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PubMed1980

Two independent evaluations of ten amalgam alloys.

Two independent research groups evaluated marginal failure and conducted creep tests on 10 commercial amalgam alloys. Correlation data determined that both laboratory tests and clinical results were essentially the same between the two studies. The 2-year clinical results indicate that five alloys, Cupralloy, Dispersalloy, Indiloy, Phasealloy, and Tytin give best results. Creep correlated with the rate of marginal failure within a study when all alloys were assessed; however, for the seven gamma-2-free alloys, there was no significant relationship between in vivo and in vitro data. Since creep tests did not predict marginal failure of the gamma-2-free alloys, the results of clinical studies should be the guide to selection of the better amalgam alloys.

Copper↗

PubMed2000

Familial aggregation of dyslexia phenotypes.

There is evidence for genetic contributions to reading disability, but the phenotypic heterogeneity associated with the clinical diagnosis may make identification of the underlying genetic basis difficult. In order to elucidate distinct phenotypic features that may be contributing to the genotypic heterogeneity, we assessed the familial aggregation patterns of Verbal IQ and 24 phenotypic measures associated with dyslexia in 102 nuclear families ascertained through probands in grades 1 through 6 who met the criteria for this disorder. Correlations between relatives were computed for all diagnostic phenotypes, using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach. GEE is a recently developed semiparametric method for handling correlated data. The method is robust to model misspecification and flexible in adjusting for the subjects' characteristics and pedigree sizes as well as for the ascertainment process, while estimating the correlations between related subjects. The Nonword Memory (NWM) subtest of a prepublication version of the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP) and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) subtest of a prepublication version of the Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE) showed correlation patterns in relatives that are strongly supportive of a genetic basis. The Wechsler Scale Digit Span, the Word Attack subtest of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test--Revised, and the Spelling subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test--Third Edition had slightly weaker evidence of a genetic basis. Five additional phenotypes (the Spelling subtest of the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, the Accuracy, Rate, and Comprehension subtests of the Gray Oral Reading Test--Third Edition, and Rapid Automatized Naming of Letters and Numbers) gave suggestive evidence of such a pattern. The results cross-validate in that evidence for a pattern consistent with a genetic basis was obtained for two measures of phonological short-term memory (CTOPP Nonword Memory and WISCIII or WAIS-R Digit Span), for two measures of phonological decoding (WRMT-R Word Attack and TOWRE Phonemic Decoding Efficiency), and for two measures of spelling from dictation (WRAT-3 Spelling and, to a lesser extent, WIAT Spelling). These measures are thus good candidates for more sophisticated segregation analyses that can formulate models for incorporation into linkage analyses.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Concurrent comparability of automated systems and commercially prepared microdilution trays for susceptibility testing.

Susceptibility test results from 100 clinical isolates, using the AMS, MS-2, Autobac MTS, Micro-Media system, and Sensititre, were compared with results from the proposed National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference microdilution method for minimum inhibitory concentrations and with Bauer-Kirby results. Isolates were tested concurrently by each method on consecutive days to obtain duplicate results. The data were computer analyzed, using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines for break point interpretation. Analysis was centered on drug-organism combinations and not on overall percent correlation. Data were analyzed for comparability to the reference methods and for reproducibility within each system. Commercial system results were very reproducible. Results from 4- to 8-h tests (AMS, MS-2, MTS) gave more very major discrepancies when compared with either reference method than did results from 15- to 18-h systems (Micro-Media, Sensititre).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2005

