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PubMed1973

Toward the certification of behavior therapists?

The issue of certification of behavior therapists is considered. The existence of potentially measurable performance criteria for behavior therapists suggest that certification is possible. It is argued that steps toward certification will tend to separate experimenter and clinician, and foster separation of behavior modification and therapy from closely related fields of enquiry. Behavior modifiers should work within existing professional organizations to strengthen current licensing and certification procedures, rather than form their own certifying body.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1984

Assessment of medical certificates with a diagnostic outcome method.

This study which focused on the 169 approved certificates for patients applying for the right for "free" medication in a sickness insurance district during one year in Finland shows two interesting findings. These, cannot of course be generalized because of the low number of observations and of doctors involved (total of 17, of whom three had written the majority of the certificates): the strict application of the official criteria to the certificates would have caused 93% of them to be turned down as very deficient, i.e. not qualifying for insurance fund coverage of medication costs, compared with the 33% when using the generally accepted and tested valid criteria. The proportion of the false negatives when using the minimum number of the official criteria would have been 89%. However, all the 169 certificates had been accepted by the sickness insurance board on the advice of the physician member of the board; It was also found that the control of the BP after a treatment period of four months or longer before qualifying for "free" medication was far from adequate according to these data. Indeed, the longer the treatment period the worse the level of control. Although this does not tell anything about the level of control after granting the right for "free" medicines, it raises very serious questions and obviously needs a thorough clarification. If this finding were to be generalised which as yet it is not, it would mean that the whole system of free medication for chronic hypertension became questionable and that urgent measures would be needed to correct this weakness. The problem is of considerable importance from the economic point of view.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Musculoskeletal pain: concepts of disease, illness, and sickness certification in health professionals in Norway.

Concepts of disease, illness (being ill), and criteria for issuing sickness certificate for musculoskeletal pain have been investigated by a postal survey based on case histories. Questionnaires were filled in by 898 individuals; 194 General Practitioners, 76 medical consultants working for the National Insurance Administration, 307 insurance clerks, and a representative sample (N = 321) of the general public. The concepts disease and illness are meaningful and used consistently by medical doctors for infectious disease and somatic problems. Discrepancies between the medical profession representatives and the general public were, in general, attributable to differences in information and knowledge about these somatic conditions. However, for musculoskeletal pain all groups had conceptual problems. In particular, there was a lack of consensus for issuing sickness certificates. For musculoskeletal pain conditions the doctors, as a group, seemed to score at random or 50-50 level for sickness certification. All groups, including medical doctors, were reluctant to accept depression and social problems as diseases, or to accept social problems as reasons for sickness certification. The decision criteria should be identified and systematized in order to establish whether it is possible to reach a consensus for subjective complaints.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2003

[The development of certificates criteria and curriculum in home healthcare nurse specialist program].

PURPOSE: To make a contribution to raising the quality of nursing and home healthcare services through reviewing the present state of home healthcare nurse specialist training institutions and education programs and creating concrete measures to establish high-quality education courses. METHOD: International comparative study of accreditation criteria and curriculum in home healthcare nurse specialist program. RESULT: The Authorization Standards of home healthcare nurse training institutions consists of 8 items, 23 evaluation criteria and 72 evaluation indexes. Proposal to develop a specialist training program: Curriculum. Modify and complement a present homecare nurse education program. Curriculum 1. Designate two forms of certification. The first certification has been granted the authority to serve as a manager and open a home healthcare agency to nurses having masters degrees and clinical experience for five years. The second certification is allowed to perform general home healthcare after having completed a short term training course. Currculum 2. To meet increasing demands, granting a certification to perform home healthcare to registered nurses having clinical experience of more than three years. CONCLUSION: These results can be utilized in the home healthcare educational program for raising the quality of nurses and home healthcare services.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1980

Certification of occupational therapists in the public schools: the Wisconsin experience.

The history of public school certification for occupational and physical therapists is reviewed. The process used to develop the current standards for certification of public school occupational therapists in Wisconsin and the standards that resulted are described. The implications of school certification requirements are discussed in terms of basic professional education in occupational therapy, and recommendations are made regarding the establishment of certification standards for school-based therapists.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Health systems agency and state health planning and development agency reviews; certificate of need programs--PHS. Notice of proposed rulemaking.

