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PubMed1997

Socioeconomic variations in hysterectomy: evidence from a linkage study of the Finnish hospital discharge register and population census.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To explore variations in rates for hysterectomy in relation to social class, education, and family income. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the 1988 Finnish hospital discharge register linked individually to the 1987 population census. SETTING: Finland. PARTICIPANTS: All women living in Finland aged 35 and over were the denominator population. The numerators were the 8663 women who underwent hysterectomy in 1988. MAIN RESULTS: The overall rate for hysterectomy was 63.5/10,000 women aged 35 and over. There was a marked positive correlation between disposable family income and hysterectomy rates even after age, hospital catchment area, education, and occupational status were adjusted for. However, no linear trend for overall hysterectomy rates was observed in relation to social class or education. Procedures due to myomas, accounting for 48% of all hysterectomies, were more frequent among women of high socioeconomic status according to all socioeconomic indicators. Larger proportions of hysterectomies for myoma were also performed in patients in private hospitals and in pay beds in public hospitals than in women in worse off groups. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike the findings in earlier studies from other countries, there was a positive correlation between income and hysterectomy rates as a result of the high numbers of hysterectomies performed to treat myoma in the well off women. The findings are discussed in terms of socioeconomic differences in the use of private gynaecological services, and factors, such as parity and use of hormonal replacement therapy, that affect the growth of myomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Nine generations of a family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and evidence of variable expressivity from census records.

We present a nine generation family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). Evidence of blindness in the early generations, as obtained from census returns and clinical records, and examination of current patients show variable expressivity with a spectrum which ranges from asymptomatic in late life to blindness in the third decade of life. The family is not linked to any of the chromosomal locations so far described in ADRP and further illustrates the heterogeneity of the disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Further results from a census based mortality study of fertiliser manufacturers.

The results of a further follow up of two cohorts of men identified as manufacturers of fertilisers in the 1961 and 1971 censuses of England and Wales are reported. Both cohorts have now been followed up until 1985 through the National Health Service Central Register. In the 1961 cohort the previous findings are replicated--low mortality from all causes, all cancers, and all circulatory diseases, and no evidence of dose response relation nor excess mortality from cancer at any site. In the 1971 cohort there remain more deaths from cancer than expected but none of the observed deaths from individual cancers differs significantly from expectation by comparison with national mortality rates or rates for other employed men. Evidence of an association between cancer mortality and frequency of exposure to nitrate containing dust is strengthened in the reanalysis of the 1971 cohort after longer follow up, but a negative trend, significant for digestive organ cancers, is observed in the analysis by product type in which manufacturers of straight nitrogen and compound fertilisers might have been expected to be most at risk. Failure to find specifically any excess mortality from gastric cancer and the contradictory dose response relations, weigh against the notion that the nonsignificant excesses of cancers in the 1971 cohort are related to nitrate exposure.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1995

Mortality of butchers and cooks identified from the 1961 census of England and Wales.

OBJECTIVES: To explore a suspected hazard of lung cancer in butchers and cooks. METHODS: 4018 male butchers and 2062 male cooks were identified from the 1961 census of England and Wales. 4857 (79.9%) of these men were traced through the National Health Service Central Register, and 3518 deaths were recorded during follow up to the end of 1992. Mortality from lung cancer and other causes was compared with that of the general population by the person-years method. RESULTS: Mortality from all causes was significantly below that of the national population in both butchers (standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.90-0.98) and cooks (SMR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84-0.95). When allowance was made for a latency of 20 years from entry to follow up, the deficit in butchers was reduced, but that in cooks persisted, and was largely explained by a shortfall of deaths from cancer and circulatory disease. Mortality from lung cancer was close to expectation in the butchers (SMR 1.01, 95% CI 0.90-1.13) and below expectation in the cooks (SMR 0.93, 95% CI 0.75-1.13). Cooks had increased mortality from cancers of the oral cavity (SMR 5.57) and pharynx (SMR 2.66). CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide no support for an occupational hazard of lung cancer in either butchers or cooks. The possibility of excess risk in sub-groups of these occupations cannot be discounted. The high rates of oral and pharyngeal cancer in cooks are probably a consequence of high alcohol consumption.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1987

A census of the prevalence of vaginal prolapse in sheep flocks in the Borders region of Scotland.

