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PubMed2007

Alcohol consumption and risk for coronary heart disease among men with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Heavy alcohol consumption increases risk for hypertension, which is in itself a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, data on the association between alcohol consumption and CVD among individuals with hypertension are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether alcohol consumption is inversely associated with CVD among men with hypertension. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: 11,711 men with hypertension from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. MEASUREMENTS: Alcohol consumption was assessed every 4 years by using a food-frequency questionnaire. Incident cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), fatal coronary heart disease, and stroke were documented from 1986 to 2002. RESULTS: During follow-up, 653 patients with MI were documented. Compared with patients abstaining from alcohol, the hazard ratio for participants with MI consuming 0.1 to 4.9 grams of alcohol per day was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.86 to 1.37); consuming 5 to 9.9 grams of alcohol per day was 0.81 (CI, 0.60 to 1.08 g/d); consuming 10 to 14.9 grams of alcohol per day was 0.68 (CI, 0.51 to 0.91 g/d); consuming 15 to 29.9 grams of alcohol per day was 0.72 (CI, 0.54 to 0.97 g/d); consuming 30 to 49.9 grams of alcohol per day was 0.67 (CI, 0.48 to 0.94 g/d); and consuming 50 or more grams of alcohol per day was 0.41 (CI, 0.22 to 0.77 g/d) (P < 0.001 for trend). Associations were similar for fatal and nonfatal MI. Alcohol consumption was not associated with total death or death due to CVD. Risks for total and ischemic stroke for patients consuming 10 to 29.9 g of alcohol per day were 1.40 (CI, 0.93 to 2.12) and 1.55 (CI, 0.90 to 2.68) compared with that of abstainers. When corrected for measurement error in alcohol consumption, dietary variables, and body mass index, the hazard ratio for participants with MI per 12.5 grams per day increment of alcohol intake was 0.68 (CI, 0.46 to 1.00). LIMITATIONS: Hypertension, alcohol consumption, and CVD risk factors were assessed by self-report. Available data used to correct for measurement error were primarily restricted to dietary variables. CONCLUSIONS: In this population of men with hypertension, moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a decreased risk for MI but not with risks for total death or death due to CVD. As in the general population, men with hypertension who drink moderately and safely may not need to change their drinking habits.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of implementation of a unit dose drug distribution system on drug consumption].

As an important drug consumer in Dubrava University Hospital, Department of Cardiac Surgery has been chosen for testing a new model of drug distribution system known as unit dose drug distribution system. During the first 39 weeks in 1996--comparative period, drugs were delivered from the Pharmacy to the Department of Cardiac Surgery in traditional way, known as floor stock system. Next 65 weeks, until the end of 1997--pilot study period, drugs were delivered directly from the Pharmacy to the patients, using unit dose drug distribution system. Consumption of drugs was measured every week by statistical unit DDD/100 hospital days (Defined Daily Dose) according to Anatomic-Therapeutic-Chemistry (ATC) classification of drugs. For statistical measurements, beside common arithmetic means, geometric means were used which are less sensitive to extreme values of drug consumption. During comparative period drug consumption was chaotic with great oscillations around mean value, while in pilot study period that process was without great oscillations around lower mean value and did not exceed the limits of process. Drug consumption was completely under control, so it was a predictable process. In the pilot study period total drug consumption was 39% less, while consumption of drugs from group C was 30% less. During comparative period group C makes 34%, while in the pilot study period it makes 38% of the total drug consumption. This model of drug distribution in hospital leads to a rationalization of drug consumption and great savings. The pharmacist-physician interactive role began to emerge as a direct result of these changes in the drug distribution system. Hospital pharmacist has become a visible member of health care team who is responsible for Quality of all medication-related activities and thus has taken opportunity for clinical pharmacy practice.

Drug Utilization↗
PubMed2000

[J-curve between alcohol consumption and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with dyslipidemia].

BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Portugal and carotid disease is responsible for 20 to 50% of strokes. As dyslipidaemias and alcoholism are frequent problems in our country, we planned to examine the relationship of alcohol consumption and carotid disease in dyslipidaemic patients, a subject that has never been specifically studied, as far as we know. METHODS: We studied 102 dyslipidaemic patients, 38 females and 64 males. We used the following classification for echo-doppler results; grade 0--normal; grade 1--intimal-medial thickening (> or = 1 mm); grade 2--one plaque; grade 3--two or more plaques; grade 4--haemodynamic disturbance. We measured several biochemical and clinical parameters, including declared alcohol consumption. RESULTS: In a stepwise regression we found that age had the highest correlation with carotid atherosclerosis, followed by alcohol consumption. Visually we noticed a J-curve between alcohol consumption and carotid atherosclerosis, that we confirmed with a polynomial regression (r = 0.318, p = 0.0114). Carotid atherosclerosis increased only with levels of alcohol consumption over 60 g/day, in spite of even lower levels of alcohol consumption being associated with lower HDL-C and higher triglycerides compared to abstainers. Apo(a) significantly decreased with levels of alcohol consumption over 60 g/day. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of inducing a more severe dyslipidaemia, a low to moderate alcohol consumption may not be contraindicated in dyslipidaemic patients, with some of the protective effects of alcohol probably counterbalancing the worse lipid profile.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The influence of population structure on systemic antibiotic consumption. Valladolid, Spain].

BACKGROUND: The high degree to which systemic antibiotics are consumed in our country makes a study of those factors determining the spread thereof necessary. Different parameters are involved in the unequal spread of their consumption, including: a) the epidemiology of the infectious processes b) the population-dependent factors and c) factors depending upon the prescribing physicians. This study is aimed at analyzing those determining factors depending upon the population (type of population and age). METHODS: A longitudinal retrospective study based on systemic antibiotic consumption data provided by the company International Marketing Services (IMS) for the January 1, 1996-December 31, 2000 period. The consumption indicator used was the number of daily doses defined per 1000 inhabitants/day (DID). Six geographical areas in the province of Valladolid were placed under study, three of which were urban and the other three mainly rural. RESULTS: The overall consumption by area was as follows: Medina del Campo (25.9DID), the capital city of Valladolid (23.4DID), Laguna de Duero (22.6DID), Northern Area (22.4DID), Southern Area (21.4DID) and, lastly, the Central Area (20.2DID). The specific consumption by areas revealed a greater consumption of amoxicillin in the three urban areas, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and the major macrolides in Medina del Campo, quinolone antibiotics in the Northern Area and tetracyclines and sulfonamides in the capital city of Valladolid. CONCLUSIONS: Major overall consumption-related differences were found to exist among areas, the maximums being found in the urban areas. These differences were more marked on when studying the geographic spread of the consumption of the main active ingredients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Diet, health and the nutrition transition: some impacts of economic and socio-economic factors on food consumption patterns in the Kingdom of Tonga.

An essential element of the "health transition" is the emergence of disease patterns associated with changes in dietary regimes. The consumption of nutritionally poor (imported) foods in the Pacific is associated with increasing rates of diet related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). An oft-made assumption is that changes in consumption patterns are related to food preference (specifically preferences for high fat and/or dense carbohydrate foods). Recent work in the Kingdom of Tonga suggests that the "common-sense" association between food preference and food consumption is incorrect. The results of a large survey (n=430) indicate availability is the key factor in consumption, and that food preference, knowledge of the nutritional values of foods, and frequency of consumption are not correlated. Further analysis shows there are significant differences in consumption patterns between persons of higher and lower socio-economic status; perception of availability and frequency of consumption are a function of economic and social position--specifically access to cash. These results underline the salience of economic factors; the rise in NCDs is correlated with the increasing importance of the cash economy (not cultural values or ignorance of nutritional issues). In the absence of economic solutions, current consumption patterns will continue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Red meat, chicken, and fish consumption and risk of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Red meat and processed meat consumption have been associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in some, but not all, relevant cohort studies. Evidence on the relationship between risk of colorectal cancer and poultry and fish consumption is inconsistent. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 37,112 residents of Melbourne, Australia recruited from 1990 to 1994. Diet was measured with a food frequency questionnaire. We categorized the frequency of fresh red meat, processed meat, chicken, and fish consumption into approximate quartiles. Adenocarcinomas of the colon or rectum were ascertained via the Victorian Cancer Registry. RESULTS: We identified 283 colon cancers and 169 rectal cancers in an average of 9 years of follow-up. For rectal cancer, the hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals (95% CI)] in the highest quartile of consumption of fresh red meat and processed meat were 2.3 (1.2-4.2; P for trend = 0.07) and 2.0 (1.1-3.4; P for trend = 0.09), respectively. The corresponding hazard ratios (95% CIs) for colon cancer were 1.1 (0.7-1.6; P for trend = 0.9) and 1.3 (0.9-1.9; P for trend = 0.06). However, for neither type of meat was the heterogeneity between subsites significant. Chicken consumption was weakly negatively associated with colorectal cancer (hazard ratio highest quartile, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-1.0; P for trend = 0.03), whereas hazard ratios for fish consumption were close to unity. CONCLUSION: Consumption of fresh red meat and processed meat seemed to be associated with an increased risk of rectal cancer. Consumption of chicken and fish did not increase risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Surveillance of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic consumption in Medimurje].

