Copyright protection of computer program object code.
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Computers↗
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[Optimization of radiographic conditions in radiograms using a variable computing program].
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Computers↗
[Basic information about the BMDP computer program].
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Computers↗
LODVIEW: a computer program for the graphical evaluation of lod score results in exclusion mapping of human disease genes.
For linkage analysis projects aimed at mapping hereditary disease genes in humans, hundreds of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers which can be typed by PCR (PCR markers) have become available. With this technical improvement, the availability of a technique allowing for transparency in the handling of rapidly generated lod score data is becoming important. We present a computer program LODVIEW for the graphical representation of lod score data. It is designed for the input of lod score data generated with the LINKAGE package or similar programs. LODVIEW consists of 24 preformatted files, one for each chromosome. Each file contains a table for the input of lod score data and a file for the graphical representation of the data, which will show automatically any entry that is made in the respective input table. The program provides the user with published PCR marker information pre-entered into a table and graph at the correct positions corresponding to the genetic distances between markers. The graphical display of LODVIEW allows for the rapid evaluation of lod score results calculated from PCR markers on each chromosome. The following information can be obtained from the graphical display at one glance: (i) Regions of exclusion (Z(theta) < -2) and nonexclusion, (ii) markers with positive lod scores, (iii) the distribution of positive and negative lod scores among the families examined (indication of genetic heterogeneity), (iv) multipoint lod scores, and (v) the availability of PCR markers in regions of interest. The program is continually updated for novel PCR marker information from the literature. The program will help to efficiently monitor and direct the progress of exclusion mapping projects.
Chromosome Mapping↗
An improved algorithm and a computer program for the analysis of capillary gas exchange.
In most models of capillary gas exchange, the binding curves for O2 and CO2 are represented by simple analytical expressions, and the interactions among the haemoglobin ligands are either neglected or are assigned fixed values independent of PO2, PCO2, pH and red cell DPG. We here present algorithms and a computer program in which the binding curves are described in a near-rigorous manner. This enables solution of a set of typical equations for a unit of blood which undergoes gaseous and proton exchange. We have applied the algorithms to the problem of calculating pulmonary blood flow from the gaseous exchange in the lung by the single-breath method of Kim et al. (1966), where the CO2 binding curves of arterial and mixed venous blood are approximated by straight lines. The application of the algorithms shows that this approximation introduces significant errors in the calculated pulmonary blood flow.
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗
A comparative study of the effects of four motor-stimulating agents on canine jejunal spike bursts. The use of a computer program to analyze spike burst spread.
The intestinal myoelectric effects of four motor-stimulating drugs were compared in conscious dogs. Dogs were fed a standardized 400-kcal meal, and the myoelectric activity was monitored before and after drug administration. Graded doses of metoclopramide, cisapride, bethanechol, and cholecystokinin (CCK) were compared by means of a computer program to identify spike bursts and determine their frequency, duration, and length of migration. Bethanechol and CCK produced the greatest increase in myoelectric activity in terms of spike burst frequency and duration but the least in terms of length of spike burst spread. Metoclopramide had minimal measurable myoelectric effects. Cisapride had the greatest effect on the length of spike burst migration but little effect on spike burst frequency and duration. The results suggest that cisapride is a more efficient prokinetic agent than bethanechol, CCK, or metoclopramide. The greater length of spike burst spread caused by cisapride was associated with a more rapid rate of transit along the monitored segment of bowel when compared with control. This confirms the correlation between length of spike burst spread and propulsive efficiency.
Animals↗
Ansig for Windows: an interactive computer program for semiautomatic assignment of protein NMR spectra.
Assignment of NMR spectra is a prerequisite for structure determination of proteins using NMR. The time spent on the assignment is comparatively long compared to that spent on other parts in the protein structure determination process, but it can be shortened by using either interactive or fully automated computer programs. To benefit from the advantages of both types of program we have developed a version of the interactive assignment program ANSIG to include automatized, yet user-supervised, routines. The new program includes tools for (i) semiautomatic sequential assignment, (ii) plotting of distances from PDB structure files directly in NMR spectra and (iii) statistical analysis of distance restraint violations with the possibility to directly zoom to violated NOEs in NOESY spectra.
Databases, Factual↗
Introduction of restriction enzyme sites in protein-coding DNA sequences by site-specific mutagenesis not affecting the amino acid sequence: a computer program.
Structure/function relationship studies of proteins are greatly facilitated by recombinant DNA technology which allows specific amino acid mutations to be made at the DNA sequence level by site-specific mutagenesis employing synthetic oligonucleotides. This technique has been successfully used to alter one or two amino acids in a protein. Replacement of existing DNA sequence coding for several amino acids with new synthetic DNA fragments would be facilitated by the presence of unique restriction enzyme sites in the region of interest. This computer program provides a means of searching the DNA sequence of interest for restriction enzyme sites that could be introduced by site-specific mutagenesis not affecting the amino acid sequence of the protein. Alternately, the program will also allow single amino acid changes to be made.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Procedures and a computer program for the determination of fractional protein synthetic rates by numerical solution of an implicit equation.
Fractional protein synthetic rates may be determined in vivo by infusion with a labelled amino acid and measurements of the specific radioactivities of the free and protein-bound amino acid. The calculation requires the solution of an implicit equation which is usually done by the laborious and inaccurate method of interpolation from a series of standard curves. In this report a BASIC computer program (PROSYN) is given which enables a quick and accurate solution by a numerical method. The basis of several solution methods is described; the PROSYN program is capable of using either of two (bracketting and the secant method) of these procedures.
