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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Metabolic response to oral challenge of hydrogenated starch hydrolysate versus glucose in diabetes.

Our objective was to determine whether 1) hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSHs), bulking/sweetening agents used in hard candies, produce a diminished postmeal glycemic response relative to glucose in individuals with and without diabetes and 2) any diminished glycemia is secondary to altered carbohydrate absorption. This study followed a randomized double-blind crossover design and was performed in 12 individuals with diabetes (6 non-insulin dependent, 6 insulin dependent) and 6 nondiabetic individuals. Each group consisted of 3 men and 3 women, none with known neuropathy. After an overnight fast, each subject was challenged with 50 g of glucose, HSH 5875 (7% sorbitol/60% maltitol), and HSH 6075 (14% sorbitol/78% hydrogenated maltooligosaccharides)/1.73 m2 of body surface area in random order on 3 successive days. Individuals with diabetes were maintained on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion throughout the study to achieve prechallenge glucose levels between 4.5 and 6.7 mM. For all groups, the order of plasma glucose responses over 5 h postchallenge was glucose greater than HSH 6075 greater than HSH 5875, P less than 0.001 (glucose vs. HSH). Pooled data for all groups for areas under the curve confirmed that HSH 6075 resulted in greater glycemia than HSH 5875 (P less than 0.05). This was reflected in the order of C-peptide responses seen in the nondiabetic and non-insulin-dependent groups (glucose greater than HSH 6075 greater than HSH 5875, P less than 0.001). Breath H2 after glucose was low, whereas HSH 5875 greater than HSH 6075 (P = 0.003). Gastric distress was noticed with all products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Protein deprivation in primates: VI. Food preferences of adult rhesus monkeys maintained on low-protein diets.

Three groups of adult female rhesus monkeys, maintained on low-protein diets (.5 gm, 1 gm, and 2 gm protein per kg body weight, were compared with a control group (4 gm protein per kg body weight) on a food-preference task. Food responsiveness was assessed by presenting 8 small pieces of a certain food, equally spaced about the perimeter of a turntable attached to the home cage, and recording number of pieces taken, number of pieces eaten, and elapsed time for taking all 8 pieces. 21 different foods were used in sequence, 3 each from the following 7 categories: cheese, meat, vegetable, nut, cereal, fruit, and candy. Scores on all 3 measures were highly correlated, and the order of preference was generally the same for all groups. The 2 lowest-protein groups accepted more foods at the lower end of the palatability spectrum than did either the 4-gm or the 2-gm group. There was a tendency for the foods least preferred by the protein-deprived monkeys to be themselves high in protein. Thus, although protein deprivation appears to increase the catholicity of food preference, there is no corresponding increase in the relationship between palatability and protein content.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Protein deprivation in primates: XII. food preferences of juvenile rhesus monkeys.

21 male and 18 female juvenile rhesus monkeys whose mothers' prenatal diets varied according to protein content (either 1-, 2-, or 4-gm protein/kg body weight/day) were given a food-preference task. 20 monkeys were between 3 and 4 yr. old; 19 were between 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 yr. old. For each trial small pieces of the same type food were placed in 8 equally spaced wells about the circumference of a circular tray held outside each monkey's cage. Responsiveness to the 21 natural foods (assorted cheeses, meats, vegetables, nuts, cereals, fruits, and candies) offered 3 times on 3 different occasions was measured by recording number of pieces taken, number eaten, and elapsed time for taking all 8 pieces. All 3 measures were highly correlated. All diet groups exhibited the same general order of preference, males taking and eating more food pieces faster than females. Order of preference was significantly different for old versus young juveniles, with older juveniles' preferences more similar to those of adult female monkeys given the same task. The most notable differences in eating behavior were that younger juveniles played with their food and were less finicky about what they ate. Results suggest that food preferences of juvenile monkeys are not altered as a consequence of their mothers' prenatal protein deprivation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Concrete and verbal reinforcement in creative thinking of disadvantaged cildren.

The effects of verbal and concrete reinforcement on creative thinking were investigated in disadvantaged Israeli seventh-graders (N = 90) in a baseline-treatment design. When compared to a no-incentive condition, both concrete (giving a piece of candy for each response) and verbal reinforcement (giving verbal praise to each response) raised the level of ideational fluency on the abbreviated Wallach and Kogan creativity battery by 114% and 61%, respectively. The high correlations between baseline and incentive creativity scores were interpreted as supporting either cognition or motivation but not exclusively the former as the source of individual differences in creative thinking among these disadvantaged children.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Anticipated reward and time estimation in young Navajo children.

