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PubMed2004

An expanding genetic code.

More than 30 novel amino acids have been genetically encoded in response to unique triplet and quadruplet codons including fluorescent, photoreactive and redox active amino acids, glycosylated and heavy atom derived amino acids in addition to those with keto, azido and acetylenic chains. In this article, we describe recent advances that make it possible to add new building blocks systematically to the genetic codes of bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells. Taken together these tools will enable the detailed investigation of protein structure and function, which is not possible with conventional mutagenesis. Moreover, by lifting the constraints of the existing 20-amino-acid code, it should be possible to generate proteins and perhaps entire organisms with new or enhanced properties.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

[Localization of initiating codons in RNA prokaryotes messengers by learning technics].

Learning processes are applied to the recognition of protein coding regions in prokaryotes. Non-contradictory, statistical rules are deduced from a set of known examples of coding regions. These rules allow us to build characteristic patterns on the m-RNA upstream the initiating codon. These rules are applied to recognize more than 180 coding sequences.

Cell Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Efficiencies of genes and accuracy of tree-building methods in recovering a known Drosophila genealogy.

Phylogenetic hypotheses generated from seven Drosophila mitochondrial genomes support a well-corroborated genealogy with a single evolutionary history. These mitochondrial data form a model system for investigating the efficiency of genes and accuracy of different tree-building methods in recovering a well-supported genealogy. We consider 15 genes (13 protein-coding and 2 rRNAs) and 83 tree-building methods (27 distance, 4 parsimony, 50 maximum likelihood, and 2 Bayesian). Among the 15 genes examined, ND4 recovered the true genealogy most efficiently (82 out of 83 methods). Generally, maximum likelihood models enforcing a clock most accurately reclaim the true genealogy. Surprisingly, however, this method fails to recover the well-supported topology for more than half of the genes. Additional studies are required to test the generality of the results presented here.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Promoting personal safety of building service workers: issues and challenges.

This exploratory, descriptive study conducted at a large western Canadian university solicited perceptions of personal safety among building service workers who perform night shift work alone. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted at approximately 10:00 p.m. or 7:00 a.m with a convenience sample of night building service workers in private or semi-private locations on the university campus. Transcribed interview data were subjected to inductive content analysis using descriptive, interpretive, and pattern coding (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Results suggest that building service night shift workers are exposed to personal safety hazards in their physical and psychosocial work environments. In addition, culturally and linguistically appropriate delivery of safety training and education about policies and procedures is required for culturally diverse building service workers. Promotion of personal safety in this heterogeneous worker population requires due diligence, assessment, and advocacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Protein evolution drives the evolution of the genetic code and vice versa.

A model for the developmental pathway of the genetic code, grounded on group theory and the thermodynamics of codon-anticodon interaction is presented. At variance with previous models, it takes into account not only the optimization with respect to amino acid attributes but, also physicochemical constraints and initial conditions. A 'simple-first' rule is introduced after ranking the amino acids with respect to two current measures of chemical complexity. It is shown that a primeval code of only seven amino acids is enough to build functional proteins. It is assumed that these proteins drive the further expansion of the code. The proposed primeval code is compared with surrogate codes randomly generated and with another proposal for primeval code found in the literature. The departures from the 'universal' code, observed in many organisms and cellular compartments, fit naturally in the proposed evolutionary scheme. A strong correlation is found between, on one side, the two classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and on the other, the amino acids grouped by end-atom-type and by codon type. An inverse of Davydov's rules, to associate the amino acid end atoms (O/N and non-O/non-N) of 18 amino acids with codons containing a weak base (A/U), extended to the 20 amino acids, is derived.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

A frame-based representation of ICD-10.