A role for airway remodeling during respiratory syncytial virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Severe respiratory syncytial virus infection (RSV) during infancy has been shown to be a major risk factor for the development of subsequent wheeze. However, the reasons for this link remain unclear. The objective of this research was to determine the consequences of early exposure to RSV and allergen in the development of subsequent airway hyperreactivity (AHR) using a developmental time point in the mouse that parallels that of the human neonate. METHODS: Weanling mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (Ova) and/or infected with RSV. Eight days after the last allergen challenge, various pathophysiological endpoints were examined. RESULTS: AHR in response to methacholine was enhanced only in weanling mice exposed to Ova and subsequently infected with RSV. The increase in AHR appeared to be unrelated to pulmonary RSV titer. Total bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity in these mice increased approximately two-fold relative to Ova alone and was attributable to increases in eosinophil and lymphocyte numbers. Enhanced pulmonary pathologies including persistent mucus production and subepithelial fibrosis were observed. Interestingly, these data correlated with transient increases in TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-5, and IL-2. CONCLUSION: The observed changes in pulmonary structure may provide an explanation for epidemiological data suggesting that early exposure to allergens and RSV have long-term physiological consequences. Furthermore, the data presented here highlight the importance of preventative strategies against RSV infection of atopic individuals during neonatal development.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Opsonic capacity of a hyperimmune serum against outer membrane proteins of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The opsonic capacity of a hyperimmune rabbit serum against a porin-rich outer membrane protein preparation of a strain of K. pneumoniae was evaluated. By immunoblot, the antiserum recognized mainly the porins from an outer membrane protein preparation. Using an ELISA, the titer of anti-porin antibodies was determined. Through a chemiluminescence assay, the increase in the respiratory burst of murine hyperimmune serum was recorded. These data correlate with the results of the microbicidal assays and with the electron microscopy preparations obtained where a great number of bacteria were seen within the macrophages. The in vitro data show that there is a greater bacterial killing when the macrophage is infected with bacteria opsonized with the hyperimmune serum.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Learning and utilization of generic skills by practitioners in the field of clinical laboratory science/medical technology.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether and to what extent generic skills that are learned by practitioners are used on their clinical laboratory science/medical technologist (CLS/MT) jobs; and to determine if there are any significant differences in learning and/or using these skills by practitioners who were CLS/MT vs. Other BA/BS degree majors. DESIGN: In the field (ITF) laboratory practitioners were surveyed as to whether or not they: 1) were CLS/MT program graduates; 2) utilized the following generic skills in their jobs: analytical reasoning, communication, computer use, data correlation, decision making, precision studies, problem solving, quality assessment, supervision, teaching, technical writing, troubleshooting, research and utilization review; 3) learned these skills as students or practitioners. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected from 515 CLS/MT ITF participants who were part of an ongoing longitudinal study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants were asked if they were CLS/MT program graduates; whether they used the skills frequently, sometimes, rarely or never; and whether they initially learned the skills as students or developed them on the job (OTJ). Chi square analyses were performed to test for differences among groups. RESULTS: The response rate was 44%. Frequencies for using the skills were generally over 90% with three exceptions reported as rarely or never used by the majority of the respondents, and two exceptions reported as being approximately equally used or not used by the respondents. A sizable minority (23% to 45%) of the sample reported never learning six of the skills. Significant (p < 0.05) chi square results occurred between learning and utilizing the following skills: computer use, participation in research, problem solving, supervision, technical writing and utilization studies. Although a consistently higher proportion of the CLS/MT graduates reported learning the skills as students and Other BA/BS graduates reported learning them OTJ, no significant differences between these sub-groups were observed for either learning or using these skills. CONCLUSION: For this sample group, most generic skills learned as CLS/MT students and/or practitioners are applied to the ITF jobs and are generally congruent with what is being taught in CLS/MT programs. However, there are some notable exceptions.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1996

FGF-1-dependent proliferative and migratory responses are impaired in senescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells and correlate with the inability to signal tyrosine phosphorylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 substrates.

Senescent cells do not proliferate in response to exogenous growth factors, yet the number and affinity of growth factor receptors on the cell surface appear to be similar to presenescent cell populations. To determine whether a defect in receptor signaling exists, we analyzed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) since HUVEC growth is absolutely dependent upon the presence of FGF. We report that in both presenescent and senescent HUVEC populations, FGF-1 induces the expression of cell cycle-specific genes, suggesting that functional FGF receptor (FGFR) may exist on the surface of these cells. However, the tyrosine phosphorylation of FGFR-1 substrates, Src and cortactin, is impaired in senescent HUVEC, and only the presenescent cell populations exhibit a FGF-1-dependent Src tyrosine kinase activity. Moreover, we demonstrate that senescent HUVEC are unable to migrate in response to FGF-1, and these data correlate with an altered organization of focal adhesion sites. These data suggest that the induction of gene expression is insufficient to promote a proliferative or migratory phenotype in senescent HUVEC and that the attenuation of the FGFR-1 signal transduction pathway may be involved in the inability of senescent HUVEC to proliferate and/or migrate.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Renal synthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane in healthy women: differential effects of a short-term saline loading.

