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PubMed1988

NeuroSIG: the computer network of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.

A sophisticated computer network has been developed specifically for use by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. This network provides a variety of communication and information features. These include public and private message transmission, teleconferencing, numerous data libraries, programs that may be downloaded and executed on the user's own computer, high resolution color graphics image transmission, an extensive neurosurgical database, and extensive on-line "help" features. The system can be accessed using almost any personal computer and a telephone modem.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2003

The maternal-effect gene futile cycle is essential for pronuclear congression and mitotic spindle assembly in the zebrafish zygote.

Embryos have been successfully used for the general study of the cell cycle. Although there are significant differences between the early embryonic and the somatic cell cycle in vertebrates, the existence of specialised factors that play a role during the early cell cycles has remained elusive. We analysed a lethal recessive maternal-effect mutant, futile cycle (fue), isolated in a maternal-effect screen for nuclear division defects in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The pronuclei fail to congress in zygotes derived from homozygous fue mothers. In addition, a defect in the formation of chromosomal microtubules prevents mitotic spindle assembly and thus chromosome segregation in fue zygotes. However, centrosomal functions do not appear to be affected in fue embryos, suggesting this mutant blocks a subset of microtubule functions. Cleavage occurs normally for several divisions resulting in many anucleate cells, thus showing that nuclear- and cell division can be uncoupled genetically. Therefore, we propose that in mitotic spindle assembly chromosome-dependent microtubule nucleation is essential for the coupling of nuclear and cell division.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Bub1 is required for kinetochore localization of BubR1, Cenp-E, Cenp-F and Mad2, and chromosome congression.

During mitosis, the recruitment of spindle-checkpoint-associated proteins to the kinetochore occurs in a defined order. The protein kinase Bub1 localizes to the kinetochore very early during mitosis, followed by Cenp-F, BubR1, Cenp-E and finally Mad2. Using RNA interference, we have investigated whether this order of binding reflects a level of dependency in human somatic cells. Specifically, we show that Bub1 plays a key role in the assembly of checkpoint proteins at the kinetochore, being required for the subsequent localization of Cenp-F, BubR1, Cenp-E and Mad2. In contrast to studies in Xenopus, we also show that BubR1 is not required for kinetochore localization of Bub1. Repression of Bub1 increases the number of cells with lagging chromosomes at metaphase, suggesting that Bub1 plays a role in chromosome congression. However, repression of Bub1 does not appear to compromise spindle checkpoint function either during normal mitosis or in response to spindle damage. This raises the possibility that, in the absence of Bub1, other mechanisms contribute to spindle checkpoint function.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed2004

Drosophila Klp67A is required for proper chromosome congression and segregation during meiosis I.

Drosophila Klp67A belongs to the Kip3 subfamily of Kinesin-type microtubule catastrophe factors. In primary spermatocytes, loss of klp67A leads to defects in karyokinesis and cytokinesis. We show that these cells formed disorganised, bipolar spindles that contained increased numbers of microtubules. The kinetochore fibres were wavy and bent, whereas astral microtubules appeared abnormally robust and formed cortical bundles. Time-lapse studies revealed that during biorientation, the chromosomes in klp67A mutant cells continued to reorient for about twice as long as those in control cells. Metaphase plates were poorly defined in the mutants and often formed at non-equatorial positions. Consistent with the above abnormalities in chromosome congression, we found that in wild-type cells Klp67A associated with prometaphase/metaphase kinetochores before redistributing to the central spindle at anaphase onset. Although the timing of this redistribution of kinetochores argues against a role in anaphase chromosome segregation, dyads in the mutants disjoined but exhibited greatly diminished poleward velocities. They travelled on average at approximately 34% of the velocity of their wild-type counterparts and often decondensed at non-polar locations. Hypomorphic mutations of klp67A may lead to segregation defects.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Microtubule assembly and kinetochore directional instability in vertebrate monopolar spindles: implications for the mechanism of chromosome congression.