Animals↗
A computer program for predicting possible cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes based on HLA class I peptide-binding motifs.
Vaccination with peptides recognized by antigen-specific CTLs can prevent lethal virus infections and tumor growth. In order to avoid the synthesis and testing of the numerous overlapping peptide of long AA sequences of proteins of interest, we developed a computer program which utilizes the rules, "motifs" which govern how peptides bind to HLA class I molecules, to derive a predicted binding score for each overlapping peptide. Correlations between the predicted and actual binding results to HLA-A*0201 for 100 peptides selected from six early and two late protein sequences of human papillomavirus type 1a revealed an acceptable level (61%) of concordance. The program is very flexible with regard to the input of protein sequences and motif definitions and is able to handle various motif and peptide lengths.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
MedCalc: a new computer program for medical statistics.
In recent years, the use and abuse of statistics in the medical literature has extensively been reviewed. Amongst others, the importance of the P-value has been challenged and the use of misleading graphics, including 3-dimensional displays, has been criticized. The ease of access to more complex statistical procedures, since the introduction of several statistical software packages for personal computers, has been identified as one of the factors involved in the misuse of statistics. Therefore, we have developed a new computer program that includes those statistical procedures commonly encountered in the medical literature and in statistical textbooks for medical researchers. More complex statistical analyses are not implemented in the software. If researchers with limited statistical training require more sophisticated statistical analyses, they should refer to a statistician, not to a more complete statistical software package.
Computer Graphics↗
[A simplified ultrasonographic measuring technic in combination with a computer program for calculating the power of intraocular lenses].
In the last few years intraocular lens implantations have gained in popularity. In biometry new electronic methods have been introduced. For measuring the axial length by ultrasound we use the Ocuscan DBR 400 ST unit in combination with the digital storage system and an immersion technique. For lens power calculation we have developed a new computer program for a Commodore CBM 4032 using R.D. Binkhorst's formulae. In a series of 50 Kelman S-Flex anterior chamber lenses we found a mean error of +0.250 D and a standard deviation of +/- 0.662 D. Sixty-four percent of predictions were within the +/- 0.5 D range, and in 88% of these patients we predicted within the +/- 1.0 D range. The maximum errors of prediction were -1.0 D and +/- 1.75 D. Using an immersion technique an accurate axial length measurement can be obtained.
Computers↗
Randomization in cancer clinical trials: permutation test and development of a computer program.
When analyzing cancer clinical trial data where the treatment allocation is done using dynamic balancing methods such as the minimization method for balancing the distribution of important prognostic factors in each arm, conservativeness occurs if such a randomization scheme is ignored and a simple unstratified analysis is carried out. In this paper, the above conservativeness is demonstrated by computer simulation, and the development of a computer program that carries out permutation tests of the log-rank statistics for clinical trial data where the allocation is done by the minimization method or a stratified permuted block design is introduced. We are planning to use this program in practice to supplement a usual stratified analysis and model-based methods such as the Cox regression. The most serious problem in cancer clinical trials in Japan is how to carry out the quality control or data management in trials that are initiated and conducted by researchers without support from pharmaceutical companies. In the final section of this paper, one international collaborative work for developing international guidelines on data management in clinical trials of bladder cancer is briefly introduced, and the differences between the system adopted in US/European statistical centers and the Japanese system is described.
Data Collection↗
Expert computer program for the management of laser surgery.
Since 1960 when the first laser was produced, different types of lasers were developed and over one hundred of them are actually used in medicine. These facts makes very difficult for a surgeon to optimally utilize different types of laser in varying surgical circumstances, unless a laser expert is actually participating in the procedure. As this presence is impractical, if not impossible in every case, we are offering a computer program which presents information in a flexible and friendly way; it is self perfecting and greatly expandable.
Humans↗
Extension of Fisher's exact test to 2-by-k contingency tables: a computer program in BASIC.
A randomisation method of analysis for 2 X k contingency table data has been developed. This method, which is based on the fundamental principle of Fisher's exact probability test, gives a more accurate evaluation of the significance probability than does the chi-square test, especially when the sample size is small. A listing from the computer program in BASIC to carry out the 'exact probability test' for analysis of 2 X k contingency table data is available from the authors.
Probability↗
Adaptation of a cardiac monitor for collection of infant sleep data and development of a computer program to categorize infant sleep state.
This article describes the adaptation of a cardiac Holter monitor to more conveniently collect and store infant sleep data. The cardiac monitor was first adapted to connect to a sleep mattress, then refined until readable infant sleep signal data were produced. System data were compared to data collected by a live observer of infant sleep (kappa = 0.84). The IRB-approved testing used newborn infants, conducted with parental consent. Development of a rule-based computer program was designed to categorize the physiologic data into infant sleep wake states. The cardiac monitor was found to be lightweight, portable, battery powered, nonintrusive, and safe for collecting infant sleep data. Preliminary assessment of the validity of the program in scoring infant sleep was compared to hand scored data (kappa = 0.76). Refinement of the system and software program is ongoing and expected to greatly facilitate the study of infant state behavior.
Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
DLW: a computer program for the calculation of total energy expenditure in doubly labeled water (2H218O) studies.
The double labeled water technique for determination of the rate of total energy expenditure in human subjects is based on measurement of the differential rates of disappearance of 2H and 18O from body water following oral administration of 2H218O. Two calculation procedures, the "two-point" and "slope-intercept" methods of calculation have previously been validated for use in humans. We describe here a computer program. DLW, that provides options to calculate doubly labeled water data in each of these accepted ways.
Adult↗