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PubMed2002

Learned perceptual associations influence visuomotor programming under limited conditions: cues as surface patterns.

The present set of three experiments was designed to extend the findings that visuomotor programming can make use of learned size information under some, but not all, conditions. An association was established between the size of square wooden blocks and a perceptual cue in all experiments. In Experiment 1 the perceptual cue to size was a small two-dimensional drawing of a shape affixed to the top of the blocks (e.g. triangle = large; circle = small, or vice versa). In Experiment 2 size and shape were again associated but this time a pattern of two-dimensional shapes covered the visible surface of the blocks. In Experiment 3 block size was associated with the colour of a small circle affixed to the top of the blocks (e.g. red = large; yellow = small, or vice versa). All of the subjects grasped the blocks, and on other trials estimated the size of the blocks by opening their thumb and finger a matching amount. Consistent with previous reports, in all experiments, the learned associations changed the perceived size of two test blocks halfway in size between the large and small blocks: estimations of the test block matched by shape or colour to the group of large objects were smaller than estimations of the test block matched to the group of small objects. The effect appears to result from relative-size comparisons being made between the medium-sized test blocks and the size category (large or small) associated with the matching shape or colour cue. Despite the significant effect of the learned perceptual associations on manual estimations, no effect on grip scaling was seen when the cues associated with size were single small elements centred on the top of the block (Experiment 1 and Experiment 3). Changes in grip scaling corresponded to the change in perceived size only when the cue to size covered the entire block (Experiment 2), forming a surface pattern. These findings suggest that visuomotor programming is more likely to use learned size information when the cue providing the size association covers the visible surface of the target objects, perhaps by acting as a texture that provides reliable information about the target's material and identity.

Association Learning↗

PubMed2006

Differential effects of advance semantic cues on grasping, naming, and manual estimation.

In the three experiments reported here, we systematically investigated when and/or how prior semantic information about a target-object would affect the programming and execution of grasping movements. A name-length association was first created during a practice phase while participants performed one of the three tasks: grasping, naming, or manual estimation of an object's length upon an auditory presentation of its name. In the subsequent test phase, in the majority of trials, these names correctly indicated the upcoming object for a grasping task or a control naming task (Experiment 1A and 1B), and a grasping task or a manual estimation of object length (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a name was occasionally incongruent or a neutral cue (a burst of white noise) was presented instead. Although in the grasping task, semantic cues (both congruent and incongruent) consistently facilitated movement-onset time (indicating a preparatory-set like effect), the impact of these cues on the formation of grasping aperture was less consistent or absent. The experiments also demonstrated that naming and perceptual estimation of object length were affected differently from grasping by the same semantic cues, with the congruent cues facilitating and the incongruent cues slowing down response onset. These findings reinforce and extend the proposal that the transformations of visual and semantic information for perceptually-driven tasks are quite different from the transformations of the same information for the programming and control of object-directed action.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Attentional processing of colour and location cues.

The aim of the present experiment was to investigate attentional processing of colour and location cues using a detection task. Subjects were required to respond to cued corners of a line drawing of a three-dimensional cube. Both cue and target were highlighted in red or green in one corner of the cube. Cues could be valid or invalid with respect to both the colour and location of subsequent targets. Results indicated a significant main effect of location validity, but no main effect of colour validity. Results also indicated that significant colour cueing effects were evident when location cues were invalid. These data also suggested different time courses for the processing of location and colour information. Location validity effects were largest at the shortest interstimulus interval (ISI) and decreased slightly with increasing ISI. In contrast, colour validity effects were absent at the shortest ISI, but thereafter increased with increasing ISI. The results of this experiment indicate that colour cues can be effective even in an inherently spatial task, provided there is sufficient time for the processing of colour information.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The influence of movement cues on intermanual interactions.

In two experiments, we studied intermanual interactions in bimanual reversal movements and bimanual aiming movements. Targets were presented on a monitor or directly on the table on which the movements were produced. Amplitudes for each hand were cued symbolically or spatially either in advance of an imperative signal or simultaneous with it. In contrast to findings of Diedrichsen et al. (Psychological Science, 12, 493-498, 2001), reaction times for different-amplitude movements were longer than for same-amplitude movements both for symbolic and spatial cues presented on the monitor and directly on the table. However, with symbolic cues the effect of the relation between target amplitudes was considerably stronger than with spatial cues, no matter where the cues were presented. Intermanual correlations of amplitudes, movement times, and reaction times were smaller with different than with same target amplitudes, and this modulation was more pronounced when targets and cues were presented on the monitor than when they were presented on the table. The findings are taken to suggest that the basic reaction-time disadvantage of different-amplitude movements results from interference between concurrent processes of amplitude specification. Additional factors like interference between concurrent processes of mapping cues on movement characteristics may add strongly to it.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

The use of experimenter-given cues by South African fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus).