UNLABELLED: Physicians are required to code information concerning a patient's stay in order to measure the medical activity in hospitals. They use the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Coding is usually performed manually and computerized tools may be useful in speeding up and facilitating the tedious task of coding patient information. The aim of this work is to build a surface semantic model of ICD-10 in order to ameliorate a coding help system. METHODS: This work was focused on chapter XI of the ICD-10, Diseases of the Digestive System. Each term from both analytical and alphabetical indexes about this chapter were submitted to a morphological analysis in order to extract the medical concepts within. After a statistical analysis of these concepts and the way they connect themselves, a semantic model based on a "semantic frame" approach was built. RESULTS: Although this model could represent a reasonable amount of medical knowledge within chapter XI of the ICD-10 in a quite satisfactory way, it shows lack of efficiency for some other chapters. CONCLUSION: Difficulties have to be overcome when modelling a classification meant for manual utilisation, and a lot of work still has to be done to obtain an effective coding help system using the ICD-10.

Forms and Records Control↗
PubMed2003

Bar-coded medication administration (BCMA) systems. Future promise, present challenges.

One popular new method for building safeguards into the medication administration process is the use of a bar-coded medication administration (BCMA) system. Clinician use the system's bar-code scanner to scan labels on the medication packaging and on the patient's identification wristband. In this way, the system verifies that administered medications match provider orders at the point of care. BCMA systems have received a lot of media attention and manufacturer promotion. However, they aren't yet a practical option for most hospitals. Although they offer great potential to help prevent administration errors, current systems have significant limitations. To realize maximum patient safety benefit, an ideal BCMA system should be capable of both point-of-care medication verification and automatic programming of infusion pumps. No current system offers both capabilities. In this article, we discuss these and other limitations and list objectives that need to be met to make commercial BCMA systems successful. We also give advice to help hospitals reduce medication error now and prepare for future implementation of integrated BCMA systems.

Drug Packaging↗
PubMed2000

The tertiary structure at 1.59 A resolution and the proposed amino acid sequence of a family-11 xylanase from the thermophilic fungus Paecilomyces varioti bainier.

We report the crystal structure at 1.59 A and the proposed amino acid sequence of an endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (PVX) from the thermophilic fungus Paecilomyces varioti Bainier (PvB), stable up to 75 degrees C. This fungus is attracting clinical attention as a pathogen causing post-surgical infections. Its xylanase, known as a skin-contact allergen, is the first protein from this fungus whose three-dimensional structure has been elucidated. The crystals of PVX conform to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1 )with a=38.76 A, b=54.06 A and c=90.06 A. The structure was solved by molecular replacement techniques using polyalanine coordinates of the Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase (PDB code 1YNA) and a careful model building based on the amino acid sequence known for two trypsin-digested peptide fragments (17 residues), the sequence and structural alignment of family-11 xylanases and electron density maps. The final refined model has 194 amino acid residues and 128 water molecules, with a crystallographic R-factor of 19.07 % and a free R-factor of 21.94 %. The structure belongs to an all-beta fold, with two curved beta-sheets, forming the cylindrical active-site cleft, and a lone alpha-helix, as present in other family-11 xylanases. We have carried out a quantitative comparison of the structure and sequence of the present thermophilic xylanase (PVX) with other available native structures of mesophiles and thermophiles, the first such detailed analysis to be carried out on family-11 xylanases. The analysis provides a basis for the rationalisation of the idea that the "hinge" region is made more compact in thermophiles by the addition of a disulphide bridge between Cys110 and Cys154 and a N-H.O hydrogen bond between Trp159 near the extremity of the lone alpha-helix and Trp138 on beta-strand B8. This work brings out explicitly the presence of the C-H.O and the C-H.pi type interactions in these enzymes. A complete description of structural stability of these enzymes needs to take account of these weaker interactions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Combinatorial lead optimization of a neuropeptide FF antagonist.

The tripeptide Pro-Gln-Arg-NH2, derivatized at the secondary amino group of the proline residue with 5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl (dansyl-PQR-NH2), antagonizes the central anti-opioid action of neuropeptide FF in animals after systemic administration and, therefore, is a therapeutic lead to treat opiate withdrawal. For a combinatorial optimization to improve potency, libraries focused on the possible replacement of the proline and glutamine residues of this lead compound were obtained by a solid-phase split-and-mix method using coded amino acids (excluding cysteine) as building blocks. After screening for competitive binding against a radioiodinated neuropeptide FF analogue, 5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl-Gly-Ser-Arg-NH2 (dansyl-GSR-NH2) has emerged as one of the compounds in the library with high affinity to the NPFF receptor and even with a moderate increase compared to dansyl-PQR-NH2 in its predicted ability to penetrate the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Beyond multidisciplinary care: a new conceptual model for spina bifida services.

