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PubMed2002

Biocide use in the food industry and the disinfectant resistance of persistent strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli.

AIMS: The aims of the project were threefold: to survey the use of disinfectants in the UK food industry; to assess the product and environmental microflora of selected food factories for the persistence of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli; and to determine the disinfectant resistance of any persistent strains. METHODS AND RESULTS: A survey of the use of disinfectants in the UK food industry was undertaken in which a total of 40 sites were visited and a further 77 postal questionnaires were returned from farms, food manufacture, food transport and food retail sites. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were predominantly used, applied in small volumes as a mist. Approximately 30,000 samples from the product and environment of five chilled food factories were examined for L. monocytogenes and E. coli over a 3 year period. A total of 181 L. monocytogenes and 176 E. coli isolates were ribotyped to yield 19 and 34 ribogroups, respectively. Some strains were isolated only from the product, a number only from the environment and others from both niches. Some strains were seen to be persistent for the duration of the sampling exercise (2-3 years). The most common L. monocytogenes and E. coli strains, together with two environmental L. monocytogenes strains, were assessed for any resistance to commercial disinfectants as compared with a laboratory L. monocytogenes disinfectant testing strain. The resistance of the L. monocytogenes and E. coli strains isolated from the factory were not significantly different from the laboratory control strain. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent strains of L. monocytogenes and E. coli are found in the UK food industry, though this persistence is not related to their increased susceptibility to the most commonly used disinfectants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The concept of a persistent microflora in food factories will have an impact on the future selection of suitable control options, including the use of biocides.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of disinfectants on surface hydrophobicity and mobility in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104].

The paper evaluated antibacterial efficacy of 12 disinfectants on the basis of quaternary ammonium compounds (KAZ) on the isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium of the definitive phage type 104 (DT104). One isolate--5551/99--represented the multiresistant phenotype, resistant to ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), streptomycin (S), and tetracycline (T). The second isolate--577/99--was sensitive to all antibiotics tested. The present study further examined the capability of sub-MIC concentrations of disinfectants to intervene into surface hydrophobicity and motility of the strains tested. The results showed that all disinfectants under study exhibited high antibacterial activity. It is of interest that the isolate resistant to antibiotics was more sensitive to disinfectants in comparison with the isolate resistant to antibiotics. The most effective substances against strain 5551/99 (R-type) were Sokrena, Triquart, Hexaquart plus, ID213, and Microbac forte, and those most effective against strain 577/99 (S-type) were Benzalkonium chloride and Hexaquart plus (MIC 0.09-0.19 microliter/ml). Surface hydrophobicity of both tested strains after the action of sub-MIC (1/16, 1/8, 1/4 of MIC) of disinfectants was not influenced in a more marked way. In the case of strain 5551/99, the highest percentage of inhibition of adherence to xylene, to 69.5% versus the control, was produced by 1/4 of MIC of the substance Triquart and, in the whole concentration range, by the substance Microbac forte. After the action of most substances to strain 577/99, stimulation of adherence took place. Only substance ID213 induced inhibition of adherence in the whole concentration range. The salt-aggregative capabilities of both strains were not influenced in a more marked way. The only exceptions were the action of 1/4 of MIC of the substances Cetrimid, Sokrena, ID212, Forten, and 1/8 of MIC of Hexaquart S on strain 577/99, where a decrease in hydrophobicity was observed. A moderate inhibition of motility was found after the action of 1/4 of MIC of Benzalkonium chloride (to 87.5%) and A.D.L. 007 (to 85.2%) on strain 5551/99. In the case of sensitive isolate 577/99, the most markedly manifested inhibition effect was that of Sokrena within the whole concentration range and that of 1/4 of MIC ID213. The results can be used in the selection of a suitable disinfectant for decontamination of solid surfaces. The effect of substances under study on surface hydrophobicity and motility of the important, food-transferred pathogen in the sense of inhibition or stimulation points out to intervention into its pathogenic potential.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of frequently used disinfectants and antiseptics against nosocomial bacterial types].