Dogs can use a variety of experimenter-given cues such as pointing, head direction, and eye direction to locate food hidden under one of several containers. Some authors have proposed that this is a result of the domestication process. In this study we tested four captive fur seals in a two alternative object choice task in which subjects had to use one of the following experimenter-given cues to locate the food: (1) the experimenter pointed and gazed at one of the objects, (2) the experimenter pointed at only one of the objects, (3) the experimenter gazed at only one of the objects, (4) the experimenter glanced at only one of the objects, (5) the experimenter pointed and gazed at one of the objects but was sitting closer to one object than to the other, (6) the experimenter pointed only with the index finger at one of the objects, (7) the experimenter presented a replica of one of the objects. The fur seals were able to use cues which involved a fully exposed arm or a head direction, but failed to use glance only, the index finger pointing and the object replica cues. The results showed that a domestication process was not necessary to develop receptive skills to cues given by an experimenter. Instead, we hypothesize that close interactions with humans prior to testing enabled fur seals to uses ome gestural cues without formal training. We also analyzed the behavior of the seals depending on the level of difficulty of the task. Behavioral signs of hesitation increased with task difficulty. This suggests that the fur seals were sensitive to task difficulty.

Animal Communication↗

PubMed2005

Atypical visual orienting to gaze- and arrow-cues in adults with high functioning autism.

The present study investigates visual orienting to directional cues (arrow or eyes) in adults with high functioning autism (n = 19) and age matched controls (n = 19). A choice reaction time paradigm is used in which eye- or arrow direction correctly (congruent) or incorrectly (incongruent) cues target location. In typically developing participants, the visual orienting reflex is longer for eyes than for arrows. Right side cueing, but not left side cueing, induced a congruence effect for eyes, while this effect was evident for right as well as for left side arrow cues. In participants with autism the overall visual orienting reflex was not different between arrows and eyes and no laterality effect was found for eyes cueing. These findings suggest that, instead of a specific Eye Direction Detector persons with autism might have a general 'Symbol Direction Detector'.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Problems eliciting cues in SEIQoL-DW: quality of life areas in small-cell lung cancer patients.

The Schedule of Individual Quality of Life - Direct Weighting (SEIQoL-DW) is an individualized approach in the measurement of quality of life in which patients can choose, value and weight five areas that they consider important for their quality of life. Although a number of studies have reported on the feasibility of the administration of the instrument, little is known about how patients choose and define these five areas, the so-called 'cues'. This article describes problems in the elicitation of cues experienced in a qualitative, exploratory study among small-cell lung cancer patients (n = 31) in the Netherlands. Cues originate from patient-interviewer interaction which is best described as an area of tension between the patient's answers and the instrument instructions. As a result, the interviewer may inadvertently introduce bias while attempting to elicit cues, ultimately affecting patients' SEIQoL-DW measures. In order to prevent possible unnoticed interviewer bias special attention should be paid to the interviewer behaviour. Methods to record the meaning of cues should be considered. More research is needed in order to investigate differences in nominating cues with and without the use of the prompt list.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Motor aspects of cue-related neuronal activity in premotor cortex of the rhesus monkey.

Neurons in the premotor cortex of rhesus monkeys were studied under two conditions: (1) visuospatial cues were given to guide the amplitude, direction, and onset time of forearm movements or (2) physically identical visual cues were given when reward was contingent on withholding movement. Neurons with sustained activity following the cues were preferentially active when the cues triggered a movement. Thus, activity of certain neurons in this cortical field is linked to motor set, i.e. intention to make a movement in response to the cue, rather than the visual cue per se.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Properties of visual cue responses in primate precentral cortex.