It is accepted that the urinary excretions of the stable metabolites of prostaglandin (PG)I2 and thromboxane(Tx) A2, 6-keto-PGF1alpha (6KPGF) and TxB2 respectively, provide an accurate estimate of both basal and stimulated renal synthesis of their precursors. The excretory profile of these metabolites has been evaluated in healthy women submitted to a short-term expansion in extracellular fluid volume. Salt retention (SR group, n=6) was induced by physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) i.v. infusions (2 L per day) over a period of 2 days. On the third day the increase in body weight was 0.92 +/- 0.27 kg (P<0.05). The results of the study have been compared to those previously obtained in normal balance of sodium and potassium (N group, n=20) and in induced salt depletion (SD group, n=14). A common study protocol was used. Basal values of plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary aldosterone excretion were determined. Renal functional exploration [clearance (cl.) method] was performed during hypotonic polyuria (induced by oral water load) and subsequent moderate antidiuresis (induced by low-dose infusion of an antidiuretic hormone analogue). Urinary 6KPGF and TxB2 concentrations were estimated by RIA method and their urinary excretions were determined at both high and low urinary flow rates. The linear regressions of the urinary metabolite excretions vs. urinary flow rate were estimated by using the data obtained in both hypotonic polyuria and antidiuresis. Salt retention (SR vs. N group) was effective in decreasing the basal values of plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone excretion. Moreover, during hypotonic polyuria it was effective in increasing the absolute and fractional excretions of sodium and chloride, in the absence of significant variations in mean arterial pressure and creatinine cl. Regarding urinary prostanoid excretions the following results were obtained. 1. Comparative data for hypotonic polyuria. In the SR vs. N group, the urinary excretion of 6KPGF was significantly higher, whereas that of TxB2 was not significantly different. In the SR vs. SD group, the urinary excretion of 6KPGF was not significantly different, whereas that of TxB2 was significantly lower. 2. Comparative data for the regression lines of the urinary prostanoid excretions vs. diuresis. In the SR vs. N group, the regression line slope for 6KPGF excretion was significantly higher, whereas that for TxB2 excretion was not significantly different. In the SR vs. SD group, the regression line slope for 6KPGF excretion was not significantly different, whereas that for TxB2 excretion was significantly lower. 3. Correlative data in the SR group during hypotonic polyuria. The plasma chloride concentration was positively correlated with urinary flow rate, absolute and fractional chloride excretions, and 6KPGF excretion but not with TxB2 excretion. In conclusion, functionally effective salt retention in healthy women induces a selective stimulation of renal synthesis of prostacyclin, unlike salt depletion, in which the synthesis of both PGI2 and TxA2 is upregulated.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

PubMed2000

Long-range (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear shift correlation at natural abundance.

Despite the inherently low sensitivity of (15)N NMR because of its low gyromagnetic ratio (gamma(N)) and its relatively low natural abundance (0.37%), this important nuclide still has useful potential as a structural probe even at natural abundance. Inverse-detected NMR methods coupled with major advances in NMR probe designs have made it possible to acquire long-range (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear shift correlation data on samples as small as a micromole overnight. Chemical shift referencing schemes for (15)N and the range of (15)N shifts are discussed, followed by a discussion of the currently available pulse sequences, pulse calibration, parametrization and processing of long-range (1)H-(15)N data, and the implications of probe selection. These topics are followed by a review of the applications contained in the literature that have utilized (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear shift correlation experiments at natural abundance, with emphasis placed on the observed long-range coupling pathways.

Calibration↗

PubMed2004

The HIV Medication Self-Reported Nonadherence Reasons (SNAR) Index and its underlying psychological dimensions.

