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PubMed1988

Is population growth a deterrent to development in the South Pacific?

"Some have argued that population growth deters development, while others claim that population growth either aids development or has no significant effect on development. In a sample of South Pacific nations, population growth and size were found to be unrelated to economic development, defined as GDP per capita. However, when indices of quality of life or social development such as mortality, health services and education were used, population growth and size were found to be negatively related to these indices. If these 'quality of life' indices are valued by nations, an argument may exist for policy support for family planning."

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1995

A cross-national analysis of family and household structure.

"Profound demographic change has taken place in the past few decades in many countries including decreases in fertility and household size, and increases in divorce and non-traditional living arrangements. This paper analyzes the cross-national variation in these trends by utilizing two data sets. Fertility, marriage/divorce and household structure are modeled as separate domains of family life and tested in a LISREL model. The correlations across these domains are examined along with indicators of socioeconomic development and cultural context. Findings indicate that the level of economic development has direct and negative associations with all three family domains. Culture has an independent effect on family demographics but it does not override the forces of development."

Culture↗
PubMed1982

The impact of demographic changes on income distribution in a developing country.

"A common hypothesis regarding the distribution of income is that it tends to become more unequal in the initial and middle stages of economic development, in part because of demographic changes. However, previous studies of the effect of demographic changes on income distribution are not based on the underlying micro determinants of the income components." In the present paper, "the micro determinants of the probability of receipt and amount received conditional on receipt of four income components are estimated for three regions defined by the degree of urbanization. Five simulations of hypothetical demographic changes are conducted. The simulated effects on some of the regional income component distributions are fairly considerable in regard both to equalizing the distributions and increasing the shares of the poorest. However, the overall effects are regressive in both urban and rural regions."

Demography↗
PubMed1992

Some models for patterns of urbanization, migration and development.

"This paper aims to study the pattern of urbanization and the evolution of [the] relationship between rural-urban migration and the degree of economic development taking Gross National Product...into consideration. Intercensal age-specific rural net out-migration rates are also estimated from [tabulations] of the proportion of rural population of India by age through a recently developed procedure based on generalized stable population by Stupp (1989). A comparative study is also made between [the] survival column of India with a developed nation like Japan."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Towards a comparative analysis of health systems reforms in the Asia-Pacific Region.

The paper will review a representative selection of health systems reforms throughout the Asia-Pacific region to summarise the regional experience, identify the key lessons learnt from innovative health reforms and propose policy recommendations for sustainable health systems development. Broad descriptive trends of health systems reforms will be compared across the Asia-Pacific region within the context of rapid demographic, health and socio-economic development. More specifically, the study will address the following questions: 1. What are the main features of innovative health systems reforms? 2. How have these reforms affected the health systems? 3. Are there lessons and other implications from these reforms? A common conceptual framework to compare health systems reforms is adopted, using a standardised format to report data of national health systems. A classification of health systems is constructed by categorising them according to the level of development of their respective economies: 1) Developed 2 )High Performing 3) Newly Industrialising 4) Transitional, and 5) Developing. A typology of common issues, challenges and responses are generalised for these health systems at different stages of socio-economic development of individual countries. Evaluative criteria are proposed to compare the long-term effects of these reforms on national health systems in terms of efficiency, equity, quality and sustainability.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1991

Nursing aspects of infection control in developing countries.

The quality of the infection control programme in developing countries is determined by the resource allocation to the health sector and the health care delivery system. These depend to a great extent on the socio-economic development of the country. Morbidity and mortality from communicable infections, such as diarrhoeal diseases and malaria are high. There is often an irregular water and electricity supply. Essential material resources, e.g. paper towels, gowns, gloves, masks and disinfectants may not be available and some disposable materials have to be re-used. Most hospitals have no infection control programme due to the lack of awareness of the problem or absence of trained personnel in infection control practices. Developing countries differ in many ways from each other, often having dissimilar cultures and languages and state of socio-economic development. Solutions will emerge only if there is co-operation between countries and provision of assistance, where appropriate, from wealthier countries.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1996

Primary prevention of hypertension: rationale, approaches, realities and perspectives.

