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PubMedDate not supplied

Chemical test for mammalian feces in grain products: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was conducted to validate the use of the AOAC alkaline phosphatase method for mammalian feces in corn meal, 44.B01-44.B06, for 7 additional products: brown rice cream, oat bran, grits, semolina, pasta flour, farina, and barley plus (a mixture of barley, oat bran, and brown rice). The proposed method determines the presence of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme contained in mammalian feces, by using phenolphthalein diphosphate as the enzyme substrate in a test agar medium. Fecal matter is separated from the grain products by specific gravity differences in 1% test agar. As the product is distributed on liquid test agar, fecal fragments float while the grain products sink. The alkaline phosphatase cleaves phosphate radicals from phenolphthalein diphosphate, generating free phenolphthalein, which produces a pink to red-purple color around the fecal particles in the previously colorless medium. Collaborators' recovery averages ranged from 21.7 particles (72.3%) for oat bran to 25.3 particles (84.3%) for semolina at the 30 particle spike level. Overall average background was 0.4 positive reactions per food type. The collaborators reported that the method was quick, simple, and easy to use. The method has been approved interim official first action for all 7 grain products.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1986

Detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in feces from pigs by reversed passive hemagglutination.

A reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) method was developed for the detection of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus in the fecal specimens from pigs. Ovine erythrocytes fixed with glutaraldehyde and treated with tannic acid were coated with anti-TGE virus swine antibodies, which were purified by affinity chromatographic technique linked with purified TGE virus. The RPHA test was done by the Microtiter method. Erythrocytes coated with purified specific antibodies were agglutinated by TGE virus, but not by porcine rotavirus or porcine enterovirus. The reaction was specifically inhibited by antiserum against TGE virus, confirming the specificity of the reaction. A litter of seven 3-day-old pigs was orally inoculated with TGE virus, and fecal specimens were obtained once a day and serum was obtained every 4th day. With the RPHA test, TGE virus was detected in the diarrheal feces; all of the inoculated pigs developed virus-neutralization antibody for the TGE virus. The RPHA test detected TGE virus in feces from pigs with naturally occurring diarrhea. The RPHA test detected TGE virus in 5 of 6 fecal specimens (80%), whereas the positive rate was only 50% (3/6) for the immunofluorescent staining of primary cultures of porcine kidney cells inoculated with the specimens. The advantages of the RPHA method are simplicity, high sensitivity, and rapid to do.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fucose and other neutral hexoses in the feces of patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis].

Secretion of glycoproteins with protective mucus of large intestine was studied by means of estimation of the carbohydrate components in feces of patients with unspecific ulcerous colitis. A decrease in daily excretion with feces of glycoproteins and glycopeptides was detected in these patients as well as in the patients with chronic pancreatitis. Under conditions of unspecific ulcerous colitis distinct from chronic pancreatitis content of fucoglycoproteins, main chemical protectors of gastrointestinal tract, was primarily decreased. The defect of large intestine mucus might be responsible for impairment of barrier function of the intestinal mucose and to contribute to ulcer development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Mutagenic metabolites in urine and feces of rats fed with 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, a carcinogenic mutagen present in cooked meat.

To study the in vivo fate of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), a carcinogenic mutagen present in cooked meat, rats were fed MeIQx in the diet and their urine and feces were analyzed for the metabolites. The isolation procedure included specific adsorption of MeIQx derivatives to blue cotton and subsequent fractionations by thin layer chromatography on silica gel and by high pressure liquid chromatography. Attention was focused on mutagenically active metabolites. Three metabolites were isolated from the urine, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet, and mass spectra. The first metabolite characterized was 2-amino-8-hydroxymethyl-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (Compound I), the second was 2-acetylamino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (Compound II), and the third was 2-amino-8-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (Compound III). Compound I was isolated also from the feces. Compounds I-III were mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with metabolic activation. The mutagenic potency of Compounds I and II was as high as that of MeIQx, and that of Compound III was much lower than that of MeIQx.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Studies on Campylobacter and Salmonella in feces of pregnant women and newborn infants].