A postal census of vaginal prolapse in sheep flocks in the Borders region of Scotland yielded 540 replies from 963 owners (56 per cent). There were 262,250 ewes in 976 flocks and 2573 vaginal prolapses were reported. Analysis of the data revealed that 390 (40 per cent) of the flocks had no vaginal prolapses and in 237 (24.3 per cent) the reported prevalence was between 0.1 per cent and 1.0 per cent. Only 63 (6.5 per cent) of flocks had a greater than 5 per cent prevalence of vaginal prolapses. The greatest number of prolapses occurred in an upland flock of greyface ewes mated with Suffolk tups with 50 cases among 700 ewes (7.1 per cent) and the highest prevalence was in an upland Scottish blackface flock of ewes bred with Suffolk tups with 15.2 per cent (35 cases among 230 ewes). There were marked breed differences; very few hill breeds were affected and most cases occurred in greyface ewes mated with Suffolk tups.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Population and troop ranges of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus at Berenty, Madagascar: 1980 census.

The November 1980 census suggests that population size and troop ranges have remained stable since 1972 and in a small area since 1963. This prolongs the apparent stability described by some authors, remarkable in a 200-ha reserve containing a maximum of 300 Lemur catta. However, inadvertent introduction of Lemur fulvus rufus and apparent loss of tamarind trees, as well as general genetic and biogeographic considerations, imply this stability may not continue. Berently underlines the need for long-term, widespread primate research and practical conversation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The relationship of suicide rates to sociodemographic factors in Canadian census divisions.

The correlates of suicide rates were determined by conducting a multivariate study of sociodemographic indicators and suicide rates of 261 Canadian census divisions. Twenty-one sociodemographic variables were entered into a stepwise multiple linear regression to develop a model for suicide rates. The important variables were mortality rate for all causes of death, the age of the population, average family income, population density, proportion with no religious affiliation, proportion of Francophones, unemployment, immigration, proportion of Native people, a regional effect for British Columbia and the north, and growth by mobility, explaining 62% of the observed variation. This spatial ecologic analysis highlights the importance of cultural differences in explaining the variation of suicide rates. The analysis supports the previously found negative relationship between income and suicide while contrasting from previous studies in determining a inverse relationship with unemployment and an inverse relationship with the age distribution.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Counting women's work in the agricultural census of Nepal: a report.

Like many national statistical surveys, the Agricultural Census of Nepal does not reflect the actual contribution of women's work in agriculture. Inadequacies in conceptualization, definition of terms and data gathering methods result in undervaluation and underrepresentation of women's work. This study of 124 Newar households in the Lubhu Village Development Committee, Kathmandu Valley, provides a statistical representation of women's roles in agricultural operations and household activities by assessing the actual extent of their work. After analyzing the gender division of labor, the study concludes that women's work in agriculture and household activities is significantly higher than men's work.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2025

A molecular census to elucidate the demixing mechanism of membraneless organelles.

BACKGROUND: Cells contain membraneless organelles that have been proposed to form via phase separation involving dense networks of multivalent intermolecular interactions. As it is notoriously difficult to experimentally distinguish punctate structures formed by phase separation from those formed by other mechanisms, this issue is controversial. To complement experimental assays, we present a computational by-the-numbers approach to phase separation. We mine publicly available datasets to perform a molecular census of prominent subnuclear organelles in mouse embryonic stem cells: nucleoli, transcriptional condensates, heterochromatin foci, and Polycomb bodies. We estimate copy numbers and intermolecular distances and compare the latter to the Debye length, which is the characteristic distance over which intermolecular interactions typically occur. RESULTS: We find that none of the organelles studied here contain any protein species that shows intermolecular distances below the estimated Debye length if molecules in the organelles are randomly distributed, which disfavors the classical one-component phase separation scenario. Considering multiple species based on databases of phase-separating proteins, we find that nucleoli and transcriptional condensates are compatible with multi-component phase separation driven by proteins and RNAs, while heterochromatin foci and Polycomb bodies are better explained by a model in which proteins bind to chromatin without phase-separating via dense multivalent interaction networks. We also provide an interactive tool that allows testing of alternative multi-component scenarios. CONCLUSION: We introduce a computational by-the-numbers approach to benchmark different demixing models that may explain the assembly of membraneless organelles. Our results suggest that cells use different mechanisms to form subnuclear organelles with different biophysical properties.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Population change in Burma: a comparison of the 1973 and 1983 censuses.