Medical care for people who are born with spina bifida (myelodysplasia) is complex and challenging, but the goal of such care is to optimize health and function for people with this condition. Despite years of expert agreement that multidisciplinary care is the medical standard for individuals with spina bifida, this model does not seem to go far enough towards accomplishing the goal of improved function as well as health for all people with spina bifida. Advances in the medical and surgical management of people with spina bifida and society's increased desire to include those with disabilities in family and community life has heightened our expectations for functional/participatory improvement for people with this condition. Some large spina bifida programs have added a separate rehabilitation component to the comprehensive package of services offered to people with spina bifida. The problem with adding further services to the traditional multidisciplinary spina bifida program is the increased complexity and potential for fragmentation that it presents, particularly for the patient and family. We performed a MEDLINE literature search to find information on integrating these services. Although several articles address the importance of either the multidisciplinary spina bifida clinic or a rehabilitation approach, there is little information about integration of medical and rehabilitation services. We propose a new model for spina bifida services throughout the lifespan that integrates the medical and functional/rehabilitative perspectives. Our model for conceptualizing spina bifida services builds on the WHO framework for coding disability (ICIDH-2). This framework includes not only health and functional perspectives, but a participation dimension as well. Furthermore, our new model emphasizes the importance of anticipatory guidance and transitional planning as an integrating dimension applicable across the lifespan. The model is based on three main conceptual dimensions--comprehensiveness, coordination and longitudinality. We are using the model to create standards of care, integrate services and improve their efficiency, and to develop policies regarding spina bifida services. Through this effort we hope to provide better medical and rehabilitation services to those with spina bifida and meet the complex challenge the condition presents throughout the lifespan.

Comprehensive Health Care↗
PubMed1977

Posttranslational covalent modification of proteins.

A search for derivatized amino acids in proteins has shown that the extent of posttranslational modification of proteins is quite substantial. While only 20 primary amino acids are specified in the genetic code and are involved as monomer building blocks in the assembly of the polypeptide chain, about 140 amino acids and amino acid derivatives have been identified as constituents of different proteins in different organisms. A brief consideration of the questions about where and when the derivatization reactions occur, how the specificity of the reactions is established, and how the posttranslational modifications can facilitate biological processes, reveal a need for more information on all these points. Answers to these questions should represent significant contributions to our understanding of biochemistry and cell biology.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Preventing death and injury from fires with automatic sprinklers and smoke detectors. Council on Scientific Affairs.

Resolution 2 (Annual Meeting 1985), which was referred to the Board of Trustees, asked the American Medical Association to urge government officials to require all new residential and nonresidential buildings to be equipped with rapid-response automatic water sprinklers and smoke detectors and to require their installation in existing high-rise buildings within three years unless existing code requirements are more stringent. This response to the resolution is a summary of the literature up to June 1986.

Fire Extinguishing Systems↗
PubMed1980

Synthesis of oligonucleotides on cellulose. Part II: Design and synthetic strategy to the synthesis of 22 oligodeoxynucleotides coding for gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).

A solid-phase approach using trinucleotide building blocks and functionalized cellulose as solid support was used to synthesize the 22 oligodeoxynucleotides that constitute a totally synthetic gene coding for a 43 amino acid peptide. Gastric inhibitory Polypeptide. The overall strategy used for the design and synthesis of the oligomers is described.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

A pilot study to build a database on seven anti-hypertensive drugs.

