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PubMed1992

The ability to encode facial and emotional expressions by educable mentally retarded and nonretarded children.

The object of the present study was to investigate whether 20 educable mentally retarded (EMR) children matched for verbal mental age on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT; Dunn, 1965) with 20 nonretarded (NR) controls were adept in identifying emotional facial expressions and producing the equivalent word adjectives. I also reassessed the relationship between the phase of identifying facial expressions (i.e., happy, sad, angry, and scared) and the phase of producing emotional word adjectives, consisting of 16 emotional linguistic constructions (4 short stories for each of the adjectives) between higher in verbal ability educable mentally retarded (HEMR) children and higher in verbal ability nonretarded controls (HNRC) and between low in verbal ability educable mentally retarded (LEMR) children and low in verbal ability nonretarded controls (LNRC). There were no significant differences between EMR and NR children in general, despite the fact that EMR children had deficits in receptive linguistic competence.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement.

The common assumption that emotional expression mediates the course of bereavement is tested. Competing hypotheses about the direction of mediation were formulated from the grief work and social-functional accounts of emotional expression. Facial expressions of emotion in conjugally bereaved adults were coded at 6 months post-loss as they described their relationship with the deceased; grief and perceived health were measured at 6, 14, and 25 months. Facial expressions of negative emotion, in particular anger, predicted increased grief at 14 months and poorer perceived health through 25 months. Facial expressions of positive emotion predicted decreased grief through 25 months and a positive but nonsignificant relation to perceived health. Predictive relations between negative and positive emotional expression persisted when initial levels of self-reported emotion, grief, and health were statistically controlled, demonstrating the mediating role of facial expressions of emotion in adjustment to conjugal loss. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Emotional expression boosts early visual processing of the face: ERP recording and its decomposition by independent component analysis.

To investigate the hypothesis that early visual processing of stimuli might be boosted by signals of emotionality, we analyzed event related potentials (ERPs) of twelve right-handed normal subjects. Gray-scale still images of faces with emotional (fearful and happy) or neutral expressions were presented randomly while the subjects performed gender discrimination of the faces. The results demonstrated that the faces with emotion (both fear and happiness) elicited a larger negative peak at about 270 ms (N270) over the posterior temporal areas, covering a broad range of posterior visual areas. The result of independent component analysis (ICA) on the ERP data suggested that this posterior N270 had a synchronized positive activity at the frontal-midline electrode. These findings confirm that the emotional signal boosts early visual processing of the stimuli. This enhanced activity might be implemented by the amygdalar re-entrant projections.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Exploring the influence of vocal emotion expression on communicative effectiveness.

This study explores whether speaker emotion influences communicative effectiveness. Two hundred participants rated their current emotional state and gave a description of a route on a simple map. The quality of the linguistic content of the descriptions was assessed using Latent Semantic Analysis. Six hundred participants provided route drawings based on the map descriptions. Median route deviation served as a measure of communicative effectiveness. Eighty additional participants rated invariant parts of the descriptions for perceived speaker happiness. Path analysis revealed that while speaker emotion did not affect the linguistic content of the descriptions, it had an effect on communicative effectiveness both through the effects of vocal cues directly as well as mediated by perceived happiness of speech. Specifically, higher first formants were associated with higher reported and perceived happiness as well as higher communicative effectiveness. Jitter, on the other hand, was negatively related to the perception of happiness and positively related to communicative effectiveness. These findings suggest that mood-related modulation of phonation and articulation can influence the effectiveness of communication in addition to message content.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Studying the dynamics of emotional expression using synthesized facial muscle movements.

Synthetic images of facial expression were used to assess whether judges can correctly recognize emotions exclusively on the basis of configurations of facial muscle movements. A first study showed that static, synthetic images modeled after a series of photographs that are widely used in facial expression research yielded recognition rates and confusion patterns comparable to posed photos. In a second study, animated synthetic images were used to examine whether schematic facial expressions consisting entirely of theoretically postulated facial muscle configurations can be correctly recognized. Recognition rates for the synthetic expressions were far above chance, and the confusion patterns were comparable to those obtained with posed photos. In addition, the effect of static versus dynamic presentation of the expressions was studied. Dynamic presentation increased overall recognition accuracy and reduced confusions between unrelated emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Sensitivity to emotional expressions and situations in organic patients.

While numerous lines of investigation indicate the pivotal role of the right hemisphere in the apprehension and processing of emotional information, the specific contributions of facial recognition, other visual-spatial capacities, and a general understanding of emotionally-toned situations remains to be delineated. To secure information on the contributions of these various factors, matched groups of brain-damaged patients were required in a series of tests to match with one another faces of the same individual, facial expressions, pictorial versions of emotional situations, and linguistic versions of emotional situations. While patients with left-hemisphere damage evinced special difficulty with linguistically-presented stimuli, patients with right hemisphere damage exhibited an across-the-board reduction in emotional sensitivity, one not restricted to stimuli presented in the visual modality. In addition, right hemisphere patients also displayed a selective tendency to group together emotions of an opposite polarity (positively-toned with negatively-toned emotions). These results suggest that, in addition to its general importance in a range of emotional tasks, the right hemisphere is crucial for an appreciation of the structural relations which obtain among various emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Left hemisphere specialization for response to positive emotional expressions: a divided output methodology.