Fecal cultures from five thousand four hundred and twenty-seven pregnant women, who were delivered at Osaka National Hospital from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 1984, were examined to detect intestinal Campylobacter and Salmonella during 30 and 36 gestational weeks. In addition, the feces of newborn infants were cultured three days after delivery to check for the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella. During pregnancy, Campylobacter was detected in the feces of 116 women (2.14%), and Salmonella in 99 cases (1.82%). By administering antibiotics to the affected cases, the number of women whose fecal cultures were positive for Campylobacter and Salmonella at the time of delivery was reduced to 8 and 15, respectively. Neonatal fecal cultures revealed that Salmonella infection occurred in two among fifteen (13.33%) and Campylobacter infection in three among eleven (27.27%) infants whose mothers had been affected. These findings suggest the importance of adequate management for these bacterial infections during pregnancy and the perinatal period to prevent danger to the newborn.

Campylobacter fetus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Colorimetric determination of alkaline phosphatase as indicator of mammalian feces in corn meal: collaborative study.

In the official method for rodent filth in corn meal, filth and corn meal are separated in organic solvents, and particles are identified by the presence of hair and a mucous coating. The solvents are toxic, poor separation yields low recoveries, and fecal characteristics are rarely present on all fragments, especially on small particles. The official AOAC alkaline phosphatase test for mammalian feces, 44.181-44.184, has therefore been adapted to determine the presence of mammalian feces in corn meal. The enzyme cleaves phosphate radicals from a test indicator/substrate, phenolphthalein diphosphate. As free phenolphthalein accumulates, a pink-to-red color develops in the gelled test agar medium. In a collaborative study conducted to compare the proposed method with the official method for corn meal, 44.049, the proposed method yielded 45.5% higher recoveries than the official method. Repeatability and reproducibility for the official method were roughly 1.8 times more variable than for the proposed method. The method has been adopted official first action.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gas chromatographic determination of avilamycin total residues in pig tissues, fat, blood, feces, and urine.

A gas chromatographic (GC) procedure is presented for the determination of residues of avilamycin and all its metabolites/conjugates which can be converted to the common moiety dichloroisoeverninic acid (DIA). The method involves alkaline hydrolysis to DIA, cleanup by partitioning with chloroform, acidification of the aqueous phase, and partitioning of DIA into methylene chloride. After methylation of DIA, the product, 3,5-dichloro-4,6-dimethoxy-2-methylbenzoic acid methyl ester, is cleaned up on a silica gel column prior to the final determination by electron capture GC. The method is sensitive to 0.1 mg/kg avilamycin equivalent. Overall average recoveries were 85.4%, with a standard deviation of 9.1% for n = 20. Analyses of feces, urine, tissues, and fat of pigs treated with avilamycin demonstrated that 93% of the administered substance is excreted in feces and urine, within 72 h after treatment, and that no residues (less than 0.01 mg/kg) can be found in the tissues and fat of the animals at any time between 0 and 7 days after treatment with medicated feed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Estimating fat in feces by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

We describe use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRRS) to estimate the amount of fat in feces, for diagnosis of steatorrhea. After sample homogenization, the spectrum of the fecal homogenate is scanned over the near-infrared region. Assay of 94 samples of feces having a known concentration of fat showed the appropriate wavelengths for the NIRRS procedure to be 1734, 1778, 1818, 2270, and 2310 nm. The reflectance output of 47 fecal samples subsequently measured at these wavelengths was used to compute the reflectance scaling factors (F values) by the instrument's microprocessor. Assay of fat content in a further 124 fecal samples, by both hydrolysis/titration (J Biol Chem 1949;177:347) and the NIRRS procedure at the wavelengths and corresponding F values previously determined, gave results that correlated highly satisfactorily. However, the NIRRS procedure demonstrated much better precision.

Feces↗
PubMed1979

Fecal cup for collection of feces in male rats.