Time estimations of 1-min. intervals using the method of reproduction by 112 Navajo children were measured under neutral and reward conditions in a repeated-measures design. Anticipated reward (a piece of candy) significantly reduced the accuracy of time estimations. In contrast to previous research the girls were more accurate than the boys; however, the effect of reward was more pronounced for girls than for boys. These data suggest that motivating factors play an important role in the reproduction of time by Navajo children.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Effects of deceptive packaging and product involvement on purchase intention: an elaboration likelihood model perspective.

From an Elaboration Likelihood Model perspective, it was hypothesized that postexposure awareness of deceptive packaging claims would have a greater negative effect on scores for purchase intention by consumers lowly involved rather than highly involved with a product (n = 40). Undergraduates who were classified as either highly or lowly (ns = 20 and 20) involved with M&Ms examined either a deceptive or non-deceptive package design for M&Ms candy and were subsequently informed of the deception employed in the packaging before finally rating their intention to purchase. As anticipated, highly deceived subjects who were low in involvement rated intention to purchase lower than their highly involved peers. Overall, the results attest to the robustness of the model and suggest that the model has implications beyond advertising effects and into packaging effects.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anaphylactic deaths in asthmatic patients.

We reviewed seven documented deaths to peanuts and two near deaths. We excluded hearsay undocumented deaths to peanuts. Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies and probably the most common cause of death by food anaphylaxis in the United States. About one-third of peanut-sensitive patients have severe reactions to peanuts. Asthmatics with peanut sensitivity appear more likely to develop fatal reactions probably because of the exquisite sensitivity that asthamatics have to chemical mediators of anaphylaxis. Severe reactions occur within a few minutes of ingestion and these patients must carry preloaded epinephrine syringes, antihistamines, and medic-alert bracelets. Treatment should include repeated doses of epinephrine, antihistamines and corticosteroids as well as availability of oxygen, mechanical methods to open airways, vasopressors, and intravenous fluids. Hidden sources of peanuts such as chili, egg rolls, cookies, candy, and pastry should be recognized and identified. Scratch/prick test to peanuts are highly diagnostic. Peanut is one of the most sensitive food allergens known requiring only a few milligrams to cause a reaction. In some individuals, even contact of peanut with unbroken skin can cause an immediate local reaction. Unfortunately, peanut reaction is not outgrown and remains a life-long threat.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gustatory sweating in the differential diagnosis of food allergy.

Herein reported is a 41-year-old white man with lifelong gustatory sweating over the vertex of the head induced by orange juice, tomatoes, onions, and certain nonchocolate candies and snack foods. IgE RAST and prick tests were negative to those offending foods for which test antigens were available. The types of gustatory sweating and their therapeutic modalities are summarized.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2004

[Determination of synthetic food dyes in food by capillary electrophoresis].

A method for the determination of 12 synthetic food dyes (Amaranth, Erythrosine, Allura Red AC, New Coccine, Phloxine, Rose Bengal, Acid Red, Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow FCF, Fast Green FCF, Brilliant Blue FCF, Indigo Carmine) in food was developed using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with photodiode array detection. The dyes were extracted with water and 0.5% ammonia-ethanol (1:1) mixture, and cleaned up using solid-phase extraction (Sep-Pak Plus tC18). The dyes were eluted with methanol from the cartridge. The dyes were separated by CE on a bubble cell fused-silica capillary (72 cm to the detector, 75 microm i.d.) using 20% acetonitrile in a mixture of 10 mmol/L potassium phosphate, monobasic and 5 mmol/L sodium carbonate (pH 10.0) as the running buffer. Identifications of the dyes were performed on the basis of the migration time and the absorbance spectrum of each peak. The coefficients of variation of the migration times and the peak areas were 0.28-0.62% and 1.84-4.30%, respectively (n = 5). The identification limits using the absorbance spectra of the dyes were 10 microg/mL for Brilliant Blue FCF and Fast Green FCF, and 5 microg/mL for the other 10 dyes. The recoveries of the 12 dyes from pickles, soft drinks and candies at the level of 10 microg/g were 70.0-101.5%. The method was applied to the analysis of dyes in foods. The dyes detected by CE were in agreement with those detected by paper chromatography.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed1989

Obstacle perception by congenitally blind children.

The ability to perceive objects from a distance and navigate without vision depends principally on auditory information. Two experiments were conducted in order to assess this ability in congenitally blind children aged 4 to 12 years who had negligible amounts of visual experience or formal mobility training. In Experiment 1, children walked along a sidewalk toward a target location to get some candy. A box was placed along the path on some trials, and the children were instructed to avoid the box if it was present. The children spent more time in the region just in front of the box than in the region just behind it, indicating that they perceived the box and acted so as to navigate around it. In Experiment 2, children attempted to discriminate whether a nearby disk was on their left or on their right. The children performed at above-chance levels, again indicating distal perception of objects. The results of both experiments suggest that blind children with little or no visual experience or formal training utilize nonvisual information, presumably auditory, to perceive objects. The specific nature of this auditory information requires further investigation, but these findings imply that the underlying perceptual ability does not require experience in spatial vision or deliberate training and intervention.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1994

Learning can be fun with gaming.

