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PubMed2002

The nutrition transition in Cuba in the nineties: an overview.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyse the changes in diet, physical activity and body composition of the Cuban population during the 1990s and the health implications of these changes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data on national food balance and physical activity are from government agencies and the Ministry of Public Health; nation-wide and local representative surveys were used to analyse body composition and leisure activities. Data on morbidity and mortality are from the Ministry of Public Health. RESULTS: The collapse of the European socialist countries and the Soviet Union, as well as the reinforced United States' blockade, provoked a sudden shortage of fuel, raw materials, imported foods and essential supplies. Per capita energy availability decreased, physical activity increased, and the prevalence of obesity decreased. Nutrition deficiencies were observed in the early 1990s, while the trend of morbidity from non-communicable disease continued to increase. The nutrition transition characteristics following the economic recovery in 1995-1996 resembled those of the 1980s because of the increased food availability, decreased physical activity and increased obesity prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Programmes to deal with the complex situation generated a response in a remarkably short time. Undesirable changes in diet composition and the reduction of physical activity constitute a challenge in the current post-critical stage that must be prevented.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Amino acid levels and ratios in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with optic neuropathy in Cuba.

Twenty-one amino acids were determined in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 12 patients with endemic, and in the cerebrospinal fluid of 22 patients with epidemic optic neuropathy. For the endemic patients, there was a decrease in aspartate and taurine in the serum with respect to controls. The ratios aspartate/taurine and taurine/valine were decreased, and glutamate/taurine was increased in the serum. Some of the altered amino acid ratios indicate preponderance of excitatory to inhibitory molecules. The ratio with valine corresponded to the decrease in taurine and the maintenance of valine concentration, an amino acid related to anthropometric parameters. A typical malnutrition pattern was not observed, as the levels of essential amino acids were not significantly modified. In the cerebrospinal fluid there were increases in aspartate, glutamate and threonine, the first two probably indicating a neurodegenerative disorder or some type of metabolic alteration, primary or secondary to the disease. The increase in threonine could be related to lipid metabolism, but it is not clear at present. A wide variety of amino acid ratios were increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with endemic optic neuropathy, mainly pointing to an excitatory condition and some metabolic alterations. In the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with epidemic optic neuropathy there was an increase in aspartate and glutamate, and increase in glutamate/taurine, glutamate/glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid/glycine ratios. Interesting differences were also observed between patients from different periods of time, but with the same clinical features, and the modifications of amino acid concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid, such as glutamine, threonine and tryptophan. The present results indicate a disorder in the metabolism of amino acids, support a specific deficit, especially for taurine, an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acids, and a possible relation to viral infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Energy and protein concentration of broiler rations in Cuba. 4. Female broilers in the summer].

A total of 1,900 female broilers of the variety White Plymouth Rock was tested with 4 energy concentrations (10.5, 11.5, 12.6 and 13.6 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) and 4 protein concentrations (15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5% CP) in their first 56 days of life in 16 test groups. The animals were kept in cages and were directly exposed to the natural Cuban summer temperatures from their 15th day of life onwards. As every test group was run with 6 repetitions, the results could be variance analytically calculated. In a comparison of male and female broilers in summer one can state that the female animals achieved a lower intake of feed, energy and crude protein as well as a lower live weight than the male animals. In winter the female broilers consumed between 15.7 and 36.4% more feed and achieved a live weight gain between 11.1 and 43% higher than in summer. It could be shown that the maximum live weight of the female broilers could be achieved in summer if rations containing 12.6 MJ metabolizable energy and 20% CP are fed in a one-phase feeding system.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

[The energy and protein concentration of broiler rations in Cuba. 3. Male broilers in the summer].

A total of 1,900 male broilers of the variety White Plymouth Rock was tested with 4 energy concentrations (10.5, 11.5, 12.6 and 13.6 MJ metabolizable energy/kg) and 4 protein concentrations (15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5% CP) in their first 56 days of life in 16 test groups. The animals were kept in cages and were directly exposed to the natural Cuban summer temperatures from their 15th day of life onwards. As every test group was run with 6 repetitions, the results could be variance analytically calculated. In a comparison of the behaviour of the male animals in winter and in summer it can be stated that the animals took in between 3.4 and 25% more feed in winter than in summer. In general, a lower body protein and body fat amount could be found in all test groups in summer compared to that in winter. Feed expenditure and the utilization of energy and protein were not as good as in winter. It could be shown that both maximum live weight and live weight gain can be achieved in the 2nd fattening period in the Cuban summer if rations containing 12.6 MJ metabolizable energy and 20% CP are fed in a one-phase feeding system.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

[Energy and protein concentration of broiler rations in Cuba. 2. Female broilers in winter].

Four energy concentrations (10.5, 11.5, 12.6 and 13.6 MJ ME) and four protein concentrations (15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5% CP) were tested with a total of 1,900 female broilers of the breed White Plymouth Rock in their first 56 days of life in 16 experiment groups. The animals were kept in cages and were directly exposed to the natural Cuban winter temperatures from their 15th day of life. As six repetitions were carried out in every test group, the results could be variance-analytically calculated. In winter the female broilers of the breed White Plymouth showed a lower intake of feed, metabolic energy and crude protein than male animals. They achieved a lower live weight, lower amount of body protein and fat and worse feed, protein and energy utilisation. Possibilities are shown to meet the crude protein and energy requirement in monophase feeding systems with 11.5 MJ ME and 20% CP or with 12.6 MJ ME and 17.5 or 20% CP.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

[The energy requirements of Holstein-Friesian heifers during rearing and pregnancy under the tropical conditions of Cuba. 1. Determination of dry matter and energy assimilation and of the live weight development and energy expenditure].