A cup was designed which fits around the tail of male rats. The cup was used to collect feces and made it possible to separate urine and feces completely from each other. The cup was easy to apply, remove, empty and replace, and its use did not cause noticeable stress to the animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Reduction and esterification of cholesterol and sitosterol by homogenates of feces.

Mixtures of cholesterol-1,2-(3)H and sitosterol-4-(14)C have been incubated with suspensions of feces in order to compare the behavior of the phytosterol with transformations known to take place with cholesterol under these conditions. Within the limitations of the study, both labeled sterols were esterified to the same extent, and reduction of the Delta(5) double bond to the saturated analogue proceeded equally in both substances. After correcting for procedural losses, the recoveries of (3)H and (14)C from the incubations were always less than the controls; this strongly indicates destruction of sterol by feces microorganisms.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed1976

Appearance, properties, and origin of altered human hemoglobin in feces.

Altered hemoglobin (Hb) has been found in the feces as a sequel to an upper gastrointestinal bleed. Active Hb antigen of increased anodic mobility was detected on immunoelectrophoresis of melena stools using a goat anti-Hb. The Hb derivative was also identified in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using 412 nm. absorbance. The alteration could be simulated in vitro by incubation of hemolysate with duodenal juice or purified carboxypeptidase B alone, or by a mixture of carboxypeptidases A and B. Treatment of hemolysate or purified Hb with acid, gastric juice, pepsin, pancreatic juice, bile, trypsin, or chymotrypsin failed to produce the characteristic alteration. Instead, no change, or production of alpha and beta chains, or gradual but complete elimination of the Hb antigen was seen. This latter all or none pattern is presumed to prevail in the large bowel on the basis of incubations of hemoglobin-feces mixtures. Individuals documented to be bleeding into the colon were found to have at least a portion of their Hb antigen in the unaltered form by immunoelectrophoresis. This finding may be of value in identifying the general origin of a gastrointestinal bleed.

Carboxypeptidases↗
PubMed1982

[Radioimmunological determination of HAV and anti-HAV IgA in the feces of patients with acute type-A hepatitis].

58 fecal specimens from 14 patients (10 hepatitis A, 2 hepatitis B and 2 infectious mononucleosis) were tested for the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and IgA anti-HAV by micro-solid-phase-radioimmunoassay. Only patients with hepatitis A were positive for HAV and/or IgA anti-HAV. In the first days of the disease we found HAV in the feces of 4 patients but it was never present after the sixth day. In all hepatitis A we found IgA anti-HAV in at least one fecal specimen and the titer of the antibodies increased in most cases during the course of the disease. The duration and the peak of the IgA response in the feces were strongly similar to other enterovirus infections. Some methodologic improvement both for HAV and IgA anti-HAV detection are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Isolation of an adenovirus antigenically distinct from equine adenovirus type 1 from diarrheic foal feces.

Adenovirus was isolated in equine fetal kidney cell cultures from the feces of 2 foals with diarrhea that also had large numbers (greater than 10(6)/g) of rotavirus particles in their feces. Unlike equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdV1), the fecal EAdV did not hemagglutinate human O, rhesus macaque, or equine RBC. By serum neutralization, the fecal viruses were identical with each other, but showed no relationship to EAdV1. Antiserum prepared against the fecal viruses did not contain hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to EAdV1. It is proposed that the fecal viruses be considered prototypic of EAdV2. The frequency of neutralizing antibody to EAdV2 in 339 equine serum samples was 77%. Neither EAdV1 nor EAdV2 is related by serum neutralization to any of 30 human adenovirus serotypes.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1983

[Antigenic structure of NCA-2 from meconium and comparison with normal fecal antigen from adult feces and carcinoembryonic antigen from malignant tissues].

