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Source of error on A-aDO2 calculated from blood stored in plastic and glass syringes.

We studied the effects of time delay on blood gases, pH, and base excess in blood stored in glass and plastic syringes on ice and the effects of resulting errors on calculated alveolar-to-arterial PO2 difference (A-aDO2). Matched samples of dog whole blood were tonometered with gas mixtures of 5% CO2-12% )2-83% N2 (mixture A), 10% CO2-5% O2-85% N2 (mixture B), and 2.88% CO2-4% O2-93.12% N2 (mixture C). Tonometered blood samples were transferred to 5-ml glass (5G), 5-ml plastic (5P), and 3-ml plastic (3P) syringes and stored on ice. Blood gases were measured every 1 h up to 6 h. In 5G, PO2 progressively decreased in blood tonometered with mixture A but rose in blood tonometered with mixtures B and C. O2 saturation progressively fell in all cases. In 5G, blood PCO2 progressively rose regardless of which gas mixture was used, and pH as well as base excess progressively fell. The rise in PO2 was faster in plastic than in glass syringes, and O2 saturation always rose in plastic syringes. Differences between storage in plastic and glass syringes on PO2 change were greatest when initial blood PO2 was highest (mixture A). At the highest PO2, O2 exchange was faster in 3P than in 5P. The rise of PCo2 was just as fast in plastic as in glass syringes, but in both the rise in PCO2 was faster at a higher initial PCO2 (mixture B) than in lower initial PCO2 (mixtures B and C). Rates of PO2 and PCO2 change in matched samples were significantly faster in 3P than in 5P. Errors due to rises in PCO2 and PO2 cause additive errors in calculated A-aDO2, and when blood is stored in plastic syringes for > 1 h significant errors result. Errors are greater in normoxic blood, in which estimated A-aDO2 decreased by > 10 Torr after 6 h on ice in plastic syringes, than in hypoxic blood.

Animals↗

Some sources of error in the one-stage assay of factor VIII.

The error of the one-stage assay of factor VIII activity is determined by the quality of reference and substrate (factor VIII-deficient) plasmas, as well as by the accuracy of dilution and clot observation time. Storage of the fresh normal plasma used as reference and/or of the substrate plasma for 2--3 h at 0 degrees C may cause considerable errors, which can be eliminated by the immediate use of plasma or by the determination of an appropriate correction factor. With all precautions taken into account the average error of the assay in our hands is 20%.

Blood Coagulation Tests↗

[Sources of error in the performance of the R5 test].

A prospective study examining 48 children (age 3.5-7 years) without any ophthalmological symptoms was comparatively performed using the Rodenstock R5 screening test and free examination of visual acuity, phoria and stereopsis. Besides this retinoscopy, interpupillary distance and inclination to instrument accommodation were determined. Using stereopsis targets 121 and 122, the findings of Marquardt (3- to 4-year-old children incline to prefer certain figures, leading to wrong results) can be confirmed. If the actual interpupillary distance is apart from the instrument eyepiece distance, especially if the child's distance is smaller, esophoria can be simulated. Instrument myopia on the one hand may appear as decrease of visual acuity, on the other hand it can be misinterpreted as esophoria. Being aware of these possible errors, the rate of wrong results (mean 22%) can be reduced, leading to better agreement between both methods.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

Cystic degeneration in phyllodes tumor. A source of error in cytologic interpretation.

OBJECTIVE: To examine problems encountered in the cytologic interpretation of phyllodes tumor (PT) with cystic degeneration and solutions thereof. STUDY DESIGN: Cystic degeneration was found in seven PTs (five benign, one low grade and one high grade). Aspirates from these yielded fluid and were usually labelled fibrocystic change on the original cytology. Smears were retrospectively analyzed, with special attention to the background, presence and nature of the epithelial and stromal fragments, foam cells and naked nuclei in the background. RESULTS: PTs with cystic degeneration on cytology showed thick fluid in the background, foamy macrophages (100%), apocrine cells (28%) and epithelial fragments, which showed nuclear atypia in two cases. On reviewing the smears, five of seven PTs had stromal fragments, albeit in small numbers. Most important, even in the absence of stromal fragments, all cases showed 5-50% naked nuclei of the fibroblastic type dispersed within the fluid background. CONCLUSION: In cases of fluid aspirates from well-defined lumps, one must search for fibroblastlike naked nuclei or stromal fragments within the fluid to clinch the diagnosis of phyllodes tumor.

Adult↗

Estimation of the end of ejection in aortic stenosis: an unreported source of error in the invasive assessment of severity.

