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PubMed1987

Endocrinology of the avian embryo: an overview.

The full endocrine system is developed during the embryonic stages of the domestic fowl and probably in all avian species. This involves the genesis and differentiation of endocrine cells and progressive acquisition of interactions between endocrine tissues leading to integrated series of control systems. The embryonic endocrine organs produce hormones with a variety of physiological roles (including homeostatic, homeorhetic, and anticipatory). The present chapter provides an overview of the recent advances in the endocrinology of the avian embryo. Particular attention is focused on the general phenomenon of endocrine development and on the ontogeny of the hypothalamo-pituitary (growth hormone)-somatomedin-growth axis, the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the hormones of calcium homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Endocrinological background of pituitary desensitization during pulsatile LH-RH therapy for ovulation induction in amenorrheic women].

In order to elucidate the endocrinological background of patients in whom ovulation induction by pulsatile LH-RH administration resulted in failure, 16 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea were treated with 10 to 20 micrograms of LH-RH injected subcutaneously every 2 hrs. Six women did not ovulate, and 5 of them showed pituitary desensitization since the basal gonadotropin concentration gradually decreased and the response to LH-RH test (100 micrograms i.v.) became blunted by the treatment. No significant differences between the ovulated and desensitized groups were seen in basal LH, FSH, E2, PRL levels, LH/FSH ratio and response to LH-RH test performed prior to the treatment. In addition, the plasma LH-RH profile after subcutaneous injection of 10 micrograms of LH-RH was highly pulsatile in both groups. However, in the desensitized group, all were obese, showed impaired GH response to both insulin tolerance and GH-RH tests, and had episodic LH secretion with higher frequency compared to the ovulated group. These results suggest that the desensitized women had occult pituitary dysfunction and hypersecretion of endogenous LH-RH which stimulated the pituitary close to the level of desensitization. The mechanism of hypersecretion of endogenous LH-RH is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias. Clinical, endocrinological and biochemical characterization of a patient.

A 16-year-old adolescent with perineal hypospadias, a microphallus, a bifid, labia-like scrotum, a blind-ending vagina and bilaterally undescended testicles is presented. Despite normal development of the Wolffian duct derivatives--deferentography showed that both ejaculatory ducts opened into the urethra--the patient showed severe developmental abnormality of the external genitalia. On endocrinologic investigation, gonadotropin, testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol levels were within normal limits; in a genital skin fibroblast culture testosterone was not reduced into 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, however, androgen receptors could be identified. Since this patient was raised as a girl up to the age of 16 and had developed female identity, the patient was further raised as a female. Bilateral orchiectomy was performed and estrogen substitution therapy was started. Clitoroplasty as well as ileal vaginoplasty were performed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Lymphangiomyomatosis: a respiratory illness with an endocrinologic therapy.

Lymphangiomyomatosis should be considered when unexplained dyspnea, pneumothorax, pleural effusion or infiltrative radiographic changes occurs in a woman of childbearing age. Radiographic and pulmonary function peculiarities help in the diagnosis and evaluation of results of treatment. Diagnosis is dependent on lung biopsy and preferably identification of hormonal receptors. Endocrinological manipulation, in this study with medroxyprogesterone, decreased disability, morbidity and progression of this otherwise fatal illness. Early diagnosis and institution of treatment would appear to provide the best result.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Endocrinologic, hematologic, and heart rate changes in swimming horses.

Two identical experiments, using Standardbred and Thoroughbred horses (experiment A, n = 31; experiment B, n = 17) on a swimming regimen, were performed 1 week apart to evaluate short-term heart rate, hematologic, and endocrinologic changes. Horses were placed in 4 categories based on duration of swimming (1 to 5, greater than 5 to 10, greater than 10 to 15, and greater than 15 minutes). Heart rate, PCV, and plasma concentrations of total protein, cortisol triiodothyronine, thyroxine, insulin, and glucose of each horse were evaluated before, immediately after, and 1 hour after swimming. For experiment A, there was a main effect of time of sampling on PCV, total protein, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and insulin. There was a main effect of duration of swimming on insulin concentration and an interaction of duration of swimming and time of blood collection on heart rate and cortisol concentration. For experiment B, there was a main effect of time of blood collection on all the variables except glucose.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Endocrinology in pregnancy].

The author supplies a survey about hormones (steroids, peptides, and calcitropes) in pregnancy, delivery and lactation. It is reported on the biorhythms, the endocrinological function of the decidua, and for evaluation of the feto-placental unit.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed1986

[Pathological and endocrinological study of epithelial ovarian tumors in post-menopausal women].