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related antigen were isolated from meconium and compared with those in adult feces and tumor tissues. NCA-2 and NCA preparations were isolated from meconium. By conventional anti-CEA antisera, NCA-2 from meconium, NFA-2 from adult feces and CEA from tumor tissues were indistinguishable from each other. However, the CEA-distinctive determinant was absent in NCA-2-molecules. The NFA-2-distinctive determinant was detectable in 20% of NCA-2-molecules. The molecular weight of purified NCA-2 was estimated to be 150,000 to 170,000 determined by SDS-PAGE. NCA-2 revealed beta-region mobility electrophoretically. NCA-2 had amino acid and carbohydrate compositions similar to those of CEA and NFA-2.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Epimerization of the four 3,7-dihydroxy bile acid epimers by human fecal microorganisms in anaerobic mixed cultures and in feces.

The conversion of 3,7-dihydroxy bile acids by anaerobic mixed cultures of intestinal microorganisms was studied in fecal samples from eight healthy adult males. Incubations using substrate chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) were performed simultaneously in separate microbial suspensions from the same fecal samples. A time course study was done on four samples, chosen randomly from the eight. In the incubation of CDCA, substrate CDCA always decreased rapidly in amount; UDCA increased in amount, as did 3 beta, 7 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (3 beta, 7 beta) and 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (3 beta, 7 alpha). In the incubation of UDCA, UDCA gradually decreased in amount; (3 beta, 7 beta), CDCA, and (3 beta, 7 alpha) increased gradually in amount. All reactions involved four epimers. After 48-72 hr UDCA was predominant and the reactions appeared to have reached equilibrium. In cultures from all eight samples, after 72-96 hr, a predominance of beta-hydroxy configurations at 7-position and alpha-hydroxy configurations at 3-position was observed. To compare these bile acid compositions to those in feces, an in vivo study using nine subjects was carried out. Concurrent with the collection of feces, transit time of food through the gut was measured. In samples from five subjects, in which amounts of lithocholic acid (LCA) was small, four 3,7-dihydroxy epimers were found. In samples from the other four, however, CDCA, the predominant epimer in bile, had apparently been converted to LCA by 7-dehydroxylation, and four epimers were not always found. In contrast to the incubation study, UDCA was not always the predominant 3,7-dihydroxy epimer in the fecal study. This may have been due to the transit times, which averaged 26.4 +/- 8.9 SD hr, being much shorter than the time it took for the incubation reactions to reach equilibrium.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Nitroreduction of benznidazole and nifurtimox by rat and human feces.

Rat and human feces are able to reduce nitro group from Benznidazole (N-benzyl-2-nitro-1-imidazole acetamide) and Nifurtimox (4[5-nitrofurfurylidene)-amino)-3-methylthiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide), two chemotherapeutic agents against Chagas' disease. Feces from rats treated with neomycin sulfate lack nitroreductase activity evidencing the bacterial origin of the enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Rapid semiquantitative measurement of total porphyrins in urine and feces by magnetic circular dichroism.

Magnetic circular dichroism is a suitable technique for semiquantitative determination of total porphyrins in urine and feces, being rapid, reliable, and involving little sample preparation. The sensitivity of the assay suffices to distinguish normal from above-normal concentrations of total porphyrins in urine and feces. Results for urine compare well with those obtained by thin-layer chromatography of porphyrin esters (n = 42, r = 0.92) or ion-exchange column chromatography of porphyrin acids (n = 19, r = 0.80).

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
PubMed1982

Determination of lipids, including medium-chain fatty acids, in human feces.

In this method for determining fecal lipids, feces are saponified with ethanolic potassium hydroxide, the ethanol is evaporated, and the acidified residue extracted with hexane. An aliquot of the hexane solution is then titrated with ethanolic sodium hydroxide, the solvents are evaporated, and the residue (soaps and unsaponifiable matter) is weighed. The unsaponifiable matter is extracted with acetone and determined gravimetrically. The method thus permits the determination of milli-equivalents of fatty acids, total lipids, and fatty acids in one sample and is applicable to feces containing medium-chain fatty acids and their triglycerides.

Fatty Acids↗