The purpose of this paper is to report on the construction of the HIV Medication Self-Reported Nonadherence Reasons (SNAR) index and its psychological correlates. Data were derived from a sample of 193 Swedish HIV-seropositive women and men receiving antiretroviral medications. Participants who reported dosing and/or scheduling and/or dietary instructions nonadherence in the past 7 days were presented with a modified AACTG list of 18 reasons for nonadherence. From these data, two conceptually and statistically independent factors were obtained, which accounted for 39% of the variance in the data. These factors were used as the basis for constructing two composite measures composing the SNAR index: the Medication concerns scale and the Routine disruption scale. The Medication concerns scale correlated significantly to suboptimal dose and scheduling adherence and Routine disruption scale with poorer dietary instructions adherence. Psychological distress was the best predictor of the SNAR index. The SNAR index has a clearly interpretable factor structure that allows the derived scales to be useful as multi-item measures of self-reported reasons for nonadherence to HIV antiretroviral medications. The psychological factors found to be associated with the index may imply a number of mental-health-related interventions to improve adherence, which deserve further exploration.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

s-thalidomide has a greater effect on apoptosis than angiogenesis in a multiple myeloma cell line.

s-Thalidomide has proven efficacy in multiple myeloma. Although it has both antiangiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects, its primary mode of therapeutic action remains unclear. We have investigated the changes to the expression of genes involved with these cellular processes following culture with s-thalidomide in the U266 MM cell line. Cells were cultured with s-thalidomide (0-1000 microM), and cell parameters, including apoptosis, were assessed on day 3. RNA was extracted from cells cultured for 24 h at the IC(50) concentration of s-thalidomide, and changes to gene expression were investigated by microarray methodologies. A reduction in cell viability was observed in U266 cells cultured with s-thalidomide (IC(50): 362 microM), which were mirrored by significant increases in apoptosis (for example, 200 microM on day 3: 40.3+/-3.1% vs. 3.2+/-0.4% on day 0; P<0.001). There were changes in the expression profile of genes involved in angiogenesis and apoptosis, but the changes were most dramatic in the apoptotic genes. In particular, the expression of I-kappaB kinase was decreased by two-fold, which was associated with a four-fold decrease in NF-kappaB expression. These data correlated with immunoblotting analyses, which showed significant increases in I-kappaB protein levels and decreased NF-kappaB activity. Additionally, the Bax : Bcl-2 ratio was significantly increased. Our data suggest that both angiogenic and apoptotic genes and proteins are affected by s-thalidomide. Additionally, a dramatic decrease in Bcl-2 expression with s-thalidomide suggests a possible enhancement of cytotoxic effect if combined with other cytotoxic agents.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors↗

PubMed2005

Unsupervised learning of natural languages.

We address the problem, fundamental to linguistics, bioinformatics, and certain other disciplines, of using corpora of raw symbolic sequential data to infer underlying rules that govern their production. Given a corpus of strings (such as text, transcribed speech, chromosome or protein sequence data, sheet music, etc.), our unsupervised algorithm recursively distills from it hierarchically structured patterns. The adios (automatic distillation of structure) algorithm relies on a statistical method for pattern extraction and on structured generalization, two processes that have been implicated in language acquisition. It has been evaluated on artificial context-free grammars with thousands of rules, on natural languages as diverse as English and Chinese, and on protein data correlating sequence with function. This unsupervised algorithm is capable of learning complex syntax, generating grammatical novel sentences, and proving useful in other fields that call for structure discovery from raw data, such as bioinformatics.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1978

The pressure profile of the common bile duct an experimental study in 15 mongrel dogs.