We have proposed previously a kinetochore motor-polar ejection model for chromosome congression to the metaphase plate where forces generated at the kinetochore are antagonized by away-from-the pole forces generated within each half-spindle on the chromosome arms. This model was based in large part on observations of the behavior of chromosomes on monopolar spindles. In these cells chromosomes typically become attached to the pole by only one kinetochore fiber. These mono-oriented chromosomes move to positions away from the pole even though they are pulled poleward at their kinetochores. Their arms are also ejected away from the pole when severed from the centromere. Here we have characterized further the properties of monopolar spindles in newt lung epithelial cells to determine the similarities between monopolar and bipolar spindles. We found no significant differences between monopolar and bipolar spindles over the parameters examined, which included: microtubule dynamics as measured by fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching; the ability of polar microtubule arrays to push chromosome arms away from the pole; the dependence of chromosome position relative to the pole on microtubule assembly; the number of kinetochore microtubules per kinetochore; and the directional instability of kinetochore motion during chromosome oscillations poleward and away-from-the-pole. As in bipolar spindles, kinetochore directional instability is characterized by abrupt switching between constant velocity phases of poleward and away-from-the-pole motion. From these data we conclude that the mechanism(s) responsible for chromosome positioning in monopolar spindles are fundamentally the same as those in bipolar spindles; only the geometry of the two spindle forms and the interplay between sister kinetochore directional instabilities are different. We also found no correlation in the kinetochore-to-pole distance with kinetochore microtubule number in monopolar spindles, but a strong qualitative correlation with microtubule density. This finding indicates that oscillations of mono-oriented chromosomes in both monopolar and bipolar spindles occur because chromosomes persist in poleward motion until they reach a density of polar microtubules sufficiently high to promote switching to away-from-the-pole motion. As the kinetochore and chromosome arms move away-from-the-pole, microtubule density decreases and the kinetochore switches to poleward motion, pulling the chromosome arms back into regions of higher microtubule density. The mechanism regulating kinetochore switching between poleward and away-from-the-pole motion is poorly understood, but may depend on tension at the kinetochore generated by pushing forces on the chromosome arms produced by the polar microtubule arrays.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Determination of numbers of lead-exposed U.S. children by areas of the United States: an integrated summary of a report to the U.S. Congress on childhood lead poisoning.

In response to Congressional mandate and under the aegis of the Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), a comprehensive report to Congress on childhood lead poisoning in the United States was prepared. We have examined numbers of lead-exposed U.S. children by socioeconomic/demographic strata for children 0.5 to 5 years of age; by children in U.S. lead-screening programs; and by enumerations of children 0.5 to 5 years old in the oldest (i.e., highest paint lead and lead plumbing) housing. Using blood lead (PbB) prevalence projection modeling and data of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surgery (NHANES II), it is estimated for 1984 that 2.4 million black and white children 0.5 to 5 years old in metropolitan U.S. had PbB levels greater than 15 micrograms/dL. For all races and the entire nation, we estimate 3 to 4 million children will have PbB levels greater than 15 micrograms/dL. Inner-city, low-income children have the highest prevalences of PbB levels above this criterion level, but sizable numbers of all strata of children have elevated PbB levels when considering both base populations and prevalences for the specific strata (total of 30 strata). Lead screening programs indicate much lower numbers of exposed children compared to NHANES II-based projections, for various reasons that allow programs to underestimate true prevalences. Analysis of 1980 U.S. Census Bureau housing data for 318 standard metropolitan statistical areas show that 4.4 million children 0.5 to 5 years old live in the oldest U.S. housing (pre-1950). Of these, most are actually in the more affluent socioeconomic strata.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1984

A bibliographic guide to government hearings and reports, legislative action, and speeches made in the house and senate of the United States Congress on the subject of homosexuality.

A thorough search was made of United States Federal Government publications in an effort to uncover government interest and action on homosexuality in the United States. No references were found prior to 1920 to government publications that refer to homosexuality. Since that time there has been sporadic interest in the subject, and from 1975 onwards it has been raised in Congress every year. There have been many hearings and reports that deal with the subject both directly and indirectly. Besides the bibliographic entries that follow, sources of information are listed and some annotation and discussion of the documents are included.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Bladder disease: A report based on the smooth muscle function in health and disease satellite meeting to the International Congress of Physiology.