Despite the very specific name of this game, the format of "Pancreaticmania" can be readily and inexpensively adapted to accommodate other content areas at various curricular levels. For example, by changing the name, this gaming format could be adapted to teach other medical-surgical content as well as concepts in such specialty areas as psychiatry nursing, maternal-child, or pediatrics. Question categories could be developed based on content and course objectives. Length of play could be adapted to meet specific needs or time constraints. With minor changes in terminology and focus, this game was used as a teaching tool in a diabetic support group. Students, as well as other adult learners, enjoy and gain from the variety that gaming provides. Since the game requires only the use of a die, diabetic candy, and 3 x 5 index cards, the game can easily be used in the classroom or transported to the clinical setting. Any number of students can play the game. However, if a team is too large, the quality of intragroup interaction may diminish. Motivation and enjoyment by the learner should be considered when selecting instructional strategies for teaching nursing. Gaming is an instructional strategy that requires active participation by the learner. Once actively involved in the experience, the student is receptive to learning. Gaming can be used as a tool to link theory to real-life situations through the application of principles and concepts.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Salmonella in sesame seed products.

In the context of an international outbreak of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 that was correlated to the consumption of halvah ("helva," an Asian candy made from sesame seed), we examined several sesame seed products for the occurrence of Salmonella. Of 117 ready-to-eat food items containing sesame, we isolated salmonellae from 11 (9.4%) samples. In addition to finding Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 in the halvah involved in the outbreak, we also isolated different Salmonella Typhimurium strains out of halvah from other manufacturers and countries of origin, as well as Salmonella Offa, Salmonella Tennessee, and Salmonella Poona from sesame paste (tahini) and sesame seed, which is sold for raw consumption in cereals.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1999

[Food preferences of 10- to 14-year-old boys and girls].

To assess their food preferences a list of 114 foods and 14 beverages was submitted to a sample of 696 boys and 537 girls aged 10 to 14 years. For each item subjects had to rare by means of a five-point facial scale how much they liked or disliked it. Items with highest preference ratings were foods like pizza, ice cream, spaghetti, French fries, hamburgers, pudding, corn flakes, potato chips and popcorn, but also included the most common types of fruit. Disliked to a high degree were liver, canned or steamed fish, raw sauerkraut and red cabbage. In food groups derived by factor analysis, fast food, candy and salty snacks (along with fruit) showed highest mean liking, while vegetables (particularly cooked) ranked at the bottom of the scale. In boys significantly stronger preferences were found for food groups such as fast food, meats, cold cuts and fish, whereas girls had a (slightly) higher preference for fruit, vegetables and cheese. Neither children's age nor relative weight were related to their food preferences to a significant degree. Similarly, groups defined by father's educational level did not show important differences in their food preferences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A case-control study of colorectal adenomatous polyps and consumption of foods containing partially hydrogenated oils.

The trans fatty acids produced by partially hydrogenating vegetable oils may cause colorectal neoplasia by interfering with cell membrane function or eicosanoid synthesis. This possibility provides a rationale for looking at the relation between colorectal adenomatous polyps and consumption of foods containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVOs). A total of 516 cases and 551 controls who underwent screening sigmoidoscopy from 1991-1993 were recruited from a prepaid Los Angeles health plan. Subjects were interviewed and given a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Food items containing PHVOs were divided into four groups characterized by principal ingredients and preparation methods: sweetened baked goods, candy bars, oils and condiments, and french fries and chips. After adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, total energy, and red meat and vegetable intake, there was a positive association between polyps and sweetened baked goods [350+ versus <50 kcal/day (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.5)]. No association was found with the other food groups after adjustment for dietary and nondietary covariates. Neither was total dietary trans fatty acid associated with adenomas after adjustment for sweetened baked goods and other covariates. These results do not support the hypothesis that eating foods containing PHVOs increases the risk of colorectal adenomas, but they are consistent with the hypothesis that foods high in fat and sugar and low in fiber and correlated micronutrients increase the risk of adenomas.

Adenomatous Polyps↗
PubMed1999

[Dietary pattern of adolescents in Guipuzcoa].