In clinical urology the urethral pressure profilometry, developed by Brown and Wickham in 1969, is a well known diagnostical method. To our knowledge this type of investigation was not made in the common bile duct. In order to evaluate this method as an eventual clinical preoperative endoscopic method, especially in disorders of the choledocho-duodenal junction, choledochal pressure profile studies were made in 15 anesthesized mongrel dogs via a duodenotomy. The method was made according to the internationally advised standards of the urethral pressure profilometry. The mean contact basal pressure level in the choledochal duct amounted to 10,9 +/- 2,17 (sem) mm Hg. A statistically significant biphasis pressure elevation was seen in the region of the choledocho-duodenal junction (p less than or equal to 0,05). The mean pressures of the proximal and distal pressure elevation amounted to 59,8 +/- 8,51 (sem) mm Hg and to 54,3 +/- 7,13 (sem) mm Hg. The proximal top was located at 3,68 +/- 0,28 (sem) cm and the distal top at 0,96 +/- 0,07 (sem) cm distance from the orifice of the papilla. The total length of the elevated pressure zone amounted to 5,50 +/- 0,29 (sem) cm and the length of the elevated pressure zone of the distal top was 1,58 +/- 0,10 (sem) cm. These data correlate with the morphological structure of the choledocho-duodenal junction as mentioned in literature and illustrated with X-ray investigation and casts of the distal choledochal lumen. Our data show that with choledochal pressure profilometry pressure and length of the sphincter of Oddi can easily and safely be determined. In combination with endoscopy the technique can be of value in preoperative and postoperative evaluation of the function of the choledocho-duodenal junction.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[How effective is the teaching of critical analysis of scientific publications? Review of studies and their methodological quality].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate studies assessing the effectiveness of teaching critical appraisal of the literature to medical students. DATA SOURCES: French and English articles published between 1980 and 1990 indexed on MEDLINE or FAMLI as well as articles identified from the bibliographies. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were evaluated if the subjects were undergraduate or postgraduate medical students and if the teaching intervention was aimed at improving one or more of the following areas: knowledge in clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, reading habits and ability to critically appraise a scientific article. DATA EXTRACTION: The methodologic quality of the articles was assessed by three evaluators, who used a modified version of Poynard's checklist to assign a score. Articles with a score of 60% or more were considered satisfactory. The reliability of the checklist was evaluated by means of the kappa (kappa) coefficient and a coefficient of intraclass correlation. DATA SYNTHESIS: For the three evaluators the mean kappa coefficient was 0.33 and the coefficient of intraclass correlation 0.70. Five of the 10 studies had an overall score of 60% or higher. The quality of the individual sections of the articles varied: purpose of the study 85%, description of the population 58%, methods 44%, analysis of results 50%, and conclusions 90%. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of teaching critical appraisal of the literature remains uncertain. More rigorous methods are needed in research in this area.

Biometry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Significant reduction of proinflammatory cytokines by treatment of the brain-dead donor.

INTRODUCTION: Experimental studies suggest that brain death in the donor has a significant impact on graft quality; however, there are no data correlating organ-specific cytokine expression and the corresponding serum protein levels in human organ donors. Furthermore, it is unknown whether donor treatment can reduce the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and thereby optimize organ quality. METHODS: We investigated the expression pattern of cytokines comparing serum (n = 53) and tissue expression (n = 25) in brain-dead human donors. The controls were living donors (n = 25). Additionally 41 deceased donors were treated with steroids before organ harvest (250 mg initial, afterward 100 mg/h until laparotomy). Hepatic tissue samples were obtained immediately after donor laparotomy to assess transcription rates of tissue cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, CD3, TGFb, TNFa, BAG, HO-1, Mipla) by RT-PCR. Serum samples were obtained after declaration of brain death and before laparotomy. RESULTS: Transcription of proinflammatory cytokines was significantly increased in brain-dead compared to living donor grafts (P < .005). Donor treatment with steroids led to significantly decreased tissue and serum expression of proinflammatory cytokines (P < .01), which were comparable to living donors. Tissue levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10) correlated strongly with serum levels of the corresponding proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Serum protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines proffer a valuable, easy accessible marker to define the immunological status of a graft. Our data suggest a beneficial effect of anti-inflammatory treatment of brain-dead organ donors.

Brain Death↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of two methods of quantitative assessment of hypoxemia in patients with sleep disorders.