One of the satellite meetings to the International Congress of Physiological Sciences concerned smooth muscle function in health and disease. In this report I have highlighted one of the areas of disease that were discussed: namely, bladder disease. In the treatment of unstable bladder, antimuscarinic agents are effective but cause unacceptable side effects. Thus, in order to prevent the side effects, new antimuscarinic agents are being prepared that show selectivity for the bladder and new methods for local delivery of antimuscarinics to the bladder are being developed. Potential new targets for the unstable bladder include P2X receptors and the nerve growth factor pathway. In detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia, there is evidence to support a clinical trial of nitric oxide donors. The unpleasant and painful condition of interstitial cystitis has, to date, proven difficult to treat. Preliminary clinical data suggests that the leukotriene D(4) receptor antagonist montelukast may be useful in the treatment of IC. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Using models in cardiovascular research: report on the satellite meeting to the International Congress of Physiological Sciences, Models in Cardiovascular Research.

Humans have used animals for centuries to understand their own biology. From September 2-4, 2001, scientists from around the world converged on Brisbane, in Australia, to discuss the use of animal models in cardiovascular research at a satellite meeting to the 34th International Congress of Physiological Sciences (August 26-September 1, 2001, Christchurch, New Zealand). The appropriateness of each model to the human disease was a major consideration. Other themes were the use of models to understand pathological processes, and to determine potential new targets for pharmacological intervention.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

2nd Sino-European Congress of Laboratory Medicine--strategies for laboratory diagnostics in medicine.

During the 2nd Sino-European Congress in Shanghai in April 2001 the aim of the presentation was an overview on strategies and systems of laboratory diagnostic work. The main focus was to define the prerequisites and the different approaches in the diagnostic work in patients' treatment. In this paper, besides the area of emergency medicine with definition of vital functions and the routine work in deciding between healthy and ill individuals and in the control of therapy, the different aspects in the field of research and teaching are specified. Some aspects of workflow definition and optimization are discussed.

China↗
PubMed2000

Towards an international dialogue. North American reflections on the Santiago Congress.

In this brief reflection on the Santiago Congress, an attempt is made to clarify some of our difficulties in international dialogue. The fantasy persists that there is only one psychoanalytic mother tongue; alongside is the wish that European, Latin American and North American approaches might be integrated. Is such integration possible or desirable? In making clinical observations are we all looking at the same phenomena and putting them into different words, or are our observations irreconcilable? It is suggested that common ground might exist more readily on some levels of abstraction than on others and that North American conceptualisations might coexist with European and Latin American conceptualisations on separate levels of abstraction. An argument is made for a reconsideration of quantitative and energic factors, especially in the realm of affect and representation, and a reintegration of such notions into structural theory. Because the tight linkage we habitually draw between theory and practice may not accurately reflect the analyst's mind at work, we cannot study too frequently the details of the clinical hour, including what we observe ourselves thinking and doing.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

6th World Congress on Inflammation.

The 6th World Congress on Inflammation was held in the Vancouver Convention and Exhibition Center. This biennial meeting was organised by the Inflammation Research Association (USA) and Triangle 3 Ltd (UK), under the auspices of the International Association of Inflammation Societies. This meeting aimed to promote international cooperation amongst inflammation scientists and provide a communication network for various inflammation societies from around the world. The conference covered the most up-to-date concepts in inflammation, new drugs and treatments, and advances in cell biology. However, there were some topics which were either novel to many attendees or which provided links to a number of presentations, thus underlining their importance. The following is by no means an exhaustive review, but merely reflects the authors' interests.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The 15th International Society of Aerosols in Medicine Congress. Perth, Australia, 14-18 March 2005.

This international meeting brought together approximately 250 delegates from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, hospitals and government agencies, to discuss the latest research and development on areas related to inhalation aerosols. Fundamental science and applied research encompassing both the biological and physicochemical aspects were presented. There was a wide range of topics covered, from immune modulation to pharmaceutical regulatory issues, including aerosol clearance; industry innovations; aerosols and in utero effects; technical advances in imaging; inhalation catastrophes; as well as recent advances and future directions in aerosol delivery systems. This biennial congress has provided an excellent forum for stimulating fruitful discussion of aerosols in medicine.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1996

[The discussion on induced abortion in the Brazilian Congress: the role of the women's movement]

Induced abortion has been discussed in Brazil for many years without producing changes in the Penal Code in force since 1940 and according to which it is illegal and a crime against life. There are only two circumstances in which induced abortion is allowed: when there is no other recourse for saving the pregnant woman' life, and when the pregnancy resulted from rape and the abortion is preceded by the woman's informed consent. The purpose of this article is to show how the abortion problem has been dealt with under executive and legislative policies, focusing especially on discussion in Congress considering the role of organized women's groups. The study focuses on the legislative debate on induced abortion and how it was preceded, accompanied, and followed by actions by the women's groups. Other political and social actors involved in the debate, such as the Catholic Church, sectors of the medical community, and protestant religions are mentioned.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

A half century of scalloping in the work habits of the United States Congress.