In this study, bactericidal activity of widely used disinfectants and antiseptics (glutaraldehyde, laurylbispropylidentriamin 5 g and benzalkoniumchlorid 20 g, polyvinylpyrolidon iodine, benzalkonium chloride and sodium hypochloride) against some nosocomial bacterial isolates were investigated by qualitative and quantitative suspension test methods. One methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 6 multi drug-resistant Gram-negative hospital isolates (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloaca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, Serratia marcescens) and 3 standard strains of American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) bacteria (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli) were tested against three different concentrations of disinfectants of which, manufacturer's recommended use-dilution, 1/2 and 1/4 of those recommended dilutions. All tested disinfectants were found effective in all three concentrations against nosocomial isolates in five minutes, by using both qualitative and quantitative suspension methods. When the test was repeated with albumine, bactericidal activities of disinfectants were found the same. Our findings showed that these disinfectants can be still used in safe for the sterilization in hospital, and routine disinfection protocols do not need to be alerted.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disinfection and dewatering of wastewater solids by interstitial vapor generation.

Disinfection of wastewater solids (waste activated solids [WAS]) by interstitial vapor generation was investigated. In addition to the magnitude of disinfection, the amount of water removed and cost relative to traditional residuals disinfection processes was also examined. The process of interstitial vapor generation occurs as a result of the rapid heating of liquid in the interstices of the solid-liquid array. Intense heating causes boiling of the slurry liquid, resulting in an expanding vapor front that simultaneously dewaters the wastewater solids and contributes to the destruction of viable pathogenic microorganisms. Objectives of the study were threefold: (1) to validate disinfection of WAS using the interstitial vapor technique; (2) establish the degree of possible drying of the residuals using the techniques; and (3) establish the key operating variables for the process. Results showed a significant reduction in the most probable number of total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Specifically, greater than four-log unit reductions were produced for both total coliform and E. coli bacteria. In addition to quantifying the reduction in bacteria, the percent solids were increased from an initial amount of 7.6% (mass basis) to a final solids content greater than 90% using optimal processing conditions. Cost comparisons were also conducted and shown to be quite favorable when compared with traditional disinfection methods such as lime addition. Because of the high level of E. coli reduction achieved, the process of interstitial vapor generation is shown to be capable of converting a class B biosolids into a class A pathogen reduced product. For example, an initial most probable number (MPN) of 1.2 x 10(6) E. coli bacteria were reduced to 19 at the extreme conditions of the process, well below the requirement of an MPN of 1000 for fecal coliform bacteria. Given its ability to disinfect and dewater wastewater solids, the interstitial vapor generation process was found to be a robust and beneficial technique to produce an environmental and publicly acceptable recyclable biosolids resource.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Flow cytometry analysis of the activity of disinfecting agents tested with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

The efficacy of five disinfecting agents was tested by a new microbiological method, i.e. the flow cytometry. The method is based on kinetic measurements of the effects of a disinfecting agent on the percent of live/dead cells detected with propidium iodide. E. coli ATCC52922 strain and S. aureus ATCC 29213 strain were used in the experiment. From the measurements the killing time 50 (KT50) was estimated as the period of time needed to kill 50% of microorganisms in the disinfected volume. KT50 for ethanol 70% was 11s and it was the most efficient disinfecting agent among all examined. Other commercial preparations were compared with ethanol 70% and were traced throughout the period of 5 min. The results were obtained rapidly, frequently in less than 10 min. In conclusion, the effectiveness of a particular antibacterial disinfectant preparation may be estimated quantitatively within a few minutes by the flow cytometry. The method proved to be very useful for a fast comparison of the effectiveness of various disinfectant preparation against pathological microorganisms.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1991

[Impression disinfection--clinical tests].

In a series of tests was proved that the disinfection of impressions could be performed without significant dimensional changes of the impressions or loss of quality of the gypsum casts. There still exists, however, certain reservations among dentists and dental technicians to disinfect impressions routinely. Therefore the clinical effects of the disinfection of impressions have been tested. In total 248 impressions were tested, 138 were not disinfected, 110 were immersed for 15 minutes in a 2.5% solution of glutardialdehyd (Cidex). Lateron was controlled if the disinfection had an influence on the correct fitting of the fixed prosthodontics. As the result, the disinfection of impressions can be definitely excluded to be the course for incorrect fitting.

