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PubMed2004

On the nature of psychodynamic science.

In a previous article (Brookes, 2003), it was suggested that a science devoted to the subjective data obtained in psychodynamic therapy would require classification of psyche, the object of study, as a hypothetical construct, a classic concept in the philosophy of psychological science. The present article argues for and outlines a necessarily new and unique scientific paradigm for psychodynamics by further suggesting (1) that positivistic science is not appropriate to the phenomenological data which psychodynamic concepts explain, (2) that retroductive inferences are preferable to inductive or deductive inferences in handling such data, (3) that the concept of meaning as scientific validation is more suitable to psychodynamic science than are the concepts of measurement and operational validation, and (4) that meaningful validation is best elaborated through the application of the concepts of erroneous meaning, of synchronicity, and of numinosity. These and other ideas are briefly described, and will be elaborated further in subsequent papers.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed2003

A radiation protection program prospectus based on the collection of 10 years of key performance indicator data.

In 1992, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Radiation Safety Program began assembling data on a monthly basis that described various program activities. At the end of calendar year 2002, a decade of data had been collected, so the information was summarized into a novel program prospectus, displaying various indicator parameters in a format similar to that used in a commercial enterprise prospectus provided to potential investors. The consistent formatting of the data afforded a succinct and easily digestible snapshot of program activities and trends. Feedback from various program stakeholders, even those unschooled in radiation safety matters, was overwhelmingly positive. The prospectus aided in communicating the scope of work undertaken by the program, and has helped maintain program support, even in challenging economic times. The data summary is also proving to be useful in making future projections regarding program needs.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1990

Traditional predictors of performance in medical school.

This paper addresses the predictive value for performance in medical school of undergraduate grades, the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), information on the selectivity of the undergraduate institution, and selected transcript data. The performance data examined were basic science grades; clinical science grades; scores on National Board of Medical Examiners examinations, Parts I, II, and III; and information on academic difficulty. Methodological sources of differences in validity data, including restriction in range, criterion attenuation, and method specificity, are discussed. Reported validity data affirm the substantial value of traditional academic predictors of performance in medical school. Selection committees should, nevertheless, supplement academic data with nonacademic and interview information. Their inclusion is particularly important for minority and disadvantaged applicants. Medical schools should assess the validity of their selection systems. Additional research on the relations between academic predictors and performance-based indexes of clinical competence and on the role of traditional predictors with regard to the recently declining medical school applicant pool is suggested.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

[Low dose ionising radiation and cancer: findings and methods. Report of a meeting and consequences for Switzerland].

Today's society is concerned about the dangers of ionising radiation, especially in the aftermath of Chernobyl. On the other hand, there exists a widespread lack of understanding radiation biology and radioepidemiology--the very sciences which provide the data from which today's risk estimates have been derived. The papers in this issue of the Journal were presented at a workshop on "Low level radiation and cancer: data and methods" held on 10th-11th December in Feuisberg, near Zurich. The meeting was organised by the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine of the University of Zurich under the auspices of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. Its aims were threefold. First, to give an introduction to some basic facts and methodological issues in radiation physics, biology and epidemiology. Secondly, to give an overview of the availability of data for radioepidemiological research in Switzerland and, thirdly, to evaluate possible research strategies in this country. A list of some notions and units commonly used in the radiation sciences serves an an introduction to the field (G. Schüler et al.). In using units and notions it is important to distinguish the description of biological experiments and epidemiological observations from definitions and risk projections proposed by international reports and consensus bodies for radioprotection purposes. The next papers deal more specifically with selected aspects of the basic sciences. Dosimetry means quantifying the physical effects of ionizing radiation in human tissue; this is not a straight-forward procedure (I. Cordt). The foundations of general radiation biology are succinctly summarised by C. Michel. An account of our present knowledge and theories of radiation carcinogenesis is provided by W. Burkart. W Lutz compares dose-response models of chemical carcinogenesis with those used in radiation carcinogenesis. During the last decade the epidemiological foundations of radioprotection have changed considerably. Longer follow-up studies have become available from the atomic bomb survivors and fro other cohorts. A new dosimetry system (DS 86) has been introduced for Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Exposure to domestic radon has become a major focus of interest. Not only the data, but also the methods of analysis and modeling of risks have evolved, as shown by the recent reports of national and international scientific committees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Is psychiatry an art or a science? The views of psychiatrists and trainees.

