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PubMed2004

Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion during treadmill and elliptical exercise training.

Elliptical exercise has recently increased in popularity. However, little is known regarding heart rate and perceptual responses during this exercise mode even though such information is important with respect to prescribing and regulating exercise intensity. In the current study, heart rate and perceived exertion were compared between treadmill and elliptical exercise. During treadmill exercise (TM(EST)) participants estimated RPE-Overall as well as RPE-Legs and RPE-Chest. Two elliptical sessions followed: (1) RPE estimation during elliptical exercise (EL(EST)): HR (b/ min.) from TM(EST) was achieved during elliptical exercise, with participants estimating RPE-Overall, RPE-Legs, and RPE-Chest. (2) RPE production during elliptical exercise (EL(PROD)): RPE-Overall from TM(EST) was produced during elliptical exercise. There were no significant differences between modes for RPE-Overall (TM(EST): 11.2 +/- 2.2 vs EL(EST): 11.9 +/- 3.2) or RPE-Chest (TM(EST): 11.0 +/- 2.4 vs EL(EST): 11.7+/- 3.2). Mean RPE-Legs was significantly different (TM(EST): 11.2 +/- 2.4 vs EL(EST): 12.5 +/- 3.1). Heart rate was not significantly different between TM(EST) (163 +/- 16.6) and EL(PROD) (159 +/- 20.0). Analysis indicated elliptical exercise is perceived as more intense with respect to leg (RPE-Legs) exertion. Further, RPE-Overall appears effective for regulating heart rate during elliptical exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of memory and combined exercise and memory-anchoring procedures on ratings of perceived exertion during short duration, near-peak-intensity cycle ergometer exercise.

The purpose of this study was to compare ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) following memory-anchoring and two different types of combined exercise and memory-anchoring during short duration, near-peak-intensity cycle exercise. Thirty recreationally trained males volunteered to participate. The M group, n = 10, received only verbal instructions prior to the experimental trial. The EM1 group, n = 10, and the EM2 group, n = 10, received the same verbal instructions, but these were administered while participants performed maximal, graded cycle ergometer exercise. The low perceptual anchor was established during light pedaling for both EM1 and EM2. The high perceptual anchor was established during the final stage of the maximal cycle test for EM1 and during a 30-sec. sprint immediately following the final stage of the maximal cycle ergometer testing for EM2. On the experimental trial pedaling at maximal intensity for 30-sec. was against a resistance equal to .10 x body mass (kg) on a cycle ergometer. The Borg 15-category RPE scale was used to record exertional perceptions. RPE was reported at 8, 13, 18, 23, and 28 sec. each trial. Ratings were similar among the three groups. Their linear regression slopes and intercepts were also similar. Memory-anchoring produced similar RPE for two different combined exercise and memory-anchoring procedures. In conclusion, memory-anchoring and combined exercise and memory-anchoring produce similar RPE during high intensity, short duration cycle exercise in young recreationally trained athletes.

Ergometry↗
PubMed1990

Benign exertional headaches induced by swimming.

A 57 year-old woman with benign exertional headaches induced by swimming is described. The headaches were bilateral, throbbing and occurred while swimming. She had a history of occasional similar headaches while straining during bowel movements. The neurological examination and computed tomographic (CT) scanning were normal. The electroencephalogram (EEG) had diffuse alpha activity, and no symptoms or significant changes of the EEG were triggered by the Valsalva maneuver, which causes a transient increase in cranial blood pressure and alters the normal vascular balance. She has stopped swimming and since then has never had a headache. No medications were needed. This case demonstrates that not all headaches are triggered by intracranial lesions. Benign exertional headaches should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of this type of headache in the elderly.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Predictors of hospitalization in male Marine Corps recruits with exertional heat illness.

Exertional heat illness can have serious consequences and is a common cause of hospitalization during basic military training. The objective of this case-control study was to determine risk factors for hospitalization in male Marine Corps recruits who received medical care for heat illness during their basic military training course at Parris Island, South Carolina. Of 565 heat casualties, 61 (11%) were hospitalized (case subjects) and 504 were treated as outpatients (control subjects). Using univariate and multivariate analyses, demographic, clinical, and laboratory factors were assessed to determine predictors of hospitalization. Nineteen of the 24 analyzed variables were significantly associated with hospitalization. Three clinical variables (disorientation, rectal temperature, systolic blood pressure) and three laboratory variables (serum lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, and creatinine values) were highly predictive for hospitalization in recruits with exertional heat illness. A simple scoring system using these six variables predicted hospitalization with 87% sensitivity, 91% specificity, and a likelihood ratio of 9.7.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Angina and exertional myocardial ischemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: assessment by exercise thallium scintigraphy.

Patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease are thought to have painless myocardial ischemia more often than patients without diabetes. We studied 50 consecutive patients with diabetes and 50 consecutive patients without diabetes, all with ischemia, on exercise thallium scintigraphy to show the reliability of angina as a marker for exertional ischemia. The two groups had similar clinical characteristics, treadmill test results, and extent of infarction and ischemia, but only 14 [corrected] patients with diabetes compared with 34 [corrected] patients without diabetes had angina during exertional ischemia. In diabetic patients the extent of retinopathy, nephropathy, or peripheral neuropathy was similar in patients with and without angina. Angina is an unreliable index of myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Given the increased cardiac morbidity and mortality in such patients, periodic objective assessments of the extent of ischemia are warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Indicators of bioelectric activity of the myocardium and gas exchange in threshold physical exertion of old patients with ischemic heart diseases].

ECG, pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange were recorded in 36 patients with ischemic heart disease and in 8 practically healthy persons of advanced age bearing a stepwise increasing physical load. In case of an obvious ischemic heart disease the tolerance of physical exertions was found to decline. Under a threshold physical load such patients demonstrate an excess ventilation; a decreased oxygen pulse and a lesser increment of the respiratory quotient, as well as a reduced coefficient of recovery, of the restored oxygen consumption rate, the respiratory rate, minute respiratory volume after exertion. In cases of a possible ischemic heart disease at advanced age the tolerance of physical efforts and a number of spiroergometric indices under a threshold load continue at the same level as in healthy people.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation as a cause of severe exertional dyspnoea.

A 48-year-old woman presented to the respiratory clinic with progressive exertional dyspnoea and an abnormal chest radiograph. Examination revealed mucosal telangiectasia and pulmonary angiography confirmed the presence of two pulmonary arterial venous malformations (PAVM). After therapeutic coil embolisation, dyspnoea was markedly improved, and exercise tolerance increased. Comparison of exercise test responses before and after this therapeutic intervention provides new insights into the physiological mechanisms of exertional dyspnoea in this condition.

Arteriovenous Malformations↗
PubMed1999

Four-week nebulized beclomethasone dipropionate in stable COPD patients with exertional dyspnoea.

Twenty male outpatients with severe-but-stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease handicapped by exertional dyspnoea (aged 69.7 +/- 5.68 yrs; forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 1.02 +/- 0.18 L or 34.6 +/- 6.5% of the predicted value; forced vital capacity (FVC) 2.51 +/- 0.34 L; arterial oxygen tension (Pa,O2) 9.11 +/- 0.32 kPa (68.5 +/- 2.4 mmHg); arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pa,CO2) 5.20 +/- 0.23 kPa (39.1 +/- 1.7 mmHg)) completed a randomized double-blind crossover study to evaluate the effects of a 4-week regular treatment with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate via nebulizers at a dosage of 2 mg twice daily. After active and placebo treatment, no peak expiratory flow rate variation in FEV1, FVC, rescue use of beta 2-agonists, exercise tolerance and dyspnoea was observed. In conclusion, a regular short-term treatment with nebulized beclomethasone dipropionate does not give any improvement in lung function or exercise capacity in severe-but-stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients handicapped by exertional dyspnoea.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1999

Exertional myalgia syndrome associated with diminished serum ammonia elevation in ischemic exercise testing.

A 36-year-old man with chronic severe exertional myalgias had a normal serum lactate elevation and diminished serum ammonia elevation on an ischemic forearm exercise test (IFET). The IFET is commonly performed in the evaluation of patients with complaints of exertional myalgias, cramps, and rhabdomyolysis. The finding of a normal serum lactate elevation and a diminished serum ammonia elevation after ischemic exercise is usually considered indicative of myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. However, myoadenylate deaminase activity was normal in this man's muscle biopsy specimen. This case suggests that a diminished serum ammonia elevation in the IFET is not always indicative of myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, a disorder of ammonia production. A diminished serum ammonia elevation in the IFET could also reflect an impairment of net ammonia efflux from muscle into blood.

AMP Deaminase↗
PubMed2000

Heart rate-perceived exertion relationship during training and taper.