The Assistant Secretary for Health, with the approval of the Secretary of Health and Human Services, proposes to amend the regulations governing certificates of need reviews by State health planning and development agencies (State Agencies) and health systems agencies (HSAs). The proposed amendments would accomplish two tasks: (1) Implement amendments to the Public Health Service Act made by the Health Programs Extension Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-538) and the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (Pub. L. 97-35) and (2) reduce Federal regulatory burdens. Under the provisions of Title XV of the Public Health Service Act, the planning agencies are required to administer certificate of need programs consistent with the Secretary's regulations, under which they review and determine the need for proposed capital expenditures, institutional health services and major medical equipment. These regulations set forth proposed changes to the requirements for satisfactory certificate of need programs. Interested persons are invited to submit written comments and recommendations concerning these proposed rules as well as suggestions for alternative methods of implementing any of the provisions of the amendments that affect the requirements for certificate of need programs.

Health Planning Organizations↗

PubMed2003

Environmental certification: a scientific tool for sustainability. Evaluation of possible indicators for the environmental performance evaluation (EPE) of Ravenna province (Italy).

Environmental certification is becoming the main tool for application of sustainable development principles. The European Regulation Emas and the international standard ISO 14001 both require for certification, to perform an environmental management system to prevent environmental impacts and to continuously improve environmental performance. For a good environmental performance evaluation (EPE), certification needs to use scientific methodologies and to interface with scientific research; here we proposed emergy analysis as a valid method for EPE and emergetic environmental performance and condition indicators (EPIs, ECIs) to monitor a territorial system: Ravenna province (Italy). Together with emergy indicators were selected other indicators for a deeper EPE: emitted/adsorbed CO2, energy consumptions, air and water pollution measures. The paper showed that Ravenna system has a good environmental performance and demonstrated how different indicators from the most advanced chemical research (chemical-physical, analytical, etc.) contribute to a complete EPE of a complex territorial system and are useful for environmental certification and sustainable development.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed1992

[3 1/2 years of roentgen certificate].

This study was intended to show the acceptance of the x-ray certificate ("Röntgenpass") by patients since its introduction 3 1/2 years ago. The study revealed that only 24.3% were informed about this certificate, although 69.7% of all patients had already had an x-ray examination during this period. 6.5% of the patients in the study had this certificate. To avoid unnecessary x-ray examinations all radiologists should inform their patients about this certificate and should make it available to interested persons.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Medical certificates for physical education in schools; the situation in Geneva].

The sedentarisation of youth is a major public health issue. Much hope has been placed on school physical education (PE) as a source of regular physical activity and to promote an active life style. A trans-disciplinary group counted the number of medical certificates in secondary school (11339 students), modified the existing excuse form, and generated a debate about PE. In 2000-2001, 15% of students (1688) presented medical certificates: 48% were for >3 months to one year, among which 75% were girls. The proportion of medical certificates varied from school to school (2,3 to 15%). A new form allowing to establish partial incapacity brought a 40% reduction in total medical certificates in 2002-2003.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Stress related injuries of the spine--problems of medical certification in accidental insurance, suggestions of solutions].

The aim of this study is to answer the question: whether it is possible to elaborate and apply in the certification an objective method of evaluation of permanent stress related injuries to the spine considering the impact of degeneration illness? PZU Group caters for about 5000 stress related spinal injuries yearly. Until the year 2001 there had been no standard of medical assessment in these types of injuries. Extreme differences in evaluation of similar cases by various doctors had been found. In 2001 the Medical Department of PZU Group organized 4 medical workshops for 386 doctors. We analyzed the particular case of stress related spinal injury on a following basis:--severity of degenerative illness,--power of the force causing spine overloading. As a summary of these analyses the table, which enables to assess the impact of illness upon complete and permanent impairment to one's health, was created. In the same year we introduced this table for the estimation of stress related spinal injuries for all our clients. In a follow-up study analysis of 329 cases examined in accordance with the above mentioned table concerning the most severe stress related spinal injuries in the years 2002 and 2003 were presented. The result of the research is that currently there are no extreme differences in evaluation of similar cases and in 2001 about 90% of the cases the degree of permanent impairment to one's health for similar cases is comparable. It seems possible to elaborate and to put effectively into certification practice an objective method of stress related spinal injury evaluation which determines the influence of external and pathological causes. In addition, other problems concerning certification of spine injuries were revealed e.g. necessity of making the decision about taking responsibility for conclusions drawn for objective of medical treatment documentation of the insured and not from certificates issued exclusively for insurance needs.