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in economically developed countries and is a rapidly evolving cause of mortality and morbidity in the industrialized nations of Eastern Europe and in economically developing countries. To produce a meaningful reduction in morbidity and mortality, management of patients with existing cardiovascular disease must be coupled with treatment and prevention of hypertension and other major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Prevention of hypertension is best achieved by concurrent application of general population and targeted approaches aimed at reducing body weight, sodium intake and alcohol consumption, and at increasing physical activity. Although the lifestyle changes necessary for a meaningful impact on body weight, sodium intake, alcohol consumption and physical activity are difficult to achieve and maintain, the corresponding potential for benefit is great. Given the existing and projected burden of illness from blood pressure-related cardiovascular disease, primary prevention of hypertension should be accorded increasing importance both at an international as well as a national level.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

The environmental challenge.

We now come to the ultimate question of whether we should be optimistic or pessimistic about our environmental future, and indeed our survival. If we believe human beings to be rational and thus ultimately acting in their own self-interest, there is no reason to believe that the environmental challenges confronting us as individuals and as a society are not resolvable in a manner that allows both economic development and a reasonable quality of life for human beings. Indeed, we see, at least in the developed world, recognition of the magnitude of the problems that we face and movements toward solutions. Yet our nemesis is time. Irretrievable seconds are ticking away as we struggle against ignorance and economic self-interest. Our concern must be not whether we will act, but whether we will act in time to forestall environmental catastrophe for our civilization. The ultimate solution to our environmental problems must come from a fundamental change in the self-serving psychology that produced the tragedy of the commons. Self-interest must be sublimated not only to the greater needs of society, but to the needs of our posterity. The tragedy of the commons can only be avoided if our time horizon shifts from the short- to long-term. In addition, there must be a shift in values from obsession with economic development to concern for the quality of human life. These shifts dictate that in the future our economic, political, and social system must be built upon a foundation of "sustainable" growth. This means that "industries (and nations, for that matter) cannot thrive if they sacrifice future quality of life for present economic gain. In the long run, the principles of economic growth and environmental quality reinforce each other." How do we make this esoteric speculation relevant to our job each day as materiel managers in health care delivery organizations? We can do this by first understanding the problems that we confront and how we are a part of these problems. Next, we must assume a leadership role in confronting and resolving these problems. This means being an advocate for the environment and championing initiatives within the institution to resolve problems and advance environmental responsibility. Finally, we must remember that every day, with each purchase order we issue, we vote for or against the environment.

Commerce↗
PubMed2000

The supply of alcoholic beverages in transitional conditions: the case of Central and Eastern Europe.

Three periods are distinguished and applied to describe the dynamics of changes in the system of supply of alcoholic beverages in Central and Eastern Europe since 1980. The distinction of these three periods is based on changes in the regulation of the supply. The period of the old regulation ended in most countries around the 1990s. A deregulation took place in the early 1990s. The first steps toward a reregulation were visible in attempts to create a new order in the alcohol market in the last years of the 1990s. The analysis builds mainly on developments in Poland and Russia, with more scattered information from other countries. In each period the role of different actors (the state, the enterprises, organized crime, civil organizations and individuals), different interests (economic development, state finances, political order, public order, public health and various symbolic interests) and different public measures to regulate the supply (licensing, taxation and preventive actions and treatment) are considered. The analysis shows how the state lost its dominant position to private firms and is slowly regaining it again, how interest in state finances, overall economic development and later in profit-making dominate all three periods, and how the old system of regulations was ruined, to become rebuilt in very small steps with many conflicts and complications. Public health interests and also civil society interests were weak in comparison with economic interests. From the public health perspective, changes in the supply system have had significant consequences, but a more comprehensive regulation of supply does not necessarily lead to diminished alcohol-related harm.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Process development and economic evaluation of recombinant human lactoferrin expressed in rice grain.

