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PubMed2006

An anatomical study of the buccinator muscle fibres that extend to the terminal portion of the parotid duct, and their functional roles in salivary secretion.

Until now there has been no definitive anatomical study describing the area where the parotid duct enters the buccinator muscle. In this study, we performed anatomical and histological examinations to investigate the relationship between the parotid duct and the buccinator muscle. Thirty specimens (including the buccinator and the terminal portion of the parotid duct) were obtained from embalmed Korean cadavers. Dissection was performed on 22 of these specimens, and the remaining eight specimens were prepared for histological examination and stained with haematoxylin-eosin or Gomori trichrome. In all specimens, small, distinct muscle fibres originating from the buccinator muscle extended to and inserted into the terminal portion of the parotid duct. The topography of these fibres varied, and we classified them into three categories according to where they originated. Type I buccinator muscle fibres, which inserted into the terminal portion of the parotid duct, originated simultaneously from the anterior and posterior aspects of the duct (ten cases, 45.5%). Type II fibres originated from the anterior aspect of the duct and inserted into the anterior side of the duct (seven cases, 31.8%). Type III fibres originated from the posterior aspect of the parotid duct and ran anteriorly toward the duct (five cases, 22.7%). These results were confirmed in the histological examination of all eight specimens. Based on these findings, we have proposed a tentative description of the physiological role of the buccinator muscle fibres in salivary secretion and in the formation of the sialoliths.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Ultrastructure of skin and hair of an Egyptian mummy. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic observations.

The skin of a female Egyptian mummy, embalmed 100-300 A.D., was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. After rehydration with cacodylate buffer containing sucrose, the ordinary technique for transmission electron microscopy was performed on skin of the right shoulder. In epidermal cells, mitochondria and their cristae were identified. Between epidermal cells, desmosomes, half the normal size, were found. In the dermis, collagen bundles and elastic fibres were observed. The collagen fibres had a diameter of 67-91 nm, and the band pattern showed 10-12 sub-bands per one period of 55-61 nm length. The elastic fibres had less amorphous substance than normal and a fibrillar beaded pattern. The dermal components of the skin were well preserved in spite of the mummification. Throughout the dermis and the subcutaneous fatty tissue, a number of bacterial spores were found showing a characteristic appearance. Scanning electron microscopy of hairs showed a layer of the preserving material surrounding hairs, and under it a normal cuticle was seen.

Egypt↗
PubMed1997

The brachial plexus in the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus).

The brachial plexus in each of ten embalmed, mature chacma baboons was dissected to document the structure and branching pattern of this nerve plexus in this increasingly used research animal. In general, the brachial plexus in the chacma baboon was similar to the plexuses in the vervet and other Old World monkeys. However, several aspects were comparable to those observed in domestic animals. Thus the bipedal and quadrupedal abilities of the chacma baboon were reflected in the structure of its brachial plexus.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of the specific gravity of human pineal.

Specific gravity values for the pineal gland in any species are lacking. These data are necessary for calculating and interrelating pineal weight and volume. This report deals with the specific gravity of human pineal gland. The specific gravity of fresh, unfixed human pineal has been determined to be 1.197 +/- 0.036 SEM at 20 degrees C (N = 11) using water as the measuring medium. By contrast, human brain has been reported in the literature to have a specific gravity of 1.036. Specific gravities of human pineals fixed in Bouin's fluid, Bouin's fluid followed by 80% ethanol, 80% ethanol, and embalming fluid were found to be 1.113 +/- 0.025 (N = 5), 0.941 +/- 0.009 (N = 5), 0.990 +/- 0.022 (N = 3), and 1.149 +/- 0.021 (N = 7), respectively. These are corrected values accounting for the specific gravities of the respective measuring fluids. It is shown that the specific gravity of human pineal as derived in this study is directly applicable to calculations of pineal volumes and weights not only in humans, but in other species as well.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

The ultrastructure of bacterial spores in skin of an Egyptian mummy.