"A comparison of the 1973 and 1983 censuses provides ample evidence of a decline in fertility in Burma [Myanmar]. The proportion of children in the population fell substantially in the ten-year period accompanied by a significant increase in the mean age at marriage as indicated by the higher female...mean age at marriage. An analysis of the regional variations in population density indicates inter-regional movement of population. While there is marked success in the literacy programmes as indicated by the sharp reduction in the prevalence of illiteracy, especially among the females, changes in the industrial and occupational structure of the labour force suggest worsening economic conditions. Under these circumstances, it is surmised that the fall in fertility, without any concerted government policy for inducing such a decline, may be a first-level and benign response of a more literate and hence more informed population to rising aspirations and the inability of the economy to accommodate these aspirations."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Census of hospitalized patients in a psychiatric institution of Rio de Janeiro State: preliminary data].

Rio de Janeiro State has one of the largest networks of psychiatric hospitals in Brazil, one of them the Dr. Eiras Paracambi Hospital (CSDE-P). In late 2000, the current Mental Health Advisory Division of the Rio de Janeiro State Health Department conducted a clinical and psychosocial census of patients hospitalized in the CSDE-P. The hospital population consisted of 1,494 individuals, the majority men (53.4%), single (81.6%), working-age (66.4%), and with limited schooling (only 11.5% with a complete primary education or more). Most had been in hospital for at least two years (77.6%), received visits from relatives (60.5%), but did not have hospital leave (73.8%). The predominant diagnoses were schizophrenia (53.6%) and mental retardation (26.4%). The main therapeutic approach was psychiatric (84.1%). Only 13.3% took part in systematic activities during the day, although 36% were in a condition to do so. CSDE-P is a mega-hospital where most patients have precarious social links, demanding treatment strategies which take this characteristic into account.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Concordance between short-term experiments and long-term censuses in tide pool fishes.

Sixteen years of annual censuses (1990-2005) of an assemblage of tide pool sculpins at Tatoosh Island, Washington, USA, revealed relative constancy in the numbers of recruits and adults. However, the dominant species as a recruit (Clinocottus globiceps) was always replaced numerically as an adult by another species (Oligocottus maculosus). When mechanisms of coexistence were evaluated, little support was found for either a lottery model, because competitive interactions are hierarchical, or a storage-effect model of coexistence, because the relative ranking of recruitment varied little among years and did not covary among species with environmental variables such as ocean temperature, upwelling indices, or an estimator of ocean productivity (oyster condition index). There was also little evidence of niche partitioning based on habitat affinities. Additionally, predation-mediated coexistence had little support, given that the competitive dominant did not have the greatest rates of mortality. Instead, a competition-colonization trade-off may contribute to the coexistence of these species, where C. globiceps always recruits in the greatest numbers, while O. maculosus dominates the adult assemblage via competitive processes. The importance of post-recruitment processes in this assemblage is further suggested by some negative associations among species, the presence of density dependence, some habitat affinities, and previously published experimental work that demonstrated the competitive dominance of O. maculosus over C globiceps.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Self-reported physical activity in a rural county: a New York county health census.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have described physical activity in rural populations. This study describes the frequency, types, and correlates of physical activity in 29,304 free-living adults in a rural county in New York State. METHODS: Self-reported responses about regular physical activity (maintained long enough to work up a sweat) were analyzed from a private household census of Otsego County with an 86.6% response rate. RESULTS: This survey categorized 46.2% of county residents as sedentary. Walking, the most frequent choice of activity (62% of the women, 36% of the men), increased in frequency with age of respondents whereas cycling, jogging, aerobics, team sports, and swimming (listed in rank order of frequency) generally tended to decrease in frequency with age. Farmers demonstrated an increased amount of "sweat activity" compared with persons in most other occupations. CONCLUSIONS: This descriptive study of physical activity in a rural county shows that sedentary lifestyle is of high prevalence. The high frequency of walking and the gender differences in both the levels and choice of activity suggest that further research and public policy recommendations focus on these issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Alcoholism in VA inpatient facilities: some implications of the VA patient census.