In this paper, we show that recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) has been stably expressed at 0.5% brown rice flour weight for nine generations. Process development indicates that rhLF can be efficiently extracted from rice flour in 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing up to 0.5 M NaCl and at a ratio of 1 kg flour to 10 L buffer. After solid/liquid separation, the extract can then be loaded directly onto an ion-exchange column and rhLF can be eluted using 0.8 M NaCl. The resulting rhLF is about 95% pure. A range of biochemical and biophysical analyses were carried out and results indicated that the purified rhLF was identical to its native human counterpart other than its glycosylation. Economic analysis shows that at 600 kg/year scale, the cash cost to produce 1 g of rhLF of pharmaceutical grade is US$ 5.90. Analysis also indicates that the expression level has profound impact on costs related to planting, milling, extraction and purification, thus high level expression of recombinant protein in plants is one of the key parameters for the success of plant made pharmaceuticals.

Biotechnology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Somatic symptoms of distress: an international primary care study.

The objective of this study was to examine cross-national differences in somatic symptoms associated with psychological distress. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) collaborative study of psychological problems in general health care (5438 patients at 15 sites) were used to examine somatic symptoms associated with psychological distress. At each site, a stratified random sample of consecutive primary care patients completed the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). At all sites, the number of current CIDI somatic symptoms (whether medically explained or not) was strongly associated with current psychological distress (measured by selected GHQ-28 items). Pearson correlation of somatic symptom count with psychological distress score was .42 for all sites and ranged from .20 to .58 (p < .0001 at all sites). Across all sites, anxiety and depressive symptoms showed roughly the same association with somatic symptom counts, and specific somatic symptoms or symptom clusters did not show differential association with anxiety or depression. Although somatic symptoms did cluster into meaningful groups (gastrointestinal, neurological/conversion, autonomic, and musculoskeletal), these symptom groups did not show differential association with psychological distress. Examination of individual somatic symptoms and symptom clusters across sites did not reveal clear patterns of association according to geography or level of economic development. These data show a strong association between somatic symptoms and psychological distress, which did not vary across disparate cultures and levels of economic development. Cultural factors, however, may influence the meaning attached to symptoms or the likelihood of presentation for health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[10 years' activity of the IUHE (International Union for Health Education)].

During the 1975-85 decade, health education has taken on a new dimension, particularly after the Alma-Ata conference on primary health care (PHC). The enlarged concept of PHC has contributed to the evolution of the policy of the International Union for Health Education (IUHE). The IUHE has today five main objectives: 1) assert the role of health education in the socio-economic development of communities; 2) facilitate, by organizing lectures, seminars and working groups, exchanges between those responsible for the sanitary aspects of socio-economic development; 3) take part in increasing the knowledge concerning the role of education in the promotion, protection and recovery of health; 4) ensure the international circulation of publications and research pertaining to health education; 5) develop working relations with international organizations as well as NGOs and governments. The policy of the IUHE has evolved together with the concept of health education and this has meant structural changes: involving the regionalization of its activities through five regional offices. The IUHE services its members today through five regional offices: the one for Africa, operational since 1976; the one for North America, created in 1977; the South East Asian regional bureau, founded in 1983; the European bureau which was opened in 1968; and the bureau for the Northern part of Western Pacific which is only one year old and has its headquarters in Seoul (Republic of Korea). This new structure has enabled the IUHE to considerably develop its activities throughout the world.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Health Education↗
PubMed2004

Linkages between biodiversity loss and human health: a global indicator analysis.

