapidly turned over into body iron stores and incorporated into erythrocyte hemoglobin. Early dose escalation clinical trials have identified a probable clinical dose range of 10-20 mumol Fe/kg body weight. SPIO compounds evaluated to date are still investigational in the United States. Newer commercial formulations currently being evaluated may extend clinical safety margins.

Ferric Compounds↗
PubMed2004

[Study on the reaction between cobalt tetrasulphonated phthalocyanine and sodium sulfide].

A new method which uses multi-wave number and double-parameter to analyse the UV-Vis. spectra is proposed to determine the composition and stabilization constants of coordination compounds. With this method, the reaction of cobalt tetrasulphonated phthalcyanine [CoTsPc] and sodium sulfide [Na2S] was studied. The result shows that pH of the medium has great effect on the reaction. A five coordinated compound Co(II)TsPc(HS) was formed at pH = 7.0. The equilibrium constants and thermodynamics are reported for the reaction under that condition. At higher pH, a redox-reaction took place and a five coordinated compound with the oxidation number I for cobalt [SCo(I)TsPc] was found.

Cobalt↗
PubMed1992

Endodontic dowel retention with resinous cements.

This study compared the capability of three composite resin cements to sustain a standard endodontic dowel. All of the systems incorporated some form of smear layer removal on the dentin of the endodontic channel. One system that used a methyl ethyl ketone drying agent provided inadequate clinical resistance to dislodgment of 5.4 DaN. A second cementing system that used only smear layer removal resisted loads at 54.7 DaN. The third cementing regimen that included a surface-initiated dentinal adhesive and smear layer removal recorded retention of 77.4 DaN. This study supported the concept that passively cemented dowels with composite resin can be as effective as actively seated dowels.

Acrylic Resins↗