Congresses as Topic↗

PubMed1995

Performance on the athletic training certification examination based on candidates' routes to eligibility.

The National Athletic Trainers' Association Board of Certification initiated a task force whose purpose is to evaluate the criteria that determine eligibility for the athletic training certification examination. Candidates may qualify to take the examination through one of two routes: an academic-based curriculum program or the practical education, work-experience-based internship route. The certification examination is comprised of three sections: a written examination, a written simulation, and a practical examination. We retrospectively examined certification examination scores during a 2-year period to determine whether a significant difference existed between the two groups of candidates. Test results for first-time candidates sitting for one of the nine examinations administered during 1992 and 1993 were extracted from the data base maintained by Columbia Assessment Services, Inc (Raleigh, NC) and grouped according to the candidates' route to eligibility. Curriculum candidates had significantly greater scores than did internship candidates on each of the three parts of the examination. Although the test analysis yields strong statistical power in interpreting these results, examination outcomes may also be influenced by the structure and content of the academic program followed, the quality of the clinical experience, the heterogeneity of each of the routes, and the psychosocial rigors of the examination process.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Predictors of Success on the NATABOC Certification Examination.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree to which a selected number of variables could predict success on the first attempt at the National Athletic Trainers' Association Board of Certification Examination. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data were obtained from the student records of subjects who were enrolled in the same undergraduate athletic training education program for a minimum of two years, maintained a minimum GPA of 2.5 on a 4.0 scale, and had taken the National Athletic Trainers' Association Board of Certification Examination. A telephone survey of the subjects was used to supplement these records. SUBJECTS: Fifty-two subjects (38 male, 14 female) who had been enrolled for a mean of seven semesters (+/-2.57) participated in this study. Subjects maintained a mean overall GPA of 3.27 (+/- 0.39), with an athletic training mean GPA of 3.34 (+/-0.43) and an academic minor mean GPA of 2.91 (+/-0.46). The mean ACT composite score was 18 (+/-4.02). MEASUREMENTS: Subjects sat for the National Athletic Trainers' Association Board of Certification Examination. Examination passing status, rather than subjects' scores on individual sections, was used in the analysis. RESULTS: Analysis using forward multiple linear regression indicated that no single independent variable predicted examination success. However, a strong interrelationship was present between several of the independent variables. Multiple discriminant analysis was used to determine the nature and strength of these interrelationships. A composite set of variables was formed to include overall academic GPA, athletic training GPA, academic minor GPA, ACT composite score, and number of semesters of university enrollment. This composite set explained 42% of the variance in predicting successful completion of the entire examination on the first attempt. The predictive power of the composite set greatly decreased after the first examination attempt. CONCLUSIONS: Academic variables are the strongest predictors of first-time success on the overall National Athletic Trainers' Association Board of Certification Examination and its component sections.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The accuracy of liver cancer as the underlying cause of death on death certificates.

Studies of liver cancer mortality are subject to confusion attributable to the changes in categories by which liver cancer is identified in successive revisions of the International Classification of Diseases. To determine the effects of these changes, diagnoses of 2,388 cases of primary liver cancer in the years 1973-80 were compared to the underlying causes of death recorded on the death certificates, using data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Results showed that only 53 percent of the deaths were attributed on death certificates to primary liver cancer. In a reverse comparison of 2,977 death certificates from the years 1973-85 with an underlying cause of death of primary liver cancer, 83 percent had been diagnosed as liver cancer. However, among the certificates that specified cancer of the liver, not specified as primary or secondary, as the cause of death, only 40 percent had been diagnosed originally as liver cancer. The mortality of liver cancer can be either underestimated or overestimated depending on which disease classification categories are used.