BACKGROUND: Examine the heart rate-perceived exertion (HR-RPE) relationship under conditions of high-intensity training and taper. METHODS: Experimental design and participants: prospective with collegiate cyclists (n=11) completed six weeks of high-intensity interval training, followed by a one-week taper. INTERVENTIONS: participants completed a high-intensity training regimen along with graded exercise tests (GXT) throughout the training and the taper. MEASURES: heart rates (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded following each stage of the GXTs. Scores on GXTs were also recorded. RESULTS: . The HR-RPE relationship during GXTs changed over the course of the training with greater RPEs for a given HR at the end of the training compared to the beginning. The most powerful predictors of the performance response to the taper were training induced changes in the HR-RPE relationship and decreases in HR for a given power output. Those individuals who reported higher RPEs for lower HRs were more likely to have better performance responses to taper (r=0.72) as were those who had larger changes in the HR-power output relationship (r=0.76). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that changes in the HR-RPE relationship during high-intensity training may be used to monitor the magnitude of overreaching that is necessary for a positive response to a taper. For coaches and athletes, the HR-RPE ratio may be a practical measure for monitoring an aspect of fatigue associated with high-intensity training.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Standardized scaling procedures for rating perceived exertion during resistance exercise.

The purpose of this project was to determine the validity of standardized Borg scale instructions and scale anchoring procedures to measure active muscle rating of perceived exertion and overall rating of perceived exertion during resistance exercise. Anchoring procedures were determined for each of 7 exercises before the completion of 2 counterbalanced experimental trials. In one trial, subjects lifted 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) 5 times. In the other, subjects lifted 30% of 1RM 15 times. Adjusted R2 and SEMs were used to determine linearity of Borg 15-category scale responses with respect to repetitions at equal work increments for both the group and the sum of the individuals. Both group and individual responses had high adjusted R2 and low SEM values. These results suggest that the current scaling instructions used with the Borg 15-category scale are valid for use during resistance exercise.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of subjective rating of exertion in Ergonomics.

In Ergonomics, the use of psychophysical methods for subjectively evaluating work tasks and determining acceptable loads has become more common. Daily activities at the work site are studied not only with physiological methods but also with perceptual estimation and production methods. The psychophysical methods are of special interest in field studies of short-term work tasks for which valid physiological measurements are difficult to obtain. The perceived exertion, difficulty and fatigue that a person experiences in a certain work situation is an important sign of a real or objective load. Measurement of the physical load with physiological parameters is not sufficient since it does not take into consideration the particular difficulty of the performance or the capacity of the individual. It is often difficult from technical and biomechanical analyses to understand the seriousness of a difficulty that a person experiences. Physiological determinations give important information, but they may be insufficient due to the technical problems in obtaining relevant but simple measurements for short-term activities or activities involving special movement patterns. Perceptual estimations using Borg's scales give important information because the severity of a task's difficulty depends on the individual doing the work. Observation is the most simple and used means to assess job demands. Other evaluations integrating observation are the followings: indirect estimation of energy expenditure based on prediction equations or direct measurement of oxygen consumption; measurements of forces, angles and biomechanical parameters; measurements of physiological and neurophysiological parameters during tasks. It is recommended that determinations of performances of occupational activities assess rating of perceived exertion and integrate these measurements of intensity levels with those of activity's type, duration and frequency. A better estimate of the degree of physical activity of individuals thus can be obtained.

Ergonomics↗
PubMed2002

Effect of induced alkalosis on perception of exertion during exercise recovery.

In this investigation we studied the effect of manipulating the acid-base balance through sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) ingestion on ratings of perceived exertion for the overall body (RPE-O) and on differentiated ratings for the leg and chest (RPE-L, RPE-C) during exercise recovery. Six women of college age underwent 3 experimental conditions in which NaHCO(3) was ingested in either a single (bolus) or periodic (distributed throughout the exercise) dosage, with calcium carbonate serving as a placebo control. Each subject pedaled a cycle ergometer at 90% Vo(2)peak for three 5-minute exercise sessions, each separated by 10 minutes of recovery. Repeated-measures analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc analysis was performed for acid-base and perceptual variables. Results indicate that a gradient of acid-base balance was established such that pH and bicarbonate concentration were significantly greater (p < 0.05) for the single condition in comparison with periodic and placebo conditions, and the periodic condition was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than placebo. The average percentage of recovery for RPE-L and RPE-C was 8% greater (p < 0.05) for the single condition than for the periodic and placebo conditions, at the first and second minutes of recovery. During the first minute of recovery, the average percentage of recovery for RPE-O was 10% greater (p < 0.05) for the single condition than for the placebo condition. During the second minute of recovery, the percentage of recovery for RPE-O for the single condition was significantly greater than those for both the periodic and placebo conditions by an average of 9%. These results strengthen the relationship between the acid-base balance and the subjective perception of exertion. In addition, this study provides preliminary data in support of RPE as an adjunct measure to quantify the extent of recovery from exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Exertional rhabdomyolysis following excessive exercise of university freshman cheer-training.