Dental Impression Materials↗
PubMed1991

New disinfectants.

The authors estimated the microbicidal effect of disinfectants produced by the firm Henkel Austria, namely Spitaderm, Incidin M spray, Incidur, Incidur spray, Sekusept pulver, Sekusept forte and Maranon H. The aim of the study was the verification of the effectivity of preparations and the proposal of their application in Czechoslovak practice. The estimation was performed in two stages: in vitro and in practice. The standard suspensive method, the suspensive micromethod and the method of carriers were chosen for the experiments, as well as the strains of grampositive and gramnegative bacteria, the spores of B. subtilis, yeasts and the model virus. In the second part of experiments, the disinfectants were applied according to the producer's instructions in inpatient departments of internal medicine and of surgery at the University Hospital in Olomouc in the course of 4 weeks. During the experiment, the rubdowns were taken twice a week from the working places, floor, instruments and hands and the bacterial contamination of the establishment was estimated. In hemodialysing centre, the apparatuses of the artificial kidney were estimated as well, as the preparation Maranon H is recommended for their disinfection. The results of the experiments show that the recommended concentrations of disinfectants and their effective exposition are chosen with sufficient safety coefficient. In chosen wards, the minimum bacterial contamination was observed. All disinfectants were accepted favourably, their scent estimated as pleasant, the staffs evaluated their high cleaning properties and the dosage equipment, ensuring the precise concentration of preparations. With regard to the above mentioned results, the authors recommend to start the licensed production, as all the tested preparations correspond to the exigent demands of modern and effective disinfection.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

[Effect of the reflection of UV rays in the disinfection of drinking water].

The disinfection of drinking water by means of UV-rays represents an interesting alternative to chemical disinfection. However, several questions still remain to be answered, making the disinfection of drinking water by means of UV-radiation appear unsafe. The regulations concerning the disinfection performance of UV-systems are still presenting difficulties. Within the course of comparative experiments in the laboratory and using a flow-through reactor on the disinfection effectiveness of UV-radiation, it has been shown that the reflection of UV-rays can have a considerable influence on the disinfection effectiveness. In order to be able to make reliable statements on the dose-effect relation it is necessary, therefore, to record exactly the radiation applied, including the reflected proportion.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of gastrointestinal endoscopes: approaches in the office.

Bacterial contaimination of endoscopes can be clinically significant. While current data suggest that flexible sigmoidoscopy may entail fewer risks than upper endoscopy, these data are too incomplete to draw this conclusion. Careful cleaning and disinfection after each procedure are recommended. Gas sterilization of the endoscope and gas or heat sterilization of accessory equipment may be necessary in certain clinical situations. It must be remembered that hundreds of thousands of endoscopic procedures were performed in the 1970s using cleaning only without substantial health risk. The processes do not have to be complicated or difficult. Staff must be well trained and must understand the potential risks of working with disinfecting agents such as alkaline glutaraldehyde. It is recommended that the clinician fully understand the cleaning and disinfection steps and be able to perform them. It is important that office procedures be based on efficacy, not convenience. The procedures developed to date are not ideal and the ideal disinfectant has yet to be found. Cleaning and disinfecting machines have been developed, but they are expensive and their efficacy and safety are no better than hand-performed methods. An alternative approach to reducing transmission of infections by endoscopes may be to seek less adherent plastic substances for the endoscope sheath. The introduction of immersible endoscopes has helped with cleaning, but their use may also give rise to a false sense of security. Diligent attention to cleaning and disinfection is still necessary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Detergents↗
PubMed1990

[The quantitative recovery of microbes during testing of disinfectants for instruments].