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial resistance is a global problem. More than 60 years of the large-scale use of antibiotics have resulted in a number of microorganisms which are resistant or multiresistant to different antimicrobial drugs. A correlation between the use of antibiotics and bacterial resistance has been proved for many different groups of antibiotics. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the connection between bacterial resistance and antibiotic consumption in the region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The surveillance of antibacterial resistance in Medimurje started in 1997 as part of the activities of the Croatian Commitee for Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance at the Academy of Medical Sciences of Croatia. The utilization of antibiotics was defined according to WHO and expressed in defined daily doses. The surveillance of their consumption and comparison of different drugs and different regions is done by TID (Thousands of Inhabitants Daily), which describes the population proportion taking a drug in a particular region per day. The analysis of antibiotic consumption was based on distribution data. RESULTS: The consumption of antibiotics according to the ATC/TID system in Medimurje in 2002 was 18.06 TID; TID was 0.86 and 17.2 for inpatients and outpatients, respectively. The consumption was recorded for the penicillin group of antibiotics in both hospital and outpatient utilization, followed by cephalosporins, tetracyclines and macrolides in outpatient utilization, and by cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and quinolones in hospital utilization. Analysis of the consumption of the penicillin group of antibiotics in outpatient utilization revealed it to be predominated by the wide spectrum penicillins and co-amoxiclav, whereas the latter prevailed in hospital utilization. The surveillance of bacterial resistance in Medimurje during the last 5 years (1998-2002) pointed to a high resistance to macrolides (23%-33%) in BHS. The outpatient utilization of macrolides was on the 4th place with 1.15 TID. Azithromycin accounted for 87% of macrolide consumption. In this region, pneumococci showed an extremely high rate of penicillin resistance (49%-68%), although this resistance was mostly intermediate. It was obviously due to the high selective antibiotic requirements, especially for the strains involving respiratory tract. High resistance to macrolides (15%-38%), cotrimoxasol (42%-50%) and tetracyclines (30%) pointed to the high proportion of multiresistant pneumococcal strains. A significantly lower resistance to penicillin (30%), which was strictly intermediate, was recorded in isolates from primary sterile materials. Resistance to other antibiotic groups was also lower. The rate or MRSA in the group of S. aureus as 2%-3% in the five-year period. E. coli was the most frequent isolate in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Analysis of resistance during the last 5 years yielded no specific findings. The resistance of wide spectrum penicillin was 51%-58%, with a very low portion of ESBL strains (<1%), no imipenem resistant strain; resistance to quinolones was 4%-8%, and to cotrimoxasole was 30%. There were no invasive E. coli strains resistant to 2nd and 3rd generations of cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones and carbapenemes, while the resistance to wide spectrum penicillin, 1st generation cephalosporins and cotrimoxasole was the same as in other groups of E. coli. DISCUSSION: Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in a local region is very important, because it shows the local pattern of resistance, helps choose useful empirical therapy and most efficacious antibiotic therapy, and can modify antibiotic therapy accordingly. CONCLUSION: There is no clear correlation between antibiotic consumption and bacterial resistance, especially in case of outpatient isolates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

[Estimating the burden of diseases due to high alcohol consumption in Korea].

OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the burden of disease due to high alcohol consumption using DALY, a composite indicator recently developed by the Global Burden of Disease study group. The results were analyzed by age and sex. METHODS: Firstly, high alcohol consumption-related diseases, and their relative risk (RR), were selected. Secondly, population attributable fractions (PAFs) were computed using formulae, including the relative risk (RR) and prevalence of exposure (Pe). Thirdly, the DALYs of high alcohol consumption-related diseases were estimated. Lastly, the attributable burdens of diseases due to high alcohol consumption wereconcluded as being the sum of the products that multiplied the DALYs of high alcohol consumption-related diseases by their population attributable fraction (PAF). RESULTS: The burden of high alcohol consumption in Korea was 2992.3 person years (PYs) per 100,000 persons in men, and 1426.6 in women. For men, the high alcohol consumption-induced diseases with the five biggest burdens were liver cirrhosis, hypertensive disease, liver cancer, cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage. For women, these were cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, hypertensive disease, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the attributable fraction of diseases due to exposure to high alcohol consumption, by quantifying the results of exposure to risk factors. Therefore, it is now possible to assess interventions for risk factors in quantifiable terms in each population. Finally, measuring the risk factor burdens was expected to contribute to priority setting and effective resource allocation in public health policy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Measurement of alcohol consumption: issues and challenges.

In both the clinical and research settings, nurses assess patterns of alcohol consumption to screen for risk of adverse events or to determine the health consequences of drinking. The purposes of this critical review are to explore issues and controversies surrounding the measurement of alcohol consumption and to critique the existing literature relevant to the research and clinical arenas. An electronic literature search was completed to identify research articles addressing human studies from 1995 through 2004 related to alcohol consumption. Key words included alcohol drinking (subheadings blood, metabolism, psychology, and urine), standard drink, problem drinking, heavy drinking, and ethanol analysis (subheadings blood, urine, and chemistry). The results were in two primary content areas: self-reported alcohol consumption and assessment of consumption by using biological markers. Self-reported alcohol consumption can be quantified in a variety of ways, such as ounces of ethanol per day, standard drinks per day, drinking occurrences per month, heavy drinking occasions per month, and frequency of perceived drunkenness. The choice of measure depends on setting (clinical vs. research), the role of the variable under study, the capabilities and demographics of the study population, the study design, and the resources available to collect alcohol consumption data. A variety of biologic instruments are used to assess alcohol consumption, each with sensitivities and specificities that vary by age, gender, and possibly by ethnicity/race. Previous work has focused on the white, male, alcohol-dependent population and non-alcohol-dependent male controls. Some urgency exists to expand the biometrics of alcohol use to minority and older populations as well as to women across the life span.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1989

Alcohol consumption in Guadeloupe.

This study bears upon the patterns of alcohol consumption in Guadeloupe (French West Indies), and has been carried out over a representative sample of adults. Each subject was questioned about his or her consumption of alcoholic drinks and a blood sample taken to measure the biological indicators of chronic alcohol consumption. The resulting mean consumption has permitted Guadeloupeans to be classed among the world's foremost consumers of alcohol. For almost half of the adult population, this consumption takes place on a daily basis and therefore constitutes part of everyday life. The patterns of alcohol consumption are linked to sex, age, level of education, employment and socio-professional categories. The heavy-drinking man tends to be elderly, has a low level of education and is an agricultural worker; his consumption is based on rum. The woman is middle-aged and not working; her consumption is based on wine. These stated characteristics permit the setting up of tailored prevention programs.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on emotional stress in the white rat].

Chronic pain emotional stress (PES), paired action of the white noise and electric skin stimulation and chronic (during 7 months) ethanol consumption in white rats were shown to act in the same direction. Hypertension, decrease of respiratory rate and increase of Hildebrandt index were observed as a result of PES, ethanol consumption, and especially under PES during ethanol consumption. Ethanol consumption by the animals led to their growth retardation and increase of the spleen and heart mass. Accidental thymus involution was noted both under ethanol consumption and PES. Activation of lipid peroxidation and decrease of superoxide dismutase activity (of its mitochondrial form especially) as well as of Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity were observed in brain homogenates of the rats after PES, while the general ATP-ase activity remained unchanged. An increase of triiodothyronine level and the tendency to thyroxine level increase as well as a decrease of superoxide dismutase activity were observed in the blood serum of these animals. A tendency towards lipid peroxidation level decrease and to brain superoxide dismutase activity increase, as well as blood antioxidation activity increase (evaluated by transferrin and coeruloplasmin contents and by serum superoxide dismutase activity) and a decrease of thyroxine level were observed as a result of ethanol consumption. The mechanisms are discussed of the "anti-stress" action of short-term ethanol consumption and of the action of its chronic consumption, additive to PES.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1977

[The epidemiology of drug, cigarette and alcohol consumption in young men].