OBJECTIVE: It is generally considered by many practitioners that psychiatry is an art, that is, one of the humanities, as well as being a science. We systematically collected the views of practitioners and trainee psychiatrists regarding the question 'Is psychiatry an art or a science?' METHOD: Eleven supervisors and nine trainees were interviewed and their responses analysed, using a qualitative method, the modified framework approach. RESULTS: Several themes emerged from the data: that 'art' and 'science' are different; psychiatry as a discipline is difficult to define; psychiatry demands a broader range of skills than other medical specialties; the relationship of psychology to psychiatry; supervisor cynicism to the 'science' of psychiatry; and the 'art' and 'science' of the assessment process. CONCLUSIONS: The tension that exists within the profession's identity as a discipline has important implications for teaching, learning, and clinical and research practices.

Art↗
PubMed2003

Whispered voice test for screening for hearing impairment in adults and children: systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of the whispered voice test in detecting hearing impairment in adults and children. DESIGN: Systematic review of studies of test accuracy. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index, unpublished theses, manual searching of bibliographies of known primary and review articles, and contact with authors. STUDY SELECTION: Two reviewers independently selected and extracted data on study characteristics, quality, and accuracy of studies. Studies were included if they had cross sectional designs, at least one of the index tests was the whispered voice test, and the reference test (audiometry) was performed on at least 80% of the participants. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were used to form 2x2 contingency tables with hearing impairment by audiometry as the reference standard. DATA SYNTHESIS: The eight studies that were found used six different techniques. The sensitivity in the four adult studies was 90% or 100% and the specificity was 70% to 87%. The sensitivity in the four childhood studies ranged from 80% to 96% and specificity ranged from 90% to 98%. CONCLUSION: The whispered voice test is a simple and accurate test for detecting hearing impairment. There is some concern regarding the lower sensitivity in children and the overall reproducibility of the test, particularly in primary care settings. Further studies should be conducted in primary care settings to explore the influence of components of the testing procedure to optimise test sensitivity and to promote standardisation of the testing procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Emergency protocols in prehospital emergency medicine in Slovenia.

Emergency medicine is a branch of medicine in which prompt and accurate information is of crucial importance, because a patient's survival and the final outcome of a treatment very often depends on it. Therefore the standardization of prehospital emergency service administration with uniform documentation, methods of annotation of technical data as well as uniform gathering and data analysis are necessary. Wanting to process a fair amount of data and specially to disburden personnel, a need for computer aided processing is evident. Application that was developed in strong collaboration with EMS project team and information science engineers definitely improves data quality. Firstly when team members, especially physicians, are constrained to fulfill paper forms and secondly when data are entered into the computer, because all inconsistencies are being reconsidered and corrected if necessary. The developed application also gave the opportunity to the emergency team for prompt and accurate information.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1988

[Spontaneous tumors in mongrel breeding-stock mice and rats from the vivarium of the R. E. Kavetskiĭ Institute for Oncology Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR].

Data obtained from the 10 year study of the spontaneous neoplasm incidence in mongrel mice and rats (males and females) from the colony of the R.E. Kavetskiĭ Institute for Oncology Problems are adduced. Spontaneous carcinogenesis was at an average 1:8 in mice (132 tumours per 1120 mice) and 1:3 in rats (93 tumours per 335 rats). Tumours of mammary glands and of pituitary prevailed in rat females.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1998

The empowering potential of quality improvement data.

Data are being used to redefine, transform, and empower the roles of providers, payers, and patients. The empowering potential of data on these three groups, and their changing roles are reviewed. The use of data to transform care and increase equality is not new, yet the comprehensive application of principles of continuous quality improvement to the delivery processes is just beginning. The approach to the quality improvement processes employed by peer review organizations includes idea capture, development of intuitively appealing quality indicators, formulating the intervention, formalizing the research architecture, and quantifying the impact of the interventions. The multifaceted interventions for improvement are discussed. The future of medicine includes a greater use of data and the quantitative sciences to inspire improvement across the health care delivery continuum.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2026

Neurometabolites and Antipsychotic Response in Psychosis: A Mega-Analysis.