Monkeys were trained to perform a visuomotor task involving the alignment of a cursor over a vertical target line on a videomonitor by flexion or extension movements of the wrist. The forelimb area of the contralateral precentral cortex was thoroughly explored during the task. Intracortical microstimulation was employed to classify the forelimb region into wrist flexion--extension and non-wrist flexion--extension populations. Unit recording revealed an initial response to the cue for movement, viz. the appearance of the cursor and target line on the videomonitor, while visual signals not related to the task failed to evoke any response. The mean latency of these visual cue responses was approximately 150 ms. A great majority of the responses (96%) were bidirectional in character, in that they did not correlate with the directional information embedded in the visual cue, nor were they good predictors for the direction or timing of the subsequent movement. They were uniformly distributed in both the wrist and non-wrist regions of the forelimb area; the non-forelimb areas were devoid of the cue response. Further, when the variability of response to the visual cue for the wrist and non-wrist populations was compared, no significant difference was observed. These observations are consistent with an interpretation that the visually triggered cue responses provide a generalized activation over the task-related area of precentral cortex, paving the way for later and more specific activations leading to the execution of the task.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Development of acoustic cue discrimination in children.

Three groups of twelve subjects each, ages four, five and six years, respectively, made same-different judgments on six speech discrimination tests. On each test, a single acoustic cue signaled a phonemic difference in minimal pairs which were otherwise acoustically identical. On three of the tests, the independent variable was a spectral cue and on three others a temporal cue was manipulated. With one exception, all subjects passed tests involving a spectral cue, however, significant developmental differences were apparent on tests in which a temporal cue signaled a phonemic difference. The probable contribution of these cues to the perception of speech in young children is discussed.

Auditory Perception↗

PubMed1981

The efficacy of gestural cueing in dysphasic word-retrieval responses.

The effectiveness of visual--gestural cueing as compared with traditional auditory--verbal cueing was investigated using a time-series design. Eight dysphasic adults equally divided into a control and an experimental group were the subjects for this study. Results indicated no significant improvement in response times after an intensive 2-wk treatment period. Similarly, no single cue was observed to be more effective than others in eliciting dysphasic word-retrieval responses. In contrast, there was a significant difference in the order in which different cues were presented. Findings indicated that regardless of cue type, the cue presented first was the most effective. The present discussion relates current findings to previous observations and reviews implications of the data for language rehabilitation in dysphasia.

Aphasia↗

PubMed1986

The effects of varying cue-load on amnesic and normal cued recall.

The effects of cue-load and cue-type (category and rhyming) on the cued recall of word lists were examined in amnesic and control subjects under conditions where contextual information was either important or superfluous to recall. Results indicated that amnesics were differently impaired compared to controls with increasing levels of cue-load, regardless of cue-type or the importance of contextual information. Amnesics achieved normal recall when cues applied to only one item. The results are interpreted as providing contradictory evidence for the semantic encoding and contextual encoding deficit theories. It is argued that human amnesia may result from a specific, unitary deficit at the cue generation stage of recollection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

The use of phonemic cueing with Alzheimer's disease patients.

Variables influencing responsiveness to phonemic cueing, although studied extensively in the aphasia population, have not been identified in the Alzheimer's disease population. In this study, four variables were analyzed in relation to successfulness of phonemic cueing: severity of dementia, confrontational naming ability, auditory comprehension, and speech fluency. All three language measures showed a significant positive correlation with cueing. Severity of dementia showed a significant inverse correlation with responsiveness to cueing and was the best predictor of successful use of cueing. It was concluded that phonemic cueing aided in label retrieval, problematic in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, prior to significant erosion of semantic meaning.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Spatial distribution of the inhibitory effect of peripheral non-informative cues on simple reaction time to non-fixated visual targets.

It is known that reaction time (RT) for the detection of a light target at extrafoveal locations is lengthened by a previous non-informative light cue at the same location. We describe an additional inhibitory effect from cues remote from the target but occurring within the same lateral or altitudinal visual hemifield. Subjects made a speeded key-press response to the second of two successive light flashes in a pair while maintaining fixation. Each of the two flashes could appear at random in one of four positions, two in the right and two in the left visual fields, or two in the upper and two in the lower visual fields. We found an RT prolongation not only for cued over uncued positions, but also for within-field non-coincident cue-target pairs over between-fields cue-target pairs. The within-field inhibitory effect, though smaller than the same-location effect, was fully apparent even when the target occurred at 1 degree of visual angle from the midline and at 29 degrees from the cue. Both effects were seen with cue-target asynchronies ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 sec. The results are relevant to the understanding of the neural mechanisms for covert shifts of attention across the main meridians of the visual field.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Influence of local environmental olfactory cues on place learning in rats.

