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PubMed2003

Report from the CDC. Telephone focus groups: an emerging method in public health research.

BACKGROUND: The focus group is a widely used qualitative method in public health research. Typically, focus groups involve face-to-face interaction, although focus groups have also been conducted via telephone conference calls. METHODS: The indexed medical and social sciences literature was reviewed to assess what is empirically known about the telephone focus group method and how this method has been used to explore health topics. RESULTS: Thirteen studies reported in 16 publications were found that used telephone focus groups. Of the 13 studies, 12 investigated health topics, and none explored any methodological issues. Some health studies used the telephone focus group method exclusively, whereas others used it in conjunction with additional methods. The studies involved a variety of lay and professional populations in six countries and explored a range of topics. Several of the studies included participants from a wide geographic area, such as across the entire United States. Two rationales for using the telephone focus group method were reported: assembling geographically disparate participants and increasing participant anonymity by eliminating visual contact. CONCLUSIONS: Health researchers appear to be the primary users of the telephone focus group method for academic research. The telephone focus group method may be especially useful in health studies involving populations that do not have adequate representation in any single region and studies investigating sensitive topics. Methods studies are needed to compare the group dynamics of telephone and in-person focus groups and determine the most appropriate size and duration for telephone focus groups.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2003

Observations from the CDC: Monitoring women's health in the United States: selected chronic disease indicators, 1991-2001 BRFSS.

OBJECTIVES: This analysis considers factors that underlie the leading causes of death and disability for adult women in the United States and changes in those factors over the previous decade. METHODS: 1991-2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data are used to review changes over the decade in the most important indicators of women's health. Estimates are weighted by demographic characteristics and selection probabilities. Sample sizes ranged from 50,875 women in 1991 to 121,456 in 2001. RESULTS: State-level maps show dramatic changes in obesity prevalence over the previous decade. Obesity prevalence increased to 21.5% in 2001 from 12.4% in 1991. Reports of exercise, never smoking, and binge drinking remained essentially level. The percentage of women who currently smoke cigarettes declined slightly but significantly. Reports of ever being told they had high blood pressure increased significantly for women aged > or =65 years. There was a significant and substantial change in the percentage of women aged > or =40 who reported having a mammogram in the past 2 years (62.7% in 1991, 76.2% in 2001). CONCLUSIONS: Findings show that we are at a critical juncture in public health. Some changes are stunning (e.g., rising obesity), others remain stubbornly static (e.g., smoking), and still others demonstrate positive trends (e.g., mammogram screening). The increase in obesity foretells similar future increases in obesity-related chronic conditions unless public health efforts can stem the tide. It is imperative that effective strategies to change behavior are developed, especially those that are women focused, to improve quality and length of life.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Report from the CDC. Awareness of perinatal group B streptococcal infection among women of childbearing age in the United States, 1999 and 2002.

BACKGROUND: The issuance in 2002 of new guidelines recommending universal screening for group B Streptococcus (GBS), a leading cause of neonatal sepsis in the United States, has created a new opportunity to educate women of childbearing age to be active partners in prevention. METHODS: To assess baseline levels of awareness about perinatal GBS, we analyzed responses to a question included in a health communications/social marketing survey in 1999 and 2002. RESULTS: Among the 2917 women under 50 who responded, 47% reported ever having heard of perinatal GBS. Among women pregnant at the time of the survey, awareness was 66%. Women with a high school education or less (OR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.50-0.73), household income <25,000 US dollars (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.54-0.79), or reporting black, Asian/Pacific Islander, or other race (ORs [95% CI] 0.70 [0.57-0.87], 0.61 [0.41-0.90], 0.41 [0.20-0.85], respectively) had lower awareness of perinatal GBS than other women. Women currently pregnant (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-3.3) had higher awareness. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of perinatal GBS is high among currently pregnant women, for whom this issue is most important. Efforts to raise awareness should be targeted to women from traditionally underserved populations, such as those who are of nonwhite race or who have lower educational attainment or household income.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Approaching the CDC's guidelines on the HIV testing of inpatients: physician-referral versus nonreferral-based testing.

Despite ongoing evidence that one quarter of HIV-infected people in the United States are unaware of their infection, widespread implementation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 1993 recommendations regarding routine inpatient HIV testing has not occurred. This study compares two HIV testing strategies: the initial phase of inpatient HIV testing (1999-2001) utilized a physician-referral-based system. The second phase (2001-2003) included the first 2 years' experience with having trained HIV counselors directly approach inpatients regarding their willingness to undergo voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) without physician referral. This latter phase was prompted by a patient attitude survey demonstrating favorable responses to unsolicited approaches by staff regarding HIV testing. Barriers to implementing the latter strategy are discussed and initial experience with rapid HIV testing on this service is also presented. Referral-based testing yielded 2.3 patient referrals (6.4% of total admissions) resulting in 1.2 HIV tests and 0.7 counseling only sessions per day. Nonreferral based testing resulted 6.2 HIV tests and another 3.0 counseling-only sessions per day. HIV VCT on an inpatient service is feasible but challenging. Most patients respond favorably to being approached for VCT. Routinely offering HIV tests to inpatients yields higher testing rates than physician referral-based systems and increases the number of patients who know their HIV status. Recommendations for implementing routing HIV testing on an inpatient service are made.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