IMPORTANCE: Revealing neurobiological markers of antipsychotic nonresponse in psychosis may aid outcome prediction and inform novel treatment targets. OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in neurometabolites in antipsychotic nonresponsive compared to antipsychotic-responsive psychosis using individual participant data and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Web of Science was searched for studies published between January 1, 1980, and November 1, 2025. Authors of 21 eligible studies identified before August 2024 were invited to contribute individual participant data. STUDY SELECTION: Eighteen studies examining neurometabolites by treatment response in psychosis contributed individual participant data for the mega-analysis. These studies plus a further 5 studies were included in the meta-analyses of standardized mean differences and variability. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Individual participant data were analyzed using linear mixed models with study as a random effect. Subgroup analyses examined prospective designs and treatment-resistant samples. Published group means and standard deviations were extracted for meta-analyses. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Group differences in glutamate, glutamate plus glutamine, choline, myo-inositol, N-acetylaspartate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutathione in the medial frontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia. RESULTS: The mega-analysis included 1189 participants from 18 studies; of these, 476 were treatment nonresponders (mean [SD] age, 33.0 [12.5] years; 340 male), 427 were treatment responders (mean [SD] age, 30.3 [11.5] years; 299 male), and 286 were healthy control individuals (mean [SD] age, 31.0 [12.5] years; 170 male). Compared with the antipsychotic response group, nonresponders showed elevations in medial frontal glutamate (Glass Δ = 0.21; P = .02), glutamate plus glutamine (Glass Δ = 0.29; P = .002), choline (Glass Δ = 0.22; P = .03), and myo-inositol (Glass Δ = 0.35; P = .001); similar elevations were observed relative to control individuals. Elevated medial frontal glutamate plus glutamine in antipsychotic nonresponders compared with responders was also observed prospectively in first-episode psychosis (Glass Δ = 0.41; P = .002), whereas myo-inositol elevations were greatest in individuals meeting criteria for treatment-resistance (Glass Δ = 0.64; P = .001). The meta-analysis of 23 studies (1844 participants) also showed elevated medial frontal choline and myo-inositol in antipsychotic nonresponse compared with response. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings provide evidence of an association between antipsychotic nonresponse in psychosis with elevations in medial frontal glutamate, choline, and myo-inositol. The presence of elevations in these markers supports the continued investigation of glutamate-acting and inflammatory pathway-associated interventions for psychosis and schizophrenia.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Attitudes to biotechnology: estimating the opinions of a better-informed public.

Public familiarity with basic scientific concepts and principles has been proposed as essential for effective democratic decision-making (Miller, 1998). Empirical research, however, finds that public 'scientific literacy' is generally low, falling well short of what normative criteria would consider 'acceptable.' This has prompted calls to better engage, educate and inform the public on scientific matters, with the additional, usually implicit assumption that a knowledgeable citizenry should express more supportive and favourable attitudes toward science. Research investigating the notion that 'to know science is to love it' has provided only weak empirical support and has itself been criticised for representing science and technology as a unified and homogenous entity. In practice, it is argued, how knowledge impacts on the favourability of attitudes will depend on a multiplicity of actors, not the least of which is the particular area of science in question and the technologies to which it gives rise (Evans & Durant, 1992). This article uses a new method for examining the knowledge-attitude nexus on a prominent area of 21st century science--biotechnology. The idea that greater scientific knowledge can engender change in the favourability of attitudes toward specific areas of science is investigated using data from the 2000 British Social Attitudes Survey and the 1999 Wellcome Consultative Panel on Gene Therapy. Together the surveys measure public opinion on particular applications of genetic technologies, including gene therapy and the use of genetic data, as well as more general attitudes towards genetic research. We focus our analysis on how two different measures of knowledge impact on these attitudes; one a more general measure of scientific knowledge, the other relating specifically to knowledge of modern genetic science. We investigate what impact these knowledge domains have on attitudes toward biotechnology using a regression-based modelling technique (Bartels, 1996; Althaus, 1998; Sturgis, 2003). Controlling for a range of socio-demographic characteristics, we provide estimates of what collective and individual opinion would look like if everyone were as knowledgeable as the currently best-informed members of the general public on the knowledge domains in question. Our findings demonstrate that scientific knowledge does appear to have an important role in determining individual and group attitudes to genetic science. However, we find no support for a simple 'deficit model' of public understanding, as the nature of the relationship itself depends on the application of biotechnology in question and the social location of the individual.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

Complex crystal structure of cesium-III.

The structure of Cs-III, stable between 4.2 and 4.3 GPa at room temperature, has been determined from single-crystal x-ray diffraction data. Rather than the simple fcc structure previously reported [Hall et al., Science 146, 1297 (1964)], the data yield a complex new type of elemental structure which is orthorhombic (space group C222(1)) with 84 atoms in the unit cell. No evidence could be found for the fcc form reported previously, even in a further experiment, conducted under conditions close to those used by Hall et al., which also yielded the 84-atom structure.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Science in the schoolhouse: an uninvited guest.

Science and scientific thinking have not made a substantial impact on educational practice. In this discussion, we examine the relationship between science and education and delineate four reasons for characterizing science as an uninvited guest in schools: (a) Science is not highly regarded in society; (b) good science and bad science are often mistaken for one another; (c) the amount of current data is overwhelming; and (d) science is not easy for those who practice it (researchers), those who translate it (teacher educators), or those who consume it (teachers). We suggest several strategies to improve this relationship, including promoting standards of educational practice, emphasizing the role of teacher educators as translators of the research base into classroom practice, and linking student outcomes with the use of effective instructional practices.