Exertional rhabdomyolysis is a life threatening condition resulting from lysis of muscle cells after vigorous exercise. It can cause many complications such as renal failure. It occurs most commonly in military personnel but also in civilians who have excessive excercise after work. Two cases of freshmen who had exertional rhabdomyolysis were reported to illustrate the potential risk of cheer-training. Appropriate measures should be arranged to prevent this condition. Diagnosis and treatment should be given promptly to prevent serious complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Function of the sodium-potassium pump and its corticosteroid regulation as factors limiting cardiac adaptation to severe physical exertion].

Experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats in order to clarify the leading biochemical mechanism responsible for an increase in the functional capacity of the heart. The obtained results indicate that the function of the Na,K-pump in myocardial sarcolemma is rather stable and deteriorates only during extreme exertion. The alteration of the Na,K-pump function due to a decrease in Na,K-ATP-ase activity leads to a decrease in the Na gradient and an accumulation of water in the cells which in turn reduces the capacity of the Na-Ca exchange mechanism and the rate of Ca removal from the myofibrils. Hence, the decrease in the working capacity of the heart during excessive physical exercises is primarily connected with the exhaustion of the ions active transport mechanism rather than the mechanism of aerobic energy production. In accordance with this conclusion, the functional stability of the myocardial Na,K-pump increased in our experiments with regular training, whereas the capacity to regenerate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation did not change, as demonstrated by Holloszy et al. Experiments in adrenalectomized animals, with or without administration of gluco- and mineralocorticoids, has revealed that an adequate supply of glucocorticoids to the heart is important in maintaining the function of the myocardial Na,K-pump and thereby in the working capacity of the heart during severe physical exertion.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

[Two familial cases with exertion-induced heat stroke--relationship to malignant hyperthermia].

Two patients in a family of exertion-induced heat stroke were reported. Case 1: A 23-year-old male, paternal cousin of case 2, was admitted to our hospital because of loss of consciousness during running under a burning sun. On physical and neurological examinations, he was deeply comatose with high fever, tachycardia, and increased deep tendon reflexes. Laboratory findings disclosed rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver injury, and brain edema. He recovered after intensive cooling, some antibiotics, glycerol and sodium dantrolene administration. Case 2: A 19-year-old male experienced loss of consciousness and high fever during playing soccer at 15 years of age, and was admitted to a hospital. On admission, he had high fever of 38.7 degrees C, and increased serum CK level. He recovered two weeks after admission. He was readmitted to our hospital to evaluate the predisposition for malignant hyperthermia. His physical and neurological examinations showed no abnormalities. Routine laboratory findings were within normal limits. Muscle biopsy findings of cases 1 and 2 were mildly increased number of fibers with centrally placed nuclei. Caffeine test on skinned muscle fibers from the biopsies showed normal response in both type 1 and 2 fibers. The present patients were diagnosed as having exertion-induced heat stroke, but with no increased muscle fiber sensitivity to caffeine, suggesting that the pathomechanism differs from that of malignant hyperthermia induced by malfunction of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Chronic exertional anterior compartment syndrome of the leg with fascial hernia--case report and review of the literature].

18-year-old female with chronic exertional anterior compartment syndrome was described. Pain was localized on the anterior part of the leg after long distance walking or another physical activity. Disorder was confirmed by electromyography and using Compartmental Pressure Monitor System (Stryker, USA). Intracompartmental pressure was measured three times--after rest, immediately after exercises and again after 30 min. rest. During measurement each compartment was injected by 0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl. The pressure value was noted 10 seconds later. The following values were noted: resting pressure--9 mmHg (normal 0-5 mm), immediately after exercises (active dorsal flexion of the foot)--99 mmHg (normal < 30 mm), after 30 minutes rest--29 mmHg. The patient was treated operatively by subcutaneous fasciotomy of the anterior and lateral compartment of the leg. This procedure was combined with neurolysis of the neural branches within a hernia. 6 months later at follow-up examination complete disappearing of the pain was confirmed. Chronic exertional anterior compartment syndrome should be consider in diagnostics of the lower extremity pain unknown origin in young adults (sportsmen).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Exertional dizziness and syncope caused by anomalous left coronary artery origin from the right sinus of Valsalva.

Coronary anomalies are generally rare, but has fascinating congenital cardiac disease entities, recognized in less than 1.3% of all coronary angiograms. Left coronary artery arising from right sinus of valsalva RSOV represents an extremely uncommon subtype. Initial presentations include chest pain, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, sudden death, and rarely exertional syncope. We report a case of exertional dizziness and syncope, diagnosed to have anomalous origin of left main coronary artery from RSOV. Surgical intervention was curative.

Coronary Artery Bypass↗