The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of local environmental olfactory cues on place learning in rats. We developed a new experimental design allowing the comparison of the use of local olfactory and visual cues in spatial and discrimination learning. We compared the effect of both types of cues on the discrimination of a single food source in an open-field arena. The goal was either in a fixed or in a variable location, and could be indicated by local olfactory and/or visual cues. The local cues enhanced the discrimination of the goal dish, whether it was in a fixed or in a variable location. However, we did not observe any overshadowing of the spatial information by the local olfactory or visual cue. Rats relied primarily on distant visuospatial information to locate the goal, neglecting local information when it was in conflict with the spatial information.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Decortication abolishes place but not cue learning in rats.

The experiments examined whether decorticate rats are able to acquire a place learning strategy, as compared with a cue learning strategy, to successfully navigate from one place to another and whether the hippocampus, in the absence of the neocortex, contributes to successful performance. Decorticate rats, with or without hippocampectomy, were unable to locate an "invisible" platform submerged at a fixed place in a tank of cool water (made opaque by milk), rather they scrabbled at the edges of the tank and failed even to initiate search strategies. They were able to learn to swim directly to the platform if it was visible. Their ability to find the hidden platform was not enhanced by presurgical experience or two-stage ablations with training before and after ablations. When pretrained on the cue task and tested on the place task, they learned to inhibit scrabbling at the tank edges and "search" in a haphazard fashion for the hidden platform, but they never learned to swim directly toward it. When decorticate rats, trained on the cue task, received superior colliculus or basal ganglia removal in a second operation, cue learning was abolished. Hippocampal removal after decortication left performance on the cue task unaffected. The results demonstrate: (1) the integrity of the neocortex is essential for place learning; (2) the brainstem, including superior colliculus and basal ganglia, is sufficient for cue learning; and (3) in the absence of the neocortex the hippocampus plays no role in guiding either type of navigation. It is concluded that sensorimotor subsystems of the forebrain play a special role as detector-response systems for guiding behaviour in response to constellations of distal stimuli, whereas subcortical structures are sufficient for navigation to a single stimulus.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Cue utilization following different forms of encoding in mildly, moderately, and severely demented patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The ability of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) to utilize semantic category cues in order to improve memory performance was examined. Categorizable lists of words or objects were presented under five different encoding conditions: (a) nouns, (b) objects, (c) objects with a semantic orienting question, (d) objects with self-generated motoric acts, and (e) objects with experimenter-instructed motoric acts. Subjects were asked to memorize the items for a free recall test, and were subsequently provided with the category names in a cued recall test. Mildly, moderately, and severely demented AD patients, and a group of normal older adults participated in the study. Results showed that normal older adults and mildly demented AD subjects were able to utilize cues to improve memory performance in all conditions. Moderately demented patients utilized cues in all conditions except in the verbal condition (condition [a]), whereas severely demented patients utilized cues only in the motoric condition (condition [e]). These results suggest that the ability to utilize category cues following a motoric encoding is preserved later in AD than the ability to utilize cues after a semantic encoding.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Event related potentials during covert orientation of visual attention: effects of cue validity and directionality.

Covert orientation of attention was studied in 30 adults who fixated warning cues and pressed a button at target onset. Directional cues (arrows) indicated the most probable (p = 0.8) side of target occurrence. Subjects responded fastest when validly cued, slowest to invalidly cued targets, and at an intermediate rate when the cue (a cross) was not directional. Directional cues took longer to evaluate (increased N1 and P2 latencies) and produced more focussed attention and greater response preparation (enhanced CNV and P3 amplitude) than non-directional cues. These findings indicate that the expectancy of a target can be manipulated by a spatial cue at three levels, sensory, attention, and response preparation, and lead to changes in the sensory perceptual processing of the target. Validly cued targets produced an increase in P1 amplitude reflecting attention enhanced sensory processing whereas invalidly cued targets increased N1 and P3 amplitudes reflecting the re-orientation of attention, and further processing and updating of information required of low probability stimuli respectively. P3 latency to invalidly cued targets was also delayed reflecting the additional processes required to shift attention to a new location. The P3 latency validity effect was smaller than that found for response time suggesting response execution may also be affected by spatial attention.

Aged↗