The ultrastructure of bacterial spores found in the skin of an Egyptian mummy was studied. The mummy was embalmed during year 100 to 300 of our era. The bacterial spores showed a characteristic appearance with a core, cortex, coat and exosporium. Their survival and species could not be established.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Development and validation of a CO-C7 FE complex for biomechanical study.

In this study, the digitized geometrical data of the embalmed skull and vertebrae (C0-C7) of a 68-year old male cadaver were processed to develop a comprehensive, geometrically accurate, nonlinear C0-C7 FE model. The biomechanical response of human neck under physiological static loadings, near vertex drop impact and rear-end impact (whiplash) conditions were investigated and compared with published experimental results. Under static loading conditions, the predicted moment-rotation relationships of each motion segment under moments in midsagittal plane and horizontal plane agreed well with experimental data. In addition, the respective predicted head impact force history and the S-shaped kinematics responses of head-neck complex under near-vertex drop impact and rear-end conditions were close to those observed in reported experiments. Although the predicted responses of the head-neck complex under any specific condition cannot perfectly match the experimental observations, the model reasonably reflected the rotation distributions among the motion segments under static moments and basic responses of head and neck under dynamic loadings. The current model may offer potentials to effectively reflect the behavior of human cervical spine suitable for further biomechanics and traumatic studies.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMed1983

In-vitro head and neck response to impact.

Two unembalmed and one embalmed human cadaveric head-neck systems were instrumented and subjected to central forehead impact of ballistically suspended 3.07-kg aluminum shell at velocities ranging from 50 to 345 cm/s. Occipital skull accelerations and disk pressures were measured by transducers, while the deformation of the system was determined by framing camera data. The results were found to be in accord with those from corresponding tests in artificial head-neck replica. Initial and terminal X-ray examination of the structure revealed no evidence of either skull or vertebral fractures.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1996

Funeral directors, mortuaries and necropsies: implications for necropsy consent rates and the prevention of infection.

AIM: To evaluate the attitudes and experiences of funeral directors in relation to necropsies. METHODS: All 1631 members of the National Association of Funeral Directors were surveyed by postal questionnaire about the purposes of necropsies, the technical and administrative problems associated with necropsied cases and their relations with relatives, mortuaries and pathology departments. RESULTS: In total, 123 funeral directors completed the questionnaire (8% response rate). Workload, proportion of cases necropsied and type of mortuary did not influence answers. Necropsies were considered important for the assessment of treatment outcome, identification of inherited disease and junior pathologist training, but not for medical audit. There was strong support for more education about necropsies. The areas of necropsy practice most frequently discussed with relatives related to concerns about funeral delay and the involvement of the coroner or equivalent authority. Funeral directors occasionally counselled relatives for or against giving necropsy consent. The commonest technical problems associated with necropsies were difficulties in embalming, leakage of body fluids and scalpel penetration in visible areas. Few administrative problems were reported; the commonest was inflexibility in body collection times. There was strong support for a national code of practice to cover relations between funeral directors and mortuaries despite general satisfaction with relations with local pathology departments. CONCLUSIONS: Although the relation among the funeral profession, mortuaries and pathology departments is largely satisfactory, a national code of practice for funeral directors and mortuaries is desirable.

Attitude↗
PubMed2003

An anatomical study of the ligaments of the ulnar compartment of the wrist.