We have studied 37 cases of ovarian epithelial tumors in post-menopausal women, histopathologically and endocrinologically. The normal values for androstenedione, estrone, estradiol and progesterone in healthy post-menopausal women were less than 83 ng/dl, 75 pg/ml, 30 pg/ml and 0.6 ng/ml, respectively. The numbers of cases, the serum values for which were higher than normal, were 9 of 16 (androstenedione), 9 of 16 (estrone), 22 of 29 (estradiol) and 14 of 20 (progesterone). The serum levels of these 4 sex hormones in cases with ovarian stromal condensation (stromal cell hyperplasia) were higher than normal in 8 of 11 (androstenedione), 8 of 11 (estrone), 17 of 19 (estradiol) and 9 of 12 (progesterone), whereas those in cases with no stromal condensation were elevated in 1 of 5, 1 of 5, 5 of 8 and 5 of 7, respectively. After complete removal of the tumors, these elevated sex hormone levels dropped to normal. After the dexamethasone suppression test, the suppression rates for cortisol, 17-OHCS and 17-KS were 4 times as great as those of DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate), estrone, estradiol and progesterone. 17 beta-estradiol was localized in hyperplastic ovarian stromal cells in all cases with stromal condensation. We concluded that many of the ovarian epithelial tumors produce these sex hormones and that hyperplastic stromal cells are the source an increased amount of serum estradiol.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

The Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Case report and endocrinologic evaluation.

The Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a rare condition, with an incidence of 1 in 160,000. The diagnosis is usually made in men presenting with hypogonadism. Only a few women have been studied. We performed an endocrinologic evaluation of a woman with this syndrome. Her baseline values for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid function tests were normal. Thyrotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation indicated a normal pituitary response of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin. Luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone-stimulation tests showed a pubertal response of LH with a somewhat blunted FSH response. The etiologic factor in our patient appeared hypothalamic.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Microphallus: clinical and endocrinological characteristics.

The clinical and endocrinological features of 15 male subjects with small but normally formed external genitalia are reviewed. Nine of these patients had a simple microphallus alone, while the other 6 patients exhibited associated central nervous system defects. The endocrine data obtained from both groups were the same and were consistent with defective hypothalamic function. Parenteral testosterone seems to be the present treatment of choice but we believe it should be started early in life to take advantage of the greater hyperplastic response of the young.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral and endocrinological effects of single injections of monosodium glutamate in the mouse.

Treatment of neonatal mice with large, repeated doses of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) produces a syndrome of obesity and endocrinological dysfunction generally attributed to a hypothalamic lesion. We have used single injections of MSG, administered on postnatal day four, to explore the lower end of the dose-response curve for this toxin. Major features of the MSG syndrome including hypophagia, obesity, hypoactivity, reduced pituitary protein content, decreased ovarian weight, delayed puberty and elevated plasma corticosterone levels were obtained at the highest dose. Of the variables measured, feeding disturbances and reduced pituitary and ovarian weights were the most sensitive indicators of damage. The extent of damage produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus increased with increasing dose. A prominent lesion was also detected in the medial preoptic area of animals receiving the highest dose. Damage was not evident in other diencephalic structures associated with body weight regulation. Since little is known about the mechanisms underlying MSG obesity, a second study examined the contribution of ovarian hormones to obesity in MSG treated mice. Ovariectomy increased the body weights of animals injected with low but not high doses of MSG, suggesting that a reduction in ovarian function may contribute to the MSG obesity syndrome in the female. Measurement of hypothalamic monoamines and metabolites in these mice indicated that as with repeated doses of MSG, single injections of the toxin reduced hypothalamic dopamine levels. DOPAC levels were unchanged.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

Endocrinology of pseudotumor cerebri.

This article will review the endocrine function of obese young women with pseudotumor cerebri and primary empty sella syndrome. The literature can be difficult to interpret. Much of it predates the era of CT scanning. Often, cases of primary and secondary empty sella syndrome are comingled. The author reviews specific endocrinologic disorders that have sometimes been associated with increased intracranial pressure excluding pituitary adenomas.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical, endocrinological, histological and chromosomal investigations on Klinefelter's syndrome].

In a clinical study 101 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (Kl. sy.) are evaluated. Clinical, endocrinological and histometrical aspects were of main interest. The results were compared with a group of patients with azoospermia by obstruction. The statistical evaluation showed significant differences concerning body-height, volume of ejaculate, size of testis, and the concentration of FSH and LH in serum. Histometrical investigations showed significant differences for the diameter of seminiferous tubules and their wall-thickness. The various degrees of Leydig-cell-increase at Kl. Sy. are described as--increased--excessively increased--and adenomalike. Sex-Chromatin was found positive in 62 of 64 cases of Klinefelter's syndrome, verified by chromosome analysis. The number of Barr-bodies ranged from 1-45 (200 cells evaluated) x mean was 9,6. The analysis of chromosomes in 64 cases showed a karyotype of 47,XXY in 59 cases, a 46, XY/47,XXY mosaic in 4 cases and 46,XX/46,XY/47,XXY mosaic in 1 case. The discussion pointed out, that Kl. sy. has no typical, but a variety of symptoms. The position of the evaluation of sex-chromatin for diagnosis and the possibilities of errors are discussed. The problem of fertility in Kl. sy. is mentioned, as we found two cases with complete spermatogenesis, yet with azoospermia, among our patients. The pathogenesis of the characteristical histological changes in testis with Kl. sy. remains open. The mechanism which may lead to the striking increase of Leydig-cells is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[The budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)--a suitable endocrinological model of the thyroid gland].

The budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) was tested as an endocrinological model of the thyroid gland. For this purpose, 514 animals were applied in our investigation. Besides the elaboration of an animal-specific method for the registration of thyroid function, questions of iodine metabolism, especially the influence of several endogenous and exogenous factors, were elucidated. Taking into consideration the results received we examined the model with regard to its application in functional, morphological, pharmaceutical, and radiotherapeutical questions. The results show that, by means of the method used, the model answers the various questions unreservedly. Further advantage recommend the budgerigar as a model of the thyroid gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Endocrinology of pregnancy. I. Denominations of concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, effective thyroxine, thyreotrophin and growth hormone in normal pregnancy, labour and in cord blood.

Concentrations and activities of the following agents were estimated: triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), effective thyroxine (ETR), thyreotrophin (TSH), and growth hormone (HGH). Blood samples were collected in pregnancy, labour and from the umbilical cord of the newborns. It was demonstrated that in normal pregnancy the concentrations of T3, ETR, and TSH did not differ significantly from the values considered as normal in non-pregnant women. The concentration of T4 was distinctly higher in the course of pregnancy (139 to 157 nmol/l versus 110 nmol/l in non-pregnant subjects). The HGH concentration increased during pregnancy from 5.6 to 14.3 micrograms/l. The cord blood demonstrated comparable values of ETR and HGH and in half of the cases of TSH also with those observed in the mothers. In the other one half of the cases, TSH activity was fourtimes higher than the material value. The T3 and T4 were lower than values in the mothers. The results presented are the normal values for further planned investigations of endocrinology of pregnancy, especially for studies into course of pregnancy in women who work in noxious conditions.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[In search of a surgical treatment of endocrinologic exophthalmia (author's transl)].

Surgical "decompression" of the orbit does not ensure correction of endocrinologic exophthalmia. This is due to profound changes in the deep orbital tissues. The authors have tried to solve the problem through a different approach: adapting the orbit to its pathological content. They developed an osteotomy that yields promising results: eight patients amounting to 15 orbits have been operated and exophthalmia was reduced in 12 (mean 3 mm).

Graves Disease↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical, endocrinological and pathohistologic aspects of beta-HCG positive seminoma].

The most important aspects of the clinical findings, endocrinology and course of the disease in 14 patients with the histological diagnosis of pure seminoma of the testis and positive serum beta-HCG levels are presented. In addition to routine investigations, immunohistochemical examination of the formalin-fixed specimen by the immunoperoxidase technique was also carried out. Serum alpha-feto-protein levels remained normal in all 14 patients. There was no correlation between serum beta-HCG level and tumour stage. The longest period of observation was 76 months and the shortest 8 months. Patients with no evidence of metastatic disease (5 patients, N0M0) or patients with low-stage disease (5 patients, N1 or N2M0) respond very well to radiotherapy. 4 patients (N3-N4M0) with large retroperitoneal metastases or distant lymph node metastases underwent different combinations of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

XO/XY mosaicism with non fluorescent Y chromosome: clinical, cytogenetic and endocrinological studies on a female subject.

Cytogenetic, clinical and endocrinological studies were performed on a phenotypically female subject who had a XO/XY mosaicism. This patient had a primary amenorrhea. A disgenic testis on the left side and a primordial ovary on the right one was showed by laparotomy performed in this subject in the prepubertal age. The Y chromosome had not any fluorescence and was shorter than normal one. The basal plasma levels of various hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary stimulation tests were similar to other subjects with gonadal disgenesis. However a low response of growth hormone to insulin tolerance test, showed in this case, suggest the necessity to early supply a sufficient replacement of therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Surgical and endocrinological results after the removal of hormonally inactive pituitary adenomas by means of frontal craniotomy].

The pre- and postoperative endocrinological findings are evaluated in 128 patients suffering from pituitary adenoma without endocrine activity, undergoing surgery in the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Zürich, in the 10-year period between 1962 and 1971. The preoperative examination showed hypothyroidism in 24% of all cases. 59% of the males showed primary or secondary hypogonadism. All females in the age between puberty and menopause complained of menstrual disturbances. One patient complained of preoperative diabetes insipidus. The postoperative examination showed that the function of a partially insufficient pituitary may improve after surgery. Hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency became normal in 2/3 of the cases. Male hypogonadism improved in 33% of the cases. One female gave birth to a normal baby after an uncomplicated pregnancy 6 years after pituitary surgery. 16% of the cases suffered from postoperative permanent diabetes insipidus. The operative complication rate (brain edema, intracranial bleeding, epilepsy) was 32%. The immediate surgical mortality was 7% (9 patients). Recurrent adenomas were found and operated on in 9% of the cases (11 patients). Three patients had two recurrences.

Adenoma↗