Objective: To evaluate the validity of two methods of quantifying oxygen saturation during sleep: saturation impairment time (SIT) index and percentage of time spent below various levels of oxygen saturation (%T).Background: Although many methods of reporting nocturnal hypoxemia in sleep have been utilized, no 'gold standard' has been identified to report in conjunction with frequency of breathing pauses. We compare two such methods.Methods: Prospective, non-randomized, double-blind, controlled trial on 298 patients referred to a sleep-disorders center. In-laboratory recording of nocturnal polysomnography with the data from the pulse-oximetry channel stored in a computer for subsequent analysis. SIT index and %T data were compared for each patient, as were values between patient groups. Raw and logarithmic transformed data were analyzed using regression and non-parametric methods.Results: SIT index and %T data correlate well, but deviations exist between the results of these tests in individual patients and between some patient groups.Conclusion: SIT index, combining time and severity of desaturation, may provide additional useful data in the study of oxygen desaturation in sleep, compared to %T calculations. Such data may be important in future studies of physiological variables.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Hydrophobicity of HIV protease inhibitors by immobilized artificial membrane chromatography: application and significance to drug transport.

PURPOSE: The feasibility of using hydrophobicity measurements as screens for intracellular availability in T-cells or intestinal permeability in Caco-2 cells was examined. METHODS: T-cell experiments: Cells were counted, collected, then incubated with drug solution at 37 degrees C. At selected time intervals, uptake was quenched by transferring a sample into oil, followed by rinsing, lysis of cells, protein precipitation and analysis by HPLC. Caco-2 cell experiments: Cells were grown on plastic dishes for 7-10 d, then rinsed and incubated with drug solution at 37 degrees C. Uptake was quenched, cells were lysed, protein precipitated and drug was analyzed by HPLC. IAM chromatography: Stock solutions were injected onto an IAM column for HPLC. Mobile phase consisted of varying amounts of acetonitrile in buffer (pH 7.4). The capacity factor, k'IAM, was calculated using citric acid to measure the void volume and was obtained by extrapolation to pure buffer. RESULTS: Nine HIV protease inhibitors were studied for uptake by CEM T-cell suspensions or Caco-2 cell monolayers. Capacity factors (log) between IAM and C-18 columns were positively correlated for this series. Caco-2 uptake rates correlated well with T-cell uptake rates when normalized by protein mass. Single-variable regression using IAM or C-18 columns was acceptable for analysis of T-cell data. Correlation coefficients between T-cell uptake and log k'IAM or log k'C-18 were not improved with multivariable regression. Correlation between Caco-2 uptake and log k'IAM was enhanced when molecular weight and hydrogen-bonding potential were included in multivariable regression analysis (from r2 of 0.39 to 0.91). Correlations obtained using log k'IAM, log k'C-18 or log distribution coefficient (log D) were comparable when regressed against Caco-2 uptake using this approach. Calculated log partition coefficient (ClogP) provided the poorest correlation in the multivariable analysis (r2=0.57 for T-cell uptake and r2=0.71 for Caco-2 cell uptake). CONCLUSIONS: Uptake of HIV protease inhibitors by T-cell suspensions or Caco-2 cell monolayers was positively correlated. Uptake by T-cell suspensions was adequately described by hydrophobicity alone. Description of uptake by Caco-2 cell monolayers required multivariable regression analysis in which molecular weight and hydrogen bonding were included. Experimental measures of hydrophobicity (log k'IAM, log k'C-18 and log D) were superior to ClogP in the correlation analysis.

Biological Transport↗

PubMed1996

Assessment information for predicting upcoming change in language production.

Initial language assessments are used not only to determine the presence of a language problem and establish eligibility for intervention, but also to provide information about a child's readiness for immediate change in language growth. This study explored static assessment profiling (specific variables and discrepancies in performance) and dynamic assessment results to determine their relative effectiveness for predicting immediate change. Correlation data were used to examine how well each assessment measure predicted upcoming language production changes for children with specific expressive language impairment. Results indicated that dynamic assessment outcomes were most highly correlated with immediate language growth, followed by discrepancy in receptive and expressive language age. Findings are discussed in terms of their clinical and theoretical importance.

Child Language↗