In view of the recent rise in drug consumption, a 3-year longitudinal study of 19-year-old men was conducted to investigate development of consumption behavior. Consumption of cigarettes and alcohol was also considered. The aim was to obtain information about the development of consumption by 19-year-old men (increase, decrease, etc). The follow-up sample consisted of 841 men in the Canton of Zurich who had been selected from a complete survey of men born in 1952. They answered a questionnaire at the age of 19 and again three years later. The results show that drug, cigarette and alcohol show a different development of consumption in the ages between 19 and 22 years. The percentage of drug consumers had decreased from 23.3 percent to 14.8 percent. In approximately 4 percent there is a high risk of dependence in addition to absence of social integration. The percentage of cigarette smokers did not change (approximately 53 percent), but the number of cigarettes smoked per day increased. For alcohol there is a general increase in consumption. For all three substances, heavy consumption at the age of 19 increases the risk of heavy consumption at the age of 22.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Influence of intranasal administration on calcitonin consumption].

OBJECTIVE: An analysis of the impact of the commercialisation of intranasal administration on calcitonin consumption. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Non-hospital ambit within the national health system. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A protected population group within the national health system, with occupationally active people and pensioners being differentiated. INTERVENTIONS: Commercialisation of a new way of administering calcitonins in March 1992. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The consumption of calcitonins dispensed in prescriptions by the national health system was differentiated according to methods of administration; calculations being made for the number of containers, cost and daily dosage defined (DDD) by population groups (overall and pensioners) and for the distribution of consumption for Autonomous Communities in DDD per 1,000 inhabitants and per day. In 1992 123% more containers and 47.29% more DDD of calcitonins were used than in 1991. In February 1993, DDD consumption of calcitonins intranasally was twice the parenteral consumption. Pensioners consumed 77.63% of the DDD of parenteral calcitonins, compared with the active population; and 71.78% compared with intranasally taken calcitonins. CONCLUSIONS: The market introduction of intranasal methods has led to a notable increase in calcitonin consumption. Intranasal methods make up an ever-growing percentage of consumption and reached double the parenteral consumption in February 1993. By population groups, it was observed that pensioners used parenteral more than intranasal methods.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1994

[Alcohol consumption by primary care physicians].

OBJECTIVE: To find the consumption of alcoholic drinks by Primary Care doctors. DESIGN: A descriptive study using an anonymous questionnaire. SETTING: Health base areas located in the Baix Llobregat and in Barcelona city. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Total coverage was 68.7%. In the group which replied, daily consumption along with week-end consumption predominated. Men consumed alcohol more often and in greater quantity than women. The prevalence of excessive drinkers according to the PAPPS criteria was 5.9%. 29% of the doctors exceeded the level of alcohol consumption considered acceptable by their own criteria, no gender differences being appreciated. Similarly, 33% of them accepted consumption above that recommended by the experts. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of alcoholic drinks found among Primary Care doctors was low in comparison with other studies of medical groups or the general population. The Primary Care doctor occupies a privileged position in the prevention of excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks, which implies that their own alcohol consumption and training could have an impact on carrying out preventive activities in this field.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Changes in food consumption in Brazil.

Changes in eating habits have occurred in the last decades in several countries associated to demographic, economic, social and epidemiologic factors. In Brazil, the available data about food consumption are the result of Family Budget Surveys undertaken by Getúlio Vargas Foundation and IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) in 1961/1963 and 1987/88, respectively, and the National Study of Family Expenditure (ENDEF), carried out by IBGE during 1974/75. They reveal as principal tendencies the decreasing consumption of staple foodstuffs (beans, rice, manioc flour), pork meat, lard and butter, the replacement of bovine meat for chicken, and the increase in the consumption of eggs, milk products and vegetable oils. Based on these surveys, the intake of macronutrients in urban areas showed a decrease of carbohydrate and an increase of fat contribution as sources of calories, an increase in the consumption of animal protein in detriment of vegetable protein, and substitution of animal fats for vegetable fats. It was also observed an increase in the use of industrialized foodstuffs, directly related to income, leading to a greater diversity of foodstuffs and lower consumption of staple foods. Recent studies with adult and elderly population from the city of São Paulo show a reduction in the consumption of fatty and fried foods and sugar, and an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables because of health concern. Studies that take into account the verified changes in eating habits and the new consumption tendencies, as well as their impact on nutritional and health conditions of the Brazilian urban population, are presently needed.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Alcohol consumption among students in a basic health area in Córdoba].