UNLABELLED: The efficacy of a disinfectant can only be determined exactly, when quantitative as well as qualitative tests are being performed. Aim of this study was to ascertain whether the earlier published method of a germ carrier test could be applied also to the testing of disinfectants for instruments. Rubber tubes of 1 cm length were used as germ carriers, Staph. aureus, Pseud. aerug., Proteus mir., E. coli and Cand. alb. as test organisms. The culture media were CASO-agar and -broth, latter containing 20% defibrinated sheep blood in some experiments. Two disinfectants on aldehyde-basis and one disinfectant on phenol-basis and on biguanide-basis, respectively, were used for the disinfectant tests. The rubber tubes were contaminated with bacterial suspension, dried upright on sterile filters and then put into 10 ml CASO-broth. After high speed vortexing of the germ carriers the bacterial count was determined. Following factors that were believed to probably having an influence on the recovery rate of bacteria were investigated: 1. the amount of fluid staying on the rubber tubes; 2. the drying time; 3. the vortexing time; 4. repeated vortexing; 5. variations of the initial concentration of bacteria on the rubber tubes; 6. addition of inactivating substances. RESULTS: ad 1. The mean amount of fluid staying on the tubes was 0.0056 g. ad 2. Drying times longer than 30 to 60 min resulted partly in considerably lower bacterial counts. ad. 3. and 4. Neither extension of vortexing time nor repeated vortexing of the same germ carrier could raise the recovery rate of bacteria. ad 5. Higher initial concentration of bacteria on the rubber tubes could not be achieved. The recovery rate of bacteria was reliable even when the initial bacterial concentration was low. ad 6. Addition of inactivating substances to the CASO-broth had no influence on the recovery rate of bacteria. The test method was checked by testing four disinfectants for instruments and proved itself a good and reliable quantitative method.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biocompatibility of hydrogen peroxide in soft contact lens disinfection: antimicrobial activity vs. biocompatibility--the balance.

Critical factors of soft contact lens care include adequate disinfection and neutralization of the chemical constituents of the disinfecting system before reinsertion. Three cases of microbial keratitis are described that exemplify the critical nature of disinfection with adequate antimicrobial activity. Disinfection rates are described for a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) against multiple microorganisms. The results indicate that H2O2 is equivalent to heat disinfection when used for appropriate lengths of time. Problems associated with chemical disinfection include lens fit alterations, which may lead to epithelial trauma. However, unless antimicrobial chemicals can be rinsed, neutralized, or degraded, they can also injure the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Repeated exposure of the corneal epithelium to oxidizing agents renders it vulnerable to complications.

Acanthamoeba Keratitis↗
PubMed1989

Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): a multi-centre randomized clinical trial comparing the Y connector disinfectant system to standard systems. Canadian CAPD Clinical Trials Group.

Sixty-one new continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients were allocated to a Y connector-disinfectant (Amuchina, Italy) and 63 to standard systems (Baxter Systems II & III) in a randomized clinical trial addressing peritonitis rates in 8 CAPD programs in 6 Canadian cities. In the Y connector-disinfectant group, 15 patients experienced 21 episodes of peritonitis in 452 15 patients experienced 21 episodes of peritonitis in 452 patient-months or 1 per 21.53 patient-months. In the standard systems group, 30 patients experienced 47 episodes of peritonitis in 467 patient-months or 1 per 9.93 patient-months (p = 0.009). The peritonitis risk reduction was 61% (95% confidence limits 27-79%). Exit-site infections occurred in 36% of each group. Prior to the development of exit-site infection, the monthly risk for peritonitis was 3.12% for the Y connector disinfectant system and 7.37% for the standard system. After an exit-site infection, these probabilities increased to 6.15% and 15.47%, respectively. Skin organisms were responsible for peritonitis in 8/21 (38%) in the Y connector-disinfectant group and 30/47 (64%) in the standard group. There were 75 days hospitalized for peritonitis in the Y connector-disinfectant group compared to 257 days for the standard group. The Y connector disinfectant system decreases the peritonitis rate through its effect on skin organisms. Exit-site injections are a major source of organisms responsible for peritonitis.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1989

[Principles for cleaning and disinfection in fresh egg production for the prevention and control of salmonellosis].

The level of production achieved in recent years and the concentration of livestock are demanding a high degree of security in the production. Measures of cleaning and disinfection are a basic condition for stabilizing the health and the efficiency of animals as well as for assuring an absolute reliability and high quality of the produced food stuffs. Preventive cleaning and disinfection are all the more necessary the more specialized the production and the greater the number of livestock are. As regards cleaning and disinfection special emphasis has to be laid on a disinfectant cleaning particularly in those fields where service periods cannot be carried out. Necessary cleaning and disinfection measures are to be integrated in the production process as technology of production and hygiene represent a unity in the production of fresh eggs. Differentiated cleaning and disinfection regimens are to be applied for such sanitary risk fields as egg conveyors, packing machines, egg grading and egg breaking facilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

How well are endoscopes cleaned and disinfected between patients?

