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[To put one's femininity at stake. Admission of women to medical studies; Marie Spångberg and other pioneers].

In 1993, 100 years have passed since the first woman graduated in medicine from the University of Oslo. Her name was Marie Spångberg. A long-lasting "battle" had previously taken place to allow women to enter the University and to study medicine in particular. The first proposal to the Storting (the Norwegian national assembly) on this matter was made by Mr. L. Smitt, who strongly argued for the admittance of women to medical studies at the University. The Storting agreed, but the Medical Faculty protested violently in a note which was regarded as one of the most reactionary statements of the time on the nature of women. However, on 23 June 1884, an Act allowing women to graduate in all University studies was finally passed. In spite of the earlier resistance from the Medical Faculty, the female students did not experience any discrimination of women during their studies. They did meet difficulties, however, after their graduation, both in continuing their education and in obtaining a position.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗

[Story and evidence about pain and gender. "The Princess on the Pea"--a myth about femininity penetrating to sciences?].

Gender perspective aims at shedding light on how the body as well as the social circumstances that men and women live in contribute to different expressions of pain. This database research reveals that sex differences are described, but gender perspective is missing in the medical understanding of pain. Experimental studies are small and have little power. Still, generalisations about men and women--their different biology and personality--are made. Therefore aspects of bias in experimentally-demonstrated sex differences must be discussed: VAS measurements are certainly influenced by gender. Occurrence of sex differences is overestimated by publication bias and research strategies. For instance, "gender" is linked to sex genotype, thus differentiation. Biological and psychosocial explanations of different expressions of pain risk being gender blind unless understood in a gender context. Scrutinising research can make us aware of our own contribution to gendered pain constructions--in our approach to science and to patients in encounters.

Animals↗

[The 'feminine' in the history of medical didactics].

Women are present in the 'long' history of medicine both as patients and as healers specialising in curing and caring. The nowadays existing attempt to define a female specific medical knowledge (discussing, for instance, the quality of a supposed 'female' cultural and professional training; the role of women in medical research as well as in discussing bioethical subjects; the relationship between women-physicians and other medical professionals; the female approach to important bioethical issues such as euthanasy, 'therapeutical fury' for the incurable sick, female genital mutilations) is here analyzed in a broader historical context.

Bioethical Issues↗

[The atypical vessels of the feminine breast in the plate-thermography (author's transl)].

In 215 atypical--including 109 carcinomas and 8 carcinomata in situ--as well as 294 verified benign histological evidences of the breast the value of the main clinical, mammographical and plate-thermographical symptoms is examined. The clinical palpable tumors, the mammographical irregular connective tissue and/or the homogenous opacity, as well as plate-thermographical atypical vessels proved to be a relatively insecure sign of a carcinoma. The individual characteristics of the atypical vessels in the plate-thermography according to Tricoire were worked out. The sudden and blunt breaking-off of a atypical vessel has to be considered the most suspicious sign for a carcinoma. The plate-thermography according to Tricoire is also usable as additive method for diagnosis of benign breast-tumors that don't have to be exstirpated.

Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous↗