BACKGROUND: To determine alcohol consumption amongst schoolchildren, and to discover the factors which are associated with the said consumption. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, by means of a health questionnaire administered to 548 schoolchildren in the 6th and 8th years of Primary Education (EGB) in schools within the Basic Health Area of Cordoba, with a median age of 12.4 years old (limits at 10 and 15 years old). Data were gathered on the consumption of alcohol by schoolchildren and in their social environment, as well as other variables in the lives of schoolchildren. RESULTS: 43.7% (interval of confidence at 95% -IC95%: 39.4-47.9) have tried alcohol, 3.8% (IC95% 2.5-5.9) drink regularly, while 26.8% (IC95% 23.2-30.8) drink occasionally. By means of logical regression analysis we found a connection between the consumption of alcohol and increasing age (Odds Ratio -OR: 0.83; IC95% 0.07-0.98), being male (OR: 1.78; IC95% 1.16-2.73), the consumption of alcohol by older brothers or sisters (OR: 2.25; IC95% 1.35-3.75), the consumption of medicines to treat nervousness (OR: 5.33; IC95%: 1.26-22.5), poor educational performance (OR: 1.002; IC95% 1.0-1.005), the consumption of tobacco (OR: 4.55; IC95% 2.4-8.61) and the feeling of loneliness (OR: 1.41; IC95% 1.01-1.97). CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of schoolchildren who try alcohol is low in comparison with other areas, the percentage of current drinkers is very similar. It would seem that older brothers and sisters have an important influence on starting consumption. The profile of a school age child who drinks corresponds to a male, a smoker, and having feelings of loneliness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effects of naltrexone administered repeatedly across 30 or 60 days on ethanol consumption using a limited access procedure in the rat.

The present study examined the effects of naltrexone, 1.0 mg/kg, administered repeatedly across both 30 and 60 days on the consumption of an unsweetened ethanol solution by outbred Wistar rats in a limited access procedure. Naltrexone significantly suppressed consumption of ethanol across both 30 and 60 days. These results provide no evidence for the development of tolerance based on such factors as receptor upregulation or supersensitivity due to the repeated administration of naltrexone across extended periods. Ethanol consumption during the final one-third of the naltrexone sessions, for both the 30- and 60-day groups, was significantly lower than during the initial sessions. These results suggest an associative component. That is, the rats apparently learned that ethanol consumption was no longer reinforcing across repeated exposures. After termination of naltrexone treatment, consumption of ethanol immediately increased. However, consumption in those rats who were administered naltrexone for 60 days remained significantly suppressed, compared with consumption in those rats who were administered naltrexone for 30 days. These results suggest that naltrexone reduces ethanol consumption by blocking endogenous opioid receptors that mediate, at least in part, ethanol's reinforcing properties. In addition, these data suggest that longer clinical use of naltrexone, as a pharmacological adjunct to psychosocial treatment for alcohol-dependent patients, may be beneficial in reducing the number of relapses experienced.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1982

Oxygen consumption in adult patients during cardiac catheterization.

The determination of cardiac output by the Fick principle requires the quantitation of the arteriovenous oxygen (O2) content difference across the pulmonary bed and the O2 consumption. Since a correct measurement of O2 consumption may be difficult, an assumed value is sometimes substituted into this equation. Despite this practice, there is no appropriate reference standard for O2 consumption applicable to the adult catheterization laboratory. Therefore, we determined O2 consumption in 108 patients (69 men and 39 women, mean age, 49 years) at the time of catheterization by multiplying the arteriovenous content difference by the indicator dilution cardiac output, thereby eliminating errors related to the collection and analysis of the timed collection of expired air. O2 consumption index (O2 consumption/m2 of body surface area) averaged 126 +/- 26 ml/min/m2 (mean +/- SD), but there was wide variability(65-250 ml/Min/m2). O2 consumption was not affected by patient age or sex but was lower in those who were mildly sedated before catheterization (sedated, 121 +/- 22 ml/Min/m2; nonsedated, 132 +/- 28 ml/min/m2; p = 0.023). Thus, O2 consumption varies greatly among adults at the time of cardiac catheterization, so that any attempt at estimating this variable is fraught with major potential error.

Adult↗