The 1977 patient census, conducted by the Veterans Administration in all its inpatient facilities, indicated that 21.1% of the VA patients were diagnosed as alcoholic by their attending physician or professional designee. The highest prevalence was found in VA domiciliaries (27.9%) and the lowest in VA nursing homes (13.5%). VA hospitals fell in between these with a prevalence of 21.2%. The differences in prevalence between these facilities appeared to be due to the different patients being treated in them. Also the majority of patients diagnosed as alcoholic were admitted to VA facilities for alcoholism-related medical problems (84.2%) and were under care for such disorders at the time of the survey (83.1%). As expected from previous research, men had a higher prevalence than women, age groups from 36 to 55 years had a higher prevalence than other age groups, and unmarried patients had a higher prevalence than married ones. Initially there was no overall difference in prevalence across racial, regional, and ethnic groups. However, after controlling for age and marital status, differences emerged across region and ethnicity. For example, the South had a somewhat lower prevalence in the 18-35 and the over 55 age groups. Spanish veterans had a substantially high prevalence in the 18-35 age group for both married and unmarried patients. Based on these and other independent research findings, it was concluded that the prevalence of alcoholism in VA inpatient facilities was probably no higher than expected given the sex, age, and socioeconomic status of its patient population, together with the inclusiveness of VA medical services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Defining drug use: a model for the integration of measures through the census tract.

The nature and severity of drug use has been measured both directly and indirectly by various studies employing different indicators, although the majority of studies still tend to use single measures of drug use. The need to employ multiple measures in examining drug abuse is constrained by the fact that available data may have been collected through diverse methodologies and measured on different levels or units. The purpose of this study was to develop and test in Philadelphia a model using qualitatively different types of data integrated by the common geographic unit of a census tract. The types of data used included: archival data, key informant data, and survey data. Using this approach the paper examines the relationships of drug use measures to each other, to the social environment, and to drug market factors. Major findings of the analysis indicate that there are several independent measures of drug use as reflected in five composite indicators which differentiate behavioral activities or consequences of drug use. Moreover, heroin use indicators exhibit relationships with social-environmental characteristics and drug market factors which are different from those existing with amphetamine or synthetic drug use.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Models for recording age in 1692-1851 Canada: the political-cognitive functions of census statistics.

As a number of recent studies have emphasized, it is relevant to examine official statistics not just merely to assess the accuracy of historical data, but also in their own right, as political-cognitive devices which, by providing a standard to measure things, allow for an agreement regarding their objective existence and, therefore, the possibility to act upon them. In this paper, we focus on the different manners according to which, prior to the modern census era, ages of respondence were classified. Four different models emerge from this analysis, which in each case can be related to a specific political and social context.

Canada↗
PubMed1993

The challenge of operating within staffing budgets on the maternity unit at New England Memorial Hospital despite a fluctuating census.

PROJECT: Improve staffing policies and procedures on the Maternity unit to reduce the chronic practice of exceeding the budget for nursing hours per patient day (NHPPD). Principals: Maternity Service nursing staff and unit secretary. Process Improvement Method: Plan-Do-Check-Act. Timeline: Begun: March 1991. RESULTS reported here: FY 1992 (October 1, 1991-September 30, 1992). KEY FINDINGS: Patient census fluctuated dramatically from shift to shift. To staff the unit during peak times, nurses from other units were floated in, but many lacked sufficient obstetrics training. Conversely, at slack times, OB nurses were floated to other units. All the above factors resulted in nursing dissatisfaction as well as the Maternity unit exceeding its nurse staffing budget by 25 percent. Improvements: Unit-based staffing, which eliminated floating and increased ownership on the unit, was implemented, along with other changes in operations, policies, and procedures. A charge nurse position was created and implemented to coordinate activities between shifts. Staffing policies and procedures were clarified and updated. RESULTS: Nursing hours per patient day are now on budget, and nursing morale is also improved.

Bed Occupancy↗
PubMed1992

Measuring teaching intensity with the resident-to-average daily census ratio.

This article analyzes a change in the measure of teaching intensity when calculating Medicare's indirect medical education (IME) adjustment: It looks at the potential for replacing, in the denominator of the ratio, beds with the average daily census (ADC). Among the findings are: (1) Hospitals with small teaching programs would benefit from this switch more than hospitals with larger programs because of their generally lower occupancy rates, (2) The adjustment formula currently used for the capital prospective payment system (PPS) would alleviate this effect relative to the adjustment formula used for the operating PPS, (3) Although ADC appears to vary more on average, the weighted average rates of change in the resident-to-ADC ratios for a matched group of teaching hospitals are equal to the rates of change for the resident-to-bed ratios.

Bed Occupancy↗