OBJECTIVE: Multiple international studies demonstrate an imbalance in the dietary pattern of adolescents resulting in a nutritional intake that is inadequate to guarantee the biochemical basis of genetic expression, health and development of the person. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 24 hour survey (five days, weekly, holidays and seasonal rotation) in reference to RDA was given to a population of 2,407 adolescents between 14 and 16 years of age. The population included 1,232 girls (51.2%) and 1,175 boys (48.8%). The sample was determined by simple aleatory sampling (margin of error lower than 2%, level of trust 95%) which was followed by descriptive and analytic statistical processing of the data. RESULTS: There is an excessive intake of lipids, saturated fats and cholesterol in both sexes. The caloric contribution in the form of complex carbohydrates and fiber is insufficient. The average intake of nutrients is sufficient, except for vitamins A and B6, folate, calcium, magnesium and zinc in both sexes and phosphorous and iron in girls. The dietary models of boys and girls present significant differences in nutrients. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary pattern moves away from the balance of the Mediterranean diet and it is characterized by an excessive intake of meat, fats, sugars and candies, refined products and alcohol, as well as an insufficient intake of fruits, fresh vegetables, whole cereals, fish and low-fat dairy products. This results in an excessive intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, as well as an insufficient average intake of vitamins A and B6, folate, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Non-culture based laboratory diagnosis of sepsis].

Blood culture is clearly the most important diagnostic procedure for sepsis. In the majority of cases, however, it yields negative results when bacterial or fungal sepsis is strongly suspected in view of an excellent response to antibacterial or antifungal medication. This is likely because infecting microbes have already been too seriously damaged in the blood stream to grow in culture media. Therefore, various tests have been devised to detect cellular components of pathogens including endotoxin for gram-negative bacteria, (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan for fungi, a non-mannan heat-labile candida antigen, glucronoxylomannan for Cryptococcus neoformans, and galactomannan for Aspergillus. The first two tests are particularly suitable for screening purposes, because, in addition to their high sensitivity and specificity, they cover a wide range of species in each category, though not as widely as blood culture. The candida antigen detectable by Candi-Tec is probably a complex of immune-related proteins, and appears to be a poor indicator in immunocompromised hosts. Glucronoxylomannan has been established as a useful marker of cryptococcosis, whereas galactomannan, though highly specific for aspergillosis, needs a more sensitive detection system to be useful for diagnostic purposes.

Bacteremia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The diet of 13-year-old students in the city of Saragossa].

BACKGROUND: The importance of diet as a cause of different diseases and the possibility of educational involvement during the school-age years leads to it being advisable to ascertain the attitudes of young people with regard to nutrition and their eating habits. METHODS: Cross-section study. A self-test survey was conducted regarding the nutrition-related habits and knowledge on a sample randomly taken from among 543 students from the 1st level school-leaving certificate studies (age 13) in the city of Saragossa, including an assessment of the foods eaten by means of 24-hour recall and a questionnaire regarding how often different foods are eaten weekly. A pilot study was conducted on 50 individuals, with validation by means of personal interviews in 15 cases. RESULTS: A total of 516 questionnaires were analyzed. The subjects were found to possess an average degree of knowledge regarding nutrition-related matters. A total 41.5% of the sample acknowledged advertising having an impact on their diet. A greater diet-related impact was found to exist among the females analyzed. The eating survey revealed a diet consisting of normal calorie intakes, but excessive protein and low carbohydrate intakes, excess fat intake being noted among males. An excessive amount of Meat and meat products and Sweets and candies was noted, contrasting with the low Grain, Fish and Potato intake. CONCLUSIONS: Educational measures must be taken among school-age children with regard to informing them concerning the composition of foods and a correct diet, teaching them to take a critical stance with regard to food advertising. They must be counseled to lessen their intakes of Meats and Sweets and to increase the amount of complex carbohydrates and Fish.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sugar content of commonly eaten snack foods of school children in relation to their dental health status.

Sugar is the principal substrate for micro-organisms causing dental caries. Yet it is impossible to eliminate sugar in the diet as almost all available foods particularly snack foods contain sugar. WHO recommended 10 kg. sugar or 27.40 gms. per person per year in non-fluoridated area and 15 kg. sugar/person year in non-flouridated areas for low caries prevalence. The FFQ and 24-Hour Food recall of 824 rural and urban schoolchildren showed that all their snacks foods are high in sugar except gelatine. Their sugar intake was three times more than the WHO recommendation with a mean daily intake of 90 gms. for urban and 88 grams of sugar for the rural. White sugar, hard candies, raisins, coco jam, and milk choco were the five most commonly eaten snack foods with high sugar content. Oral examination of the schoolchildren showed that dental caries was higher in the urban than in the rural. As a whole, the urban schoolchildren consumed more sugar and had higher dental caries compared to the rural schoolchildren. No significant correlation was found between sugar intake and dental caries.

Adolescent↗