The ligamentous structures of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and their attachments were examined anatomically and histologically using fresh and embalmed cadavers. The TFCC was observed to have a three-dimensional structure consisting of three palmar ligaments--the short radiolunate (SRL), ulnolunate (UL), and ulnotriquetral (UT) ligaments. In addition, the attachment site of the ulnocarpal ligament (UC), which had been previously unknown, was identified. The dorsal components of the TFCC have been previously reported to consist solely of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) subsheath; however, the ligamentous components running from the ulnar styloid process to the triquetrum were found at a layer deeper than the floor of the ECU subsheath. The UC has been reported previously as a two-dimensional structure, but there has been some disagreement as to its attachment sites.(2-6,14,15) It is suggested that the dorsal UT ligament should be considered as a separate ligament, based on its different direction and distal attachment site as compared with those of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and ECU subsheath.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Pseudodefect of the talar dome: an anatomic pitfall of ankle MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To identify a normal groove in the posterior aspect of the talus as a potential pitfall in interpretation of ankle magnetic resonance (MR) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 40 patients, T1-weighted spin-echo and T2-weighted fast spin-echo sagittal MR images were retrospectively reviewed from 47 consecutive routine ankle examinations. The patients were referred for evaluation of ligament and tendon abnormalities, such as tendinitis and tear, and suspected osseous and osteochondral injuries. Images were assessed for the presence of an erosion-like defect in the posterior aspect of the talar dome. Radiographs were available in 13 cases. Sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo sequences were also performed in 14 embalmed cadaveric ankles, followed by sectioning and dissection of three specimens. RESULTS: A defect was seen in 45 of 47 ankle MR imaging examinations. Radiographs did not show the defect. All 14 cadaveric ankles demonstrated the defect at MR imaging. At anatomic dissection, the defect was a normal groove for the passage of the posterior talofibular ligament. CONCLUSION: The pseudodefect of the talar dome is a normal groove for the posterior talofibular ligament and should not be misinterpreted as an articular erosion or osteochondral defect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Helical CT evaluation of the perirenal space and its boundaries: a cadaveric study.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the perirenal spaces communicate across the midline and with the pelvic extraperitoneal spaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Helical CT was used to guide the sequential injection of 100-mL intravenous boluses of dilute contrast medium, up to 300 mL, into the perirenal space of eight embalmed cadavers (three male, five female; mean age at death, 82 years; range, 72-93 years), with four left-sided and four right-sided injections. All images were acquired after the final injection (300 mL total) to facilitate coronal and sagittal reconstruction of relevant images. All images were reviewed to assess the flow pathways of contrast medium from the perirenal space to other retroperitoneal spaces. RESULTS: In three cadavers that received left perirenal space injections and in two cadavers that received right perirenal space injections, communication was seen with the contralateral perirenal space through an area anterior to the aorta and inferior vena cava. In three cadavers that received right perirenal space injections, contrast material flowed from the right perirenal space to outline the bare area of the liver. Communication between the perirenal and pelvic extraperitoneal spaces was seen in all eight cadavers; contrast material extended into the pelvic extraperitoneal and presacral spaces. CONCLUSION: These findings show that the perirenal spaces communicate with each other across the midline and with the pelvic extraperitoneal spaces. Clinical implications are that perinephric collections can potentially flow into the pelvis or across the midline.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

In vivo measurement of fascicle length and pennation angle of the human biceps femoris muscle.

The purpose of this investigation was to measure in vivo fascicle length (L(fas)) and pennation angle (PA) of the long head of the biceps femoris muscle (BF(lh) m.) at different hip and knee angles while the muscle was relaxed using ultrasonography (US). Data were collected from 18 healthy females (23.0 +/- 1.8 years). To validate the measurements of the L(fas) and PA, the US measurements on cadavers (n = 5), embalmed with the hip and knee in anatomical position, were compared to actual fiber lengths and PA from the dissected muscles. US images from volunteer subjects were recorded when the hip joint was positioned at 0 degrees, 45 degrees and 90 degrees of hip flexion, and at each hip position, the knee joint was placed at 0 degrees, 45 degrees and 90 degrees from full extension. The images were digitized to measure L(fas) and PA. Results showed no significant differences between US and direct measurements of the L(fas) and PA on the cadaver BF(lh) m. (p > 0.05). L(fas) and PA changed significantly between the different hip and knee positions in volunteer subjects (p < 0.05). Changes in the L(fas) and PA are more sensitive to changes in hip position with the knee position constant than to changes in knee position with the hip position constant. This difference may be related to the larger muscle moment arm at the hip resulting in greater excursion of the muscle with changing hip position. Based on the changes in L(fas) with changing joint positions, BF(lh) sarcomere length was estimated to occupy a portion of the ascending limb, the plateau and descending limb of the length-tension relationship over the range of motion studied. US scanning is valid and reliable for measuring L(fas) and PA of the BF(lh) m. An understanding of the dynamic nature of muscle architecture will assist in determining effective and efficient clinical evaluation and rehabilitation techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Hamstring muscles: architecture and innervation.