An extensive literature credits the right hemisphere with dominance for processing emotion. Conflicting literature finds left hemisphere dominance for positive emotions. This conflict may be resolved by attending to processing stage. A divided output (bimanual) reaction time paradigm in which response hand was varied for emotion (angry; happy) in Experiments 1 and 2 and for gender (male; female) in Experiment 3 focused on response to emotion rather than perception. In Experiments 1 and 2, reaction time was shorter when right-hand responses indicated a happy face and left-hand responses an angry face, as compared to reversed assignment. This dissociation did not obtain with incidental emotion (Experiment 3). Results support the view that response preparation to positive emotional stimuli is left lateralized.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Localization of cortical lesions of the human brain and features of recognition of emotional expression].

The quantity of correct and erroneous identifications of human emotions was compared according to their intonational and mimical cues in the group of healthy persons (31 persons) and in the group of patients with lesions of different cortical parts of the left and right cerebral hemispheres (54 patients). It was established that the intactness of the temporal parts of both hemispheres is important for non-verbal recognition (choosing of appropriate photograph by the observer) of emotions by mimics. Correct verbal identification of emotions by mimics requires the integrity of the fronto-parietal parts of the left hemisphere while verbal identification of emotional intonation needs the intactness of the fronto-parietal parts of the right hemisphere. The significance of the temporal areas (especially of the right hemisphere) increases in case when the emotional colouring of the presented verbal communication does not coincide with its contents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Emotional expression and physiology in European Americans and Hmong Americans.

Ethnographic and clinical observations suggest that Asians are less expressive than European Americans. To examine whether this difference emerged in online emotional responding, 50 Hmong Americans (HAs) and 48 European Americans (EAs) were asked to relive past episodes of intense happiness, pride, love, anger, disgust, and sadness. Facial behavior and physiological reactivity were measured. For most emotions, more cultural similarities than differences were found. There were some exceptions: During happiness, fewer HAs than EAs showed non-Duchenne smiles (i.e., "social" smiles), despite similarities in reported emotional experience and physiological reactivity. Within-group differences between "less Hmong" and "more Hmong" HAs were also found. Implications of these findings for our understanding of culture-emotion relations are discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

Working with resistance to experiencing and expressing emotions in group therapy.

Emotional insight is essential in order for therapeutic change to take place. Profound resistances to experiencing, expressing, and understanding emotions are present in group members, the group as a whole, and the group therapist. Reasons for the three types of resistances are described. Specific therapist attitudes and therapeutic techniques are suggested to understand and effectively work through resistances at individual, interpersonal, and whole-group levels. Examples are given from an ongoing therapy group to illustrate the processes of understanding and working through resistances. Resistances on the part of the group therapist are identified and their possible effects on the group's resistance are explored.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A Darwinian legacy to understanding human infancy: emotional expressions as behavior regulators.

Darwin's influence on the study of emotional responding has largely centered on the study of the production of facial movement patterns. In this paper, we present evidence on the importance of considering facial and vocal patterns as signals that powerfully regulate behavior in infancy and early childhood. We review a series of studies showing that facial expressions and vocal expressions alone can regulate the behavior of infants and, in the case of vocal expressions, do so at ages earlier than most researchers have acknowledged. We also review studies on the enduring effects of social signals, documenting that even 8.5-month-olds show minimal retention of the effects of social signals, some 10-month-olds can retain the effects of social signals for 25 minutes, and 14-month-old can do so for a period of one hour after only two trials of signal exposure. Social signals not only regulate behavior, they also are part and parcel of an important and relatively unstudied phenomenon called affect sharing, which is evident by 11.5 months of age. Finally, we speculate on the constitutive role of social signals, especially those linked to what Ekman has called "basic emotions" in the generation of new emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Is cross-modal integration of emotional expressions independent of attentional resources?

In this study, we examined whether integration of visual and auditory information about emotions requires limited attentional resources. Subjects judged whether a voice expressed happiness or fear, while trying to ignore a concurrently presented static facial expression. As an additional task, the subjects had to add two numbers together rapidly (Experiment 1), count the occurrences of a target digit in a rapid serial visual presentation (Experiment 2), or judge the pitch of a tone as high or low (Experiment 3). The visible face had an impact on judgments of the emotion of the heard voice in all the experiments. This cross-modal effect was independent of whether or not the subjects performed a demanding additional task. This suggests that integration of visual and auditory information about emotions may be a mandatory process, unconstrained by attentional resources.

Adult↗