Cause of Death↗

PubMed1989

[Filling out medical certificates (u. f. 086/u)].

The analysis of 1100 health certificates (Form 086/y) received by the selection committee of the Institute of Automated Systems and Radioelectronics showed that only 7.76% of them met the requirements. The rest of health certificates had the following faults: incompetence when determining physical fitness, insufficient data, diagnostic errors, inadequate drawing up of medical documents. It is concluded that such health certificates do not possess complete data on applicants' health status, thus continuity of medical care being distorted. It is proposed to re-establish the point on PT lessons at school in the new form of the health certificate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

[Certification of oral hygiene agents from a microbiological viewpoint].

The authors validate the necessity of hygienic certification including microbiological control of perfumes and cosmetics, to which oral hygiene means belong. They consider that the absence of sanitary regulations for some goods, toothpastes included, is one of the causes, responsible for the absence of a proper sanitary control on the part of State Epidemiological Survey of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the resolution "On Certification of Perfumes and Cosmetics" issued in 1994, Central Research Institute of Stomatology is appointed the central institution responsible for certification of means of oral hygiene, and at present its main task is development of sanitary regulations, standards, methods of investigation, and training of personnel for institutions which are to carry out certification.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A national job analysis of certified diabetes educators by the National Certification Board for Diabetes Educators.

PURPOSE: The job analysis described in this report was conducted by the National Certification Board for Diabetes Educators (NCBDE) to (1) provide a basis for documenting the continuing validity of the certified diabetes educator examination (CDE), (2) define areas that should be assessed in future certification examinations, and (3) ensure that the content of certification examinations is job related. METHODS: A diabetes educator job task list was developed and used to create a job analysis survey. The survey was distributed randomly to 1079 CDEs throughout the United States. RESULTS: Of the 1079 surveys that were distributed, 327 were suitable for analysis, with relevant demographic subgroups adequately represented. An examination matrix and detailed content outline were constructed from the survey data that will be used by the NCBDE to assemble future test forms. CONCLUSIONS: Specifications for the CDE examination were developed that were directly related to the important activities that diabetes educators perform. Future forms of the CDE examination will be matched to job-related, criterion-referenced test specifications and will have strong evidence of content validity. Future forms of the exam will contain 200 items at specified cognitive levels with a representative sampling of tasks within 4 core areas from the detailed content outline.

Certification↗

PubMed1998

Hyaline membrane disease is underreported in a linked birth-infant death certificate database.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the Missouri State Department of Health linked birth-infant death certificate database and medical records with respect to recording hyaline membrane disease in very low-birth-weight infants. METHODS: We reviewed the records for all 976 infants weighing 500 to 1500 g who were born to St. Louis, Mo, residents in 1989, 1991, and 1992. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of the birth certificates and 54% of the medical records documented hyaline membrane disease, resulting in 34% sensitivity and 99% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The Missouri State Department of Health birth-infant death certificate database underestimates the incidence of hyaline membrane disease, which suggest that national statistics for the disease are also underestimated.

Birth Certificates↗

PubMed1999

Why race is differentially classified on U.S. birth and infant death certificates: an examination of two hypotheses.

Among U.S. infants who die within a year of birth, classification of race on birth and death certificates may differ. I investigate two hypotheses: (1) The race of infants of different-race parents is more likely to be differentially classified at birth and death than the race of infants of same-race parents. (2) States with a greater proportion of infant deaths of a given race are less likely to differentially classify infants of that race on birth and death certificates than states with a smaller proportion of infant deaths of that race. Using the Linked Birth/Infant Death data tape for 1983-1985, I assessed the first hypothesis by comparing rates of differential classification for infants with different-race parents and same-race parents. To assess the second hypothesis, I examined the correlations between the proportion of infant deaths of each race in each state and the proportion of infants of that race consistently classified. Differential racial classification on birth and death certificates was more than 31 times as likely with different-race than with same-race parents. The second hypothesis was confirmed for white, black, American Indian, and Japanese infants. As the U.S. population becomes more heterogeneous, attention to these methodologic issues becomes increasingly critical for the measurement and redress of differential racial health status.

Birth Certificates↗