Knowledge of the anatomical organization of the hamstring muscles is necessary to understand their functions, and to assist in the development of accurate clinical and biomechanical models. The hamstring muscles were examined by dissection in six embalmed human lower limbs with the purpose of clarifying their gross morphology. In addition to obtaining evidence for or against anatomical partitioning (as based on muscle architecture and pattern of innervation), data pertaining to architectural parameters such as fascicular length, volume, physiological cross-sectional area, and tendon length were collected. For each muscle, relatively consistent patterns of innervation were identified between specimens, and each was unique with respect to anatomical organization. On the basis of muscle architecture, three regions were identified within semimembranosus. However, this was not completely congruent with the pattern of innervation, as a primary nerve branch supplied only two regions, with the third region receiving a secondary branch. Semitendinosus comprised two distinct partitions arranged in series that were divided by a tendinous inscription. A singular muscle nerve or a primary nerve branch innervated each partition. In the biceps femoris long head the two regions were supplied via a primary nerve branch which divided into two primary branches or split into a series of branches. Being the only muscle to cross a single joint, biceps femoris short head consisted of two distinct regions demarcated by fiber direction, with each innervated by a separate muscle nerve. Architecturally, each muscle differed with respect to parameters such as physiological cross-sectional area, fascicular length and volume, but generally all partitions within an individual muscle were similar in fascicular length. The long proximal and distal tendons of these muscles extended into the muscle bellies thereby forming elongated musculotendinous junctions.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Arterial segmentation of the human spleen by post-mortem angiograms and corrosion-casts.

In a series of seventy adult human spleens, obtained from embalmed dissecting-room cadavers and post-mortem bodies, the extrasplenic division and intrasplenic architecture of the terminal branches of the splenic artery and of its polar arteries were studied via extrasplenic dissection, angiograms and injection-corrosion casts. The results showed that the splenic artery is divided into two (85.7%), or three (14.3%) primary branches, each of which is subdivided, mostly, into two to four secondary branches. Moreover, a superior polar artery (60.0%) and inferior polar arteries (80.0%) are given from the splenic trunk or from one of its primary branches. The human spleen is divided accordingly into two or three main arterial segments, separated by a definite avascular plane. Also, a rather constant avascular plane separated the polar segments from the remaining of the organ. Each main segment is also subdivided, usually into two to four less constant secondary segments, the architecture of which and the avascular planes between them are very variable. The findings of this study and other relative studies consist the anatomical basis for highly conservative surgical management, as an alternative to splenectomy, in cases of splenic rupture.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Exercise in paleo-otolaryngology: head and neck examination of two Egyptian mummies.

Two Ptolemaic period mummies underwent head and neck examination including high-resolution tomography and endoscopic rhinoscopy and cranioscopy. The anatomy demonstrated characteristic laryngeal calcification and sexual dimorphism. Pathologic findings consisted of severe dental disease and possible chronic ear disease. Postmortem changes revealed the entrance of the embalmers into the cranial cavity, but raised interesting speculation regarding the method of brain removal.

Dentition↗
PubMed2000

The three-dimensional cancellous bone architecture of the human mandibular condyle.