The association between health and biodiversity loss was explored by means of regression analysis on a global scale, with control for confounding by socio-economic developments. For this we selected indicators of human health (life expectancy, disability adjusted life expectancy, infant mortality rate and percentage low-birthweight babies), biodiversity (percentage threatened species, current forest as a percentage of original forest, percentage of land highly disturbed by man) and socio-economic development (health expenditure as percentage of GNP, percentage one-year olds immunized, illiteracy rate, GNP per capita and development grade) on a country level. After controlling for relevant socio-economic confounders, both current forest as a percentage of original forest and the percentage of land highly disturbed by human activities had no relationship with one of the health indicators. The logarithm of the percentage threatened species, showed a positive association with life expectancy and disability adjusted life expectancy. The present study was not able to provide any empirical proof of a negative association between loss of biodiversity and human health at the global scale. This does not mean, however, that no such relationship exists, because there may be several reasons for our findings, like possible non-linearity of the relationship, lack of suitable indicators, non-randomness in the sample of countries and the limitations of regression analysis in proving causality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of economic impacts of the Hangzhou-Ningbo expressway.

This paper presents an analysis of the effects of the Hangzhou-Ningbo Expressway (in Zhejiang Province of the People's Republic of China) on the region's economic development. An econometric model shows the estimated contributions attributable to the expressway have increased year by year. And statistical data indicate that the Hangzhou-Ningbo Expressway has promoted to some extent the region's economic development in various aspects.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed1988

[Prognosis of typhoid morbidity in a region of northern new construction projects].

The mathematical model describing the dependence of typhoid fever morbidity on water supply and the migration of the population has been constructed. The checking of the model has shown the 95% coincidence of the predicted and actual morbidity. The model has been used for the prognostication of morbidity rate in typhoid fever in new economic development regions, thus making it possible to plan in advance the measures necessary for the prevention of negative consequences connected with the realization of economic development projects.

Cold Climate↗
PubMed1991

Remarkable success in out-migration from poor areas.

The biggest migration since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, has been quietly going on in West China. So far, 320,000 people have moved to the areas along the Yellow River, the Hexi Corridor (in Gansu Province), and the Hetao Area (at the top of the Great Bend of the Yellow River in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) from the poor mountain areas of Gansu and southern Ningxia. About 130,000 more migrants will move out in the coming 2 years, thus raising the total number to 450,000. These figures were released by the Leading Group of Economic Development in Poor Areas under the State Council in mid-June 1991 at the Working Conference on Population Migration convened by Gansu and Ningxia. By unremitting effort over the past 8 years, there has been great success in this giant project of population redistribution. By the end of 1990, 50,000 people had moved from the dry mountain areas of Central Gansu to the Hexi Corridor and 160,000 to the newly developed irrigated areas along the Yellow River. 110,000 people outmigrated from the dry mountain areas of Xiji, Haiyuan, and Guyuan counties in southern Ningxia to the Hetao Area. In the past, these people had insufficient food and clothing, but after moving into irrigated areas they displayed a spirit of self-reliance in building their new lives. The settled migrants produced 405 kilograms of grain per capita yearly on the average, higher than the national average of 380 kilos of grain, thereby providing for most of their food and clothing after their settlement.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

Mental health economic studies from developing countries reviewed in the context of those from developed countries.

OBJECTIVE: Mental health economic studies from developing countries were reviewed in the context of such studies from developed countries. METHOD: Mental health economic studies were ascertained through a systematic Medline search, chasing references at the end of papers acquired from the initial medline search and details of studies furnished by members of the WHO collaborating centre. RESULTS: Only a small number of mental health economic studies from developing countries were identified. They were mainly cost-of-illness and cost-effectiveness studies. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric disorders impose a significant burden in developing countries. It is not always possible to extrapolate findings from developed countries to developing countries. Potential avenues for future research and development are discussed.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1975

Female professional work opportunities: a cross-national study.

While economic development has been associated with increased participation of females in the labor force, it remains problematic whether sexual equality within the labor force has also increased. This study examines the differentiation of structural variables, specifically economic and demographic variables, on female participation and sexual equality within a specific sector of the labor force: the professions. The units of analysis are primarily European countries with the inclusion of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The findings indicate that those economic development factors (female higher education enrollment rate and professional demand) significantly related to the female professional participation rate are distinct from those structural factors (economic growth rate, working age male deficiency) affecting sexual equality within the professional sector.

Australia↗