It has been suggested that the work environment of the United States Congress bears similarity to a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. Consistent with this notion, Weisberg and Waldrop (1972) described a positively accelerating pattern in annual congressional bill production (selected years from 1947 to 1968) that is reminiscent of the scalloped response pattern often attributed to fixed-interval schedules, but their analysis is now dated and does not bear on the functional relations that might yield scalloping. The present study described annual congressional bill production over a period of 52 years and empirically evaluated predictions derived from four hypotheses about the mechanisms that underlie scalloping. Scalloping occurred reliably in every year. The data supported several predictions about congressional productivity based on fixed-interval schedule performance, but did not consistently support any of three alternative accounts. These findings argue for the external validity of schedule-controlled operant behavior as measured in the laboratory. The present analysis also illustrates a largely overlooked role for applied behavior analysis: that of shedding light on the functional properties of behavior in uncontrolled settings of considerable interest to the public.

Efficiency↗
PubMed1993

Effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) medication during pregnancy: report from a symposium at the 10th international congress of ISPOG.

This article is a report based on presentations at the symposium Effects of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Medication during Pregnancy at the conference Reproductive Life, 10th International Congress of The International Society of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ISPOG) in Stockholm, Sweden June 14-17, 1992. The objective of this symposium, chaired by Eylard van Hall and Ingar Palmlund, was to provide the basis for a discussion of how the risks of DES had been evaluated in different countries. In the general discussion following the presentations everybody present expressed concerns that DES might still be given to pregnant women in many parts of the world, called for measures to alert medical professionals world-wide to the hazards of the use of DES, and requested measures to effect an international ban of DES in medication for pregnant women.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2004

What we research: survey of American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons member publications.

OBJECT: The goal of this study was to create a searchable database of research manuscripts authored by members of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (AANS/CNS) to describe the nature and character of the research currently being undertaken by neurosurgeons. METHODS: Manuscripts published by all physician members listed in the 2001 AANS/CNS Membership Directory (6921 physicians) were gathered into a database through individual literature searches of the author name for the calendar year 2001. Duplicate publications were purged and the database was reviewed for accuracy. An internal verification of the database revealed a 4% underreporting rate. Statistics from the database were compiled and displayed with information about AANS/CNS members and their clinical activities. The AANS/CNS members published a total of 2748 research the manuscripts in 479 different journals during 2001. Thirty-eight percent of the manuscripts (1042 of 2748) were authored by US members and 62% (1706 of 2748) by non-US members. The focus of the majority of manuscripts included the areas of brain tumor (26%; 707 of 2748), vascular disease (20%; 558 of 2748), spine (10%; 282 of 2748), and trauma (8%; 233 of 2748). Sixty-nine percent of manuscripts (1897 of 2748) were retrospective and technical clinical studies, and of these 39% (744 of 1897) were case reports. Laboratory investigations made up 15% (414 of 2748) of all manuscripts, whereas prospective randomized clinical trials represented 1% (34 of 2748). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of AANS/CNS member manuscripts are authored by non-US members despite their small AANS/CNS representation. Most research is clinical, based on retrospective data, and includes a large number of case reports. A disparity exists between what neurosurgeons do clinically and both the quantity and subject of their research.

Authorship↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oncology nurses' use of the Internet for continuing education: a survey of Oncology Nursing Society Congress attendees.

A publication and continuing education company conducted a survey at the 23rd Annual Oncology Nursing Society Congress to determine whether nurses are using the Internet and, if so, for what purposes. Survey results revealed that oncology nurses are using the Internet for a variety of educational purposes, which include drug information, literature searches, academic information, continuing education, and patient education. Continuing education providers should continue to pursue the Internet as a means of meeting the needs of oncology nurses for quick, up-to-date information in their field. There is a need for further documentation on the use of the Internet by nurses for continuing education, including topics and program formats that would be most beneficial.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