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the cancellous bone of the mandibular condyle is inhomogeneous and anisotropic. For this purpose, 11 mandibular condyles from embalmed human cadavers were scanned in a micro-CT system. Within each condyle, 9 volumes of interest were selected from different mediolateral and supero-inferior regions. Several bone parameters were calculated to describe the morphology. It appeared that the cancellous bone of the condyle could be approximated by parallel plates. These plates were almost vertically oriented at an angle of 17 degrees relative to the sagittal plane, i.e., perpendicular to the condylar axis. In the superior regions of the condyle, the cancellous bone had the largest bone volume fraction (0.19), associated with the thickest trabeculae (0.11 mm), and the highest trabecular number (1.72 mm(-1)). The lowest bone volume fraction (0.15) was found more inferiorly. The degree of anisotropy increased from superior to inferior across the condyle. No mediolateral differences in bone morphology were found, but superiorly central regions contained more bone than peripheral regions. The plate-like trabeculae could indicate that the condyle is optimally adapted to sustain loads from all directions in a plane perpendicular to the condylar axis. The high bone mass and lower anisotropy in the superior regions could enable the condyle to sustain multiple load directions. Toward the collum, the trabeculae are more aligned. This could point to stresses acting predominantly in one direction.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome: the controversial "fifth" compartment of the leg.

BACKGROUND: The existence of a "fifth" compartment in the leg capable of developing distinct chronic exertional compartment syndrome remains a subject of controversy. HYPOTHESIS: Specific pressure recordings and dissection will confirm or disprove the existence of a fifth compartment. STUDY DESIGN: Empirical anatomic study. METHODS: Radiopaque dye was injected directly into the tibialis posterior muscle of 25 embalmed cadaveric legs while intracompartmental pressure was monitored. Radiographs demonstrated dye distribution, and dissection-documented fascial and epimysial layers. RESULTS: Evidence was found that the fibular origin of the flexor digitorum longus muscle, when present, could create subcompartments within the deep posterior compartment. The nature of this attachment varied from being absent, to small (<8 cm), to extensive (>8 cm). The attachment partially covered the tibialis posterior muscle in the majority of the 14 legs that developed high pressures, and it was limited or absent in the 11 legs that did not. Radiographs demonstrated that the dye was confined to the tibialis posterior muscle in four legs. CONCLUSIONS: No consistent fifth compartment exists in the leg; however, subcompartments within the deep posterior compartment created by the fibular origin of the flexor digitorum longus muscle may develop pressures congruent with chronic exertional compartment syndrome. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Potential deep posterior subcompartments demand accurate pressure investigation. A modified technique to decompress the entire deep posterior compartment, including the tibialis posterior muscle, is necessary for successful treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intercondylar notch width and its relation to the configuration and cross-sectional area of the anterior cruciate ligament. A cadaveric knee study.

If a narrow intercondylar notch contains a smaller anterior cruciate ligament, that may explain why people with narrow notches have a higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. To investigate the significance of notch width measurement, we used 16 embalmed cadaveric knees. A positive mold of the entire anterior cruciate ligament, including its femoral and tibial insertions, was created with silicone rubber and plaster commonly used for dental molding. We had two hypotheses to test from this study. One was that the dimensions of the anterior cruciate ligament can be predicted by the notch width. The other was that the size of a person's anterior cruciate ligament can be predicted by a caliper measurement of the intercondylar notch. The width, sagittal length, and cross-sectional area of the midsubstance and the femoral and tibial insertions of the anterior cruciate ligament were measured. The notch width index, the ratio of notch width to width of the femoral condyle, showed a positive correlation only to the ratio of width to sagittal length of the tibial insertion. None of the parameters showed any differences between the knees with a notch width index less than or equal to 0.2 and those with a notch width index greater than 0.2. The knees with small notch width indexes did not have thinner anterior cruciate ligaments in them. These findings may not be applicable to knees obtained from other races, i.e., not Japanese.

Aged↗