BACKGROUND: All indices of aortic stenosis (AS) rely on measurements of mean transvalvular pressure gradient (DeltaP) and flow rate. Because the gradient is reversed during late ejection, the late systolic left ventricular (LV)-aortic pressure crossover may be an erroneous landmark of end-ejection. The aortic incisura should be a better reference to calculate indices of AS invasively. METHODS AND RESULTS: The accuracy of the pressure crossover and the incisura to define end-ejection was assessed in a chronic AS experimental model (9 dogs) with the use of an implantable flowmeter and Doppler echocardiography as reference. In 288 hemodynamic recordings analyzed (aortic valve area [AVA]: 0.74+/-0.46 cm2), ejection ended 37+/-29 ms after the pressure crossover but almost simultaneously with the incisura (2+/-17 ms). Pressure crossover error accounted for significant errors in the measurement of DeltaP (95% limits of agreement, +0 to +7 mm Hg) and AVA (-0.1 to +0.2 cm2). These errors were reduced to less than half with the use of the incisura to define end-ejection. Additionally, the agreement with Doppler-derived AS indices was best with use of the incisura. Pressure crossover error was maximal in situations of higher output, moderate orifice narrowing, higher arterial compliance, and lower vascular resistance. In 32 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for AS, the pressure crossover induced a clinically important overestimation of the DeltaP from +22 to +50%. Errors in AVA estimation were considerably smaller (-2% to +6%) because of simultaneous and offsetting errors in the measurements of DeltaP and flow. CONCLUSIONS: The aortic incisura and not the second pressure crossover should be used to obtain invasive indices of AS.

Algorithms↗

Coronary sinus reflux. A source of error in the measurement of thermodilution coronary sinus flow.

In seven patients thermodilution coronary sinus flow (TD-CSF) was higher (164 +/- 21 ml/min) during ventricular pacing than during atrial pacing (119 +/- 21 ml/min, P less than 0.005) at identical heart rate, without an increase in the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption. To assess the possibility of right atrial admixture in coronary sinus blood during ventricular pacing we compared electromagnetic coronary arterial blood flow (CBF) with TD-CSF in nine dogs during interventions that increased right atrial pressure. During ventricular pacing, rapid atrial pacing, pulmonary artery constriction and increased intrathoracic pressure, right atrial pressure increased and electromagnetic CBF was significantly less (41-166%) than TD-CSF. Marked reflux from the right atrium to the coronary sinus was also demonstrated by bolus injection of cold saline into the right atrium and continuous infusion of contrast material into coronary sinus. Caution needs to be exercised in interpreting TD-CSF in the presence of changing right atrial pressure.

Adult↗

Mathematical model explaining the sources of error in certain estimates of the gas exchange constants for the middle ear.

Mover-Lev and colleagues reported a carbon dioxide-oxygen time-constant ratio of 3.9 for transmucosal gas exchange in guinea pigs under conditions of a large positive oxygen pressure gradient and a negative carbon dioxide gradient. That ratio is much less than the value of 19 reported previously for monkeys and used in predictive models of middle ear pressure regulation. In this report, the mathematics that underlie models of transmucosal gas exchange are developed and the conditions that allow accurate estimation of time constants are defined. The results demonstrate that the experimental and analytic methods used by Mover-Lev et al do not control for certain confounding effects or concurrently measure all required system parameters. Under the most realistic conditions, their ratio of 3.9 represents a significant underestimation of a true value on the order of 10. Also, their expectation of nonvarying, transmucosal time constant ratios for pairings that include reactive gases is simplistic and true only for identical experimental contexts.

Animals↗

Sources of error in constructing and interpreting graphs: a study of fourth- and fifth-grade students with LD.

The purpose of this study was to examine students' understanding of and ability to interpret line graphs, using four tasks: two where students constructed a graph and two where students interpreted a given graph. The tasks were unique in that they did not simply involve the explanation of given data but included a language component that looked at students' cognitive processes and understanding while they were engaged in the tasks. The study is important because students are often able to define and even draw graphs yet perform poorly on graph interpretation items presented in high-stakes examinations. The sample for the study consisted of 91 fourth and fifth graders with and without learning disabilities (LD) from six schools in a major metropolitan area. Scoring rubrics were designed for each item. An analysis of variance by grade and group indicated no significant differences between fourth and fifth graders overall but revealed that typically achieving students performed at significantly higher levels than students with LD at both grade levels. Additional descriptive analyses looked at the patterns of errors evidenced and the nature of the students' constructions. These are discussed, and instructional implications are derived.

Achievement↗

Sources of error in interpretation of caloric tests.

Caloric testing plays a prominent role in evaluating the vestibular system. A unilateral reduced vestibular response (RVR) is a common abnormality and is consistent with peripheral vestibular pathology. An erroneous interpretation of RVR may be made due to the following circumstances: laboratory technique, the influence of directional preponderance (DP) on monothermal tests (MT), unilateral hyperactivity, or pseudocaloric (PC) nystagmus. These errors in interpretation may be avoided by (1) repeating any single irrigation that is significantly different from the other three, to rule out laboratory technical error; (2) performing bithermal (BT) testing exists, to eliminate the effects of directional preponderance; (3) observing that a right/left (R/L) difference is not due to unilateral hyperactivity, by noting absolute slow phase (SP) velocity; and (4) by demonstrating bidirectional sensitivity of the cupula before concluding that residual caloric function exists instead of no function.

Caloric Tests↗