Achievement↗
PubMed1981

The logistic analysis of categorical data from dental and oral experiments.

Logistic analysis methodology is being increasingly used in the analysis of categorical data from the biomedical sciences. We describe how the relationships between a dichotomous outcome variable and several qualitative classificatory or experimental variables can be modeled in a format similar to that used for quantitative data. The technique of weighted least squares is used to estimate the underlying parameters in the model and to perform various tests of statistical significance. The methodology is illustrated using data from a randomized dental anaesthetic study comparing three local anaesthetic solutions under two operative procedures. The similarities between the logistic analysis of dichotomous data and the analysis of variance applied to quantitative data are stressed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

In silico experiments of existing and hypothetical cytokine-directed clinical trials using agent-based modeling.

OBJECTIVES: To introduce a form of mathematical modeling, agent-based modeling (ABM), and demonstrate its potential uses in the evaluation of the dynamics of the innate immune response (IIR) and the development of possible treatments for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/multiple organ failure (MOF). RATIONALE: The IIR can be categorized as a complex system that responds to interventions in a nonintuitive fashion, leading to difficulty in translating basic science knowledge into effective treatments for SIRS/MOF. It is proposed that ABM is particularly well suited to examining the complex interactions of the IIR and its disordered states of SIRS/MOF. STUDY DESIGN: Computer simulation and mathematical modeling. DATA SOURCE: Review articles on components and mechanisms involved in the IIR. Published results from phase III anticytokine/mediator trials. Published results from smaller clinical trials and animal studies. MAIN RESULTS: An abstract ABM of the IIR was created. The model reproduces the general behavior of the IIR with respect to outcome and cause of system "death." Patterns of levels of individual cytokines matched patterns of measured cytokines reported in the existing literature. Clinical trials of anticytokine therapy were simulated and produced outcomes qualitatively similar to those reported in the literature. A series of hypothetical treatment regimes (variation of dose and length of treatment [anti-tumor necrosis factor and anti-interleukin-1], anti-CD-18, and multiple-drug regimes [combination of anti-tumor necrosis factor, anti-interleukin-1, and anti-CD-18]) were formulated and implemented in the ABM. None of the simulated therapies showed a statistically significant improvement in system mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Presented herein is an abstracted ABM of the IIR. This model is intended primarily as an introduction to and demonstration of this technique. However, even this relatively simple model demonstrates counterintuitive system responses and the difficulty of effectively manipulating a complex system like the IIR. ABM may provide a synthetic, analytical platform to integrate basic science data on the IIR, thus eventually aiding in formulating and testing future mediator-directed therapies for SIRS/MOF before clinical trials, and it may provide insights into directions of future research.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Electrocution in South Delhi: a retrospective study.

One hundred and fifty three unselected autopsy cases of electrocution received from South Delhi were studied during the period 1996-2001. Data for the study was gathered from autopsy reports and hospital records. The cases represented approximately 1.98% of all autopsy cases received from South Delhi at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (India). Data was analysed with regard to the age and sex of the victim, season of the year, site of the body, time of day, place of occurrence and presence of entry and exit wounds on the body. Death occurred at the scene of the fatal event in 150 cases and three cases died in hospital. Three cases showed no electric burn marks on the body; the cause of death in one of these cases was polytrauma due to a fall from a height and one case had committed suicide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Rail traffic accidents: a retrospective study.

One hundred and twenty-seven autopsy cases of rail traffic accidents received from South Delhi were studied during the period from 1996-2002. Data for the study was gathered from autopsy reports and hospital records. The cases represented approximately 1.41% of all autopsy cases received from South Delhi at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (India). Data was analysed with regard to the age and sex of the victim, the part of the body involved and the pattern of injuries in different body regions. Death occurred at the scene of the fatal event in twenty-eight cases; another twenty-eight cases were brought in dead to the hospital. Seventy-one cases died after being admitted to the hospital. Ethanol was detected in the blood of 17.4% of cases.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

Fatal occupational injuries in the South Delhi construction industry: a retrospective study.

One hundred and forty-five unselected autopsy cases of construction site accidents received from South Delhi were studied during the period from 1996--2002. Data for the study was gathered from autopsy reports and hospital records. The cases represented approximately 1.61% of all autopsy cases received from South Delhi at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (India). Data was analysed with regard to the age and sex of the victim, the part of the body involved, the manner of accident, the cause of death and the pattern of injuries in different body regions. Death occurred at the scene of the fatal event in thirty-four cases; forty-three cases were dead on arrival at the hospital; sixty-eight cases died after being admitted to the hospital. Ethanol was detected in the blood of 16% of the cases.

Accidents, Occupational↗