A questionnaire was sent to 276 hospitals throughout Australia to obtain details on the methods that are used in these institutions for the cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes. A broad range of hospitals was surveyed and 145 responses were received. Endoscopies were performed in 123 of the responding hospitals. Only 45% (55/123) of these hospitals both cleaned and disinfected their endoscopes satisfactorily. Generally, such hospitals were larger (300-600 beds) than were those which did not do so (100-300 beds) and also they were busier as more endoscopies were performed on a weekly basis (30.2 endoscopies compared with 19.3 endoscopies, respectively). Frequently (38% [47/123] of hospitals), the endoscopes were not disinfected between patients, or were disinfected for an insufficient time or were disinfected with an agent that did not have both antiviral and antibacterial activity. In a substantial proportion (40% [49/123]) of hospitals, endoscopes and their accessories appeared to be cleaned inadequately between patients. We conclude that in the majority of hospitals where endoscopies are performed that responded to our survey, there was considerable room for improvement in the cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1989

[Control of disinfection in buildings used for poultry raising].

During a 2-year survey in turkey breeding farms, it was possible to compare six disinfection procedures by monitoring 14 first disinfections following the breeding house cleaning and 14 second disinfections prior to animal return. By swabbing all the germs from asbestos concrete surfaces, we noted that in the case of first disinfection the chloramine T-based product was more effective than phenol or quaternary ammonium-aldehyde-based products. For the second disinfection, it was demonstrated that a minimal dose of 15 kg of formaldehyde was necessary for disinfection to be satisfactory; 12 to 15 kg paraformaldehyde was as effective as 40 to 60 liters of 30-35% formol for buildings, the ground surface of which covered between 1,000 and 1,300 m2.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1982

[Aerosol disinfection of airborne bacteria-investigations with the microthread technique (author's transl)].

Investigations were performed in order to examine the microthread technique for its usefulness for testing the efficacy of aerosolized disinfectants to bacteria in a simulated airborne state. In this technique fine spider threads are wound on a metal frame. The test bacteria are captured on these threads and can so be exposed to the disinfectant aerosoles. Under the used conditions all the tested disinfectants (formaldehyde, glutardialdehyde, beta-propiolactone, peracetic acid, Tegodor 73 and Lysoformin) had a good disinfectant effect. The disinfectants were used in concentrations which had proven to be necessary for the disinfection of surfaces. The handling of the spiders, the performance of the tests and the applicability of the method are discussed.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of statistical studies on the use of disinfectant substances in Italy. Critical analysis].

A survey was conducted on the use of various disinfectants in Italy. Subsequently the data provided by the various hospitals appealed to (38.7% of which answered the questionnaire) was analysed. The disinfectants were divided into groups and the percentage used in various fields was calculated. A clear difference was revealed between the use of the various disinfectants in the North, Centre and South of Italy. The percentage of mistaken or improper use of the disinfectants was then calculated. Finally the relative consumption of commercial preparations using the disinfectants, the average cost per bed and the total expenditure on disinfectants in Italy were then calculated.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1993

[Safety conditions for working with stabilized chlorine dioxide used for disinfection].

Disinfectants called by producers stabilized chlorine dioxide (ClO2) are most often composed of sodium carbonate aqueous solution and ClO2. Stability is due to sodium chlorate which is produced under these conditions. Solutions of active ClO2 obtained through acidification of the preparation with citric acid and an appropriate water dilution are used in disinfection. Then, free ClO2 becomes an active disinfecting factor--a gas of strong irritative properties. During a disinfecting process the gas is liberated from the solution due to pulverization and dryness of disinfected objects. The study indicated that the safety of work with disinfectants requires mechanical ventilation of working premises. The transformation of stabile ClO2 into an active form should be induced by adding an appropriate volume of the stabilising preparation to citric acid solution. Such a procedure assures that a maximum of gaseous ClO2 will be retained in water.

Chlorine↗