In an individual feeding experiment with 48 Holstein-Friesian heifers divided into 3 groups, the effect of various energy levels on live weight development and energy expenditure in the age bracket of 97 days (78 kg live weight) to conception (350 kg LW) and from conception to calving (500 kg LW) was investigated. Rations with differing concentrate--roughage ratios were used. The differentiation of energy intake per day between groups 1 and 2 and group 3 amounted to 7.5% in the 1st development period and to 20% between group 1 and groups 2 and 3 in the 2nd development period. There were significant differences in the live weight gain of 95 g/animal and day in the first development period (up to conception) and of 81 g/animal and day in the second period of development (from conception to calving). Under the tropical climatic conditions the energy expenditure in these studies was approximately 10% under the energy expenditure recommended by the NRC (1978). While there was a clear reciprocal relation between energy expenditure and live weight gain in the first period of development, this relation was less distinct in the second period of development.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

[The energy requirements of Holstein-Friesian heifers during rearing and pregnancy under the tropical conditions of Cuba. 2. Generalization of the results and derivation of the energy requirements].

Experimental results of an individual feeding experiment with 48 Holstein-Frisian heifers were generalized with regard to live weight development and energy intake by means of the Janoschek function and the extended e-function resp. The requirement of metabolizable energy was derived from the results of energy intake on dependance on live weight and live weight gain. In comparison with the data of the NRC (1978) a requirement by 10% lower was the result. Due to adding a 10% deficiency supplement at present required under Cuban conditions of production the use of the NRC recommendations (1978) is still justified. Without the addition of the deficiency supplement the results showed good agreement with requirement data of INRA 1978.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

Liver storage iron in normal population of Cuba.

One hundred sixty-one liver specimens from subjects who died acute traumatic deaths were studied. Of these, 127 came from male subjects and 34 from female subjects. The liver storage iron values of subjects in the persent study dying acutely from traumas and the differences found are in agreement with those expected according to the iron physiological needs and the prevalence of anemia reported by this cause in the world. This substantiates that the study of nonheme iron contents in subjects who died acute traumatic deaths is a good method for assessing iron nutritional status in a population. It is interesting to note the significant increase of hepatic storage iron found in men 61 to 70 years old, although it would be important to increase the number of cases to obtain more representative data. Liver storage iron in the Cuban population is not essentially different from that reported in the United States, Sweden, and Australia and the deficiency percentage is one of the lowest in Latin America.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Maternal and infant essential fatty acid status in Havana, Cuba.

BACKGROUND: Adequate intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs) is required for optimal development of the central nervous system and visual acuity in infants. Little information exists regarding the EFA status of vulnerable populations living in Southern regions. OBJECTIVE: We examined the adequacy of EFA status in Cuban breast-feeding mothers and their infants. DESIGN: Blood and breast-milk samples were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of mothers and term infants in Havana at 2 mo postpartum. We determined the fatty acid profiles of total lipids in breast milk, plasma, and erythrocytes and assessed infant visual acuity by using Teller acuity cards. RESULTS: Of the 56 mothers and infants examined, none showed biochemical signs of poor EFA status. Compared with values reported in the literature, mothers had an adequate EFA profile in their breast milk, plasma, and erythrocytes. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in breast milk was 0.43 +/- 0.26% of total fatty acids. It appeared that these breast-fed infants had an adequate dietary supply of DHA, as reflected by the mean plasma and erythrocyte DHA concentrations (2.82 +/- 0.84% and 7.41 +/- 1.16% of total fatty acids, respectively). Infant visual acuity testing showed a mean of 2.00 +/- 0.68 cycles/degree, which is within the normal range of mean binocular acuities for 2-mo-old term infants. The data did not show any relation between EFA concentrations and visual acuity. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that n-3 fatty acid deficiency and potential related deficits in early visual neural development are rare, if they exist at all, in breast-feeding women and their infants in Havana.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The incidence of injuries in young people: II. Log-linear multivariable models for risk factors in a collaborative study in Brazil, Chile, Cuba and Venezuela.

Injuries and accidents are acknowledged as leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adolescents in the developing countries of the world. The Pan American Health Organization sponsored a collaborative study in four selected countries in Latin America to study the extent of the problem as well as to examine the potential risk factors associated with selected non-fatal injuries in the countries. The study subjects were injured children and adolescents (0-19 years of age) presenting at the study hospitals in chosen urban centres, as well as injured that were surveyed in households in the catchment areas of the hospitals. Study methods and descriptive frequency results were presented earlier. In this paper, log-linear multivariate regression models are used to examine the potentiating effects within country of several measured variables on specific types of injuries. The significance of risk factors varied between countries; however, some general patterns emerged. Falls were more likely in younger children, and occurred at home. The main risk factor for home accidents was the age of the child. The education of the head of the household was an important risk factor for the type of injury suffered. The likelihood of traffic accident injury varied with time of day and day of the week, but also was more likely in higher educated households. The results found are consistent with those found in other studies in the developed world and suggest specific areas of concern for health planners to address.

Accidents↗