PURPOSE: In Japan, all patients are able to see freely any clinics or hospitals. So clinical data of all patients have been stored at clinics, hospitals and medical institutes respectively. These patients' clinical course data stocks have not been combined with one another. There is no large-scale database, which has been available and has played its role in complementing spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting system. We tried to build an original database using anti-hypertensive drugs' data from Drug Use Investigation conducted for the Japanese Drug Re-examination application by every pharmaceutical manufacturer in conformity with Japanese Pharmaceutical Affairs Law and Related Regulation. METHODS: The 43 565 case data of seven anti-hypertensive drugs (one Ca-antagonist, one alpha-blocker, two beta-blockers, three ACE inhibitors) were kindly offered from seven manufacturers who were members of RAD-AR Council, Japan. After examining the data items and categories, they were standardized into common codes based on Japanese Drug Category Classification (JDCC), International Classification of Diseases 9 (ICD-9) and Japanese Adverse Drug Reaction Terminology (J-ART). As each manufacturer had a different coding method in accordance to manufacturer's own practice of data management, the original forms were divided into several datasets. The data processing and statistical analysis were conducted using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). RESULTS: (1) Technology and know-how to combine data coded by different methods were established for building a database that had never been tried in Japan. (2) The following are the by-products of the study: a) Onset of ADR concentrated in the early stage but onset of some disorders prevailed equally throughout the investigation period. b) Although the number of collected cases of anti-hypertensive drugs was 43 565, total number of administrated anti-hypertensive drugs reached to 70 714 because additional anti-hypertensive drugs were often used with subject drugs. CONCLUSION: There is no large-scale database of patients' clinical course in Japan. However, since the Japanese Drug Re-examination System started in 1979, almost eight million cases of Drug Use Investigation on about 700 drugs have been collected with enormous human power and huge expenditure for Japanese Drug Re-examination application by pharmaceutical manufacturers. New and more appropriate information will be detected by the database, built using Drug Use Investigation data that were collected only for the Japanese Drug Re-examination application.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1989

Fire warning and safety systems.

Fire Warning and Safety Systems was written to do more than just help hospitals prepare for surveys by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). Its primary purpose is to assist hospitals in developing a fire safety program that includes and incorporates the role and function of fire protection systems. The manual is also designed to enhance the reader's understanding of fire protection systems and to improve the reliability of such systems with a proper preventive maintenance program. Fire safety programs in hospitals are often developed on the basis of compliance with applicable code requirements and JCAHO standards. However, the codes contain what are generally considered to be minimum requirements. Often the requirements do not truly define performance objectives and, therefore, most hospitals do not truly know the level of fire protection or level of risk present in the facility. For this reason, one of the primary aspects of a hospital fire safety program should be the development of performance objectives that define the acceptable level of risk from fire. Once the level of risk has been identified, the role of building design and construction, fire protection systems, contents and furnishing, and facility staff can be evaluated and defined. This book primarily addresses the role of fire protection systems, although chapter 5 does contain a discussion of staff behavior, but primarily from the perspective of staff's role in fire extinguishment. Volume 2 of ASHE's Management and Compliance Series, Developing a Hospital Emergency Preparedness Program, further expands on staff's role and emergency preparedness. Various fire protection systems will be discussed throughout the manual. For each system, an overview of how the system functions is provided. The text also summarizes applicable code provisions that identify when such systems are required and how such systems are to be installed, inspected, tested, and maintained. After a brief description of the basic components of the systems, preventive maintenance guidelines are provided, including proper acceptance test procedures. Our experience indicates that many problems encountered by hospitals with fire protection systems have existed since the day the system was installed. Appendix A contains material that should assist facilities in developing a fire risk management program based on a fire risk assessment. Appendix B contains information about the suitability of various extinguishing agents to suppress a fire involving certain hazards.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Building Codes↗
PubMed1986

An ergonomic assessment of BS 5810: 1979 access for the disabled to buildings, through a survey of architects.

This article describes a project which was undertaken to assess the British Standard 5810: 1979 Access for the Disabled to Buildings, with a view to it being improved at the next review. This code of practice 'concentrates on the essential provisions that need to be incorporated in buildings to ensure that they are conveniently usable by disabled people'. The aim of the project was to make suggestions for improvements to the Standard, both qualitatively and in its range of provision, by discovering what additional data, if any, architects require, what level of detail they need and the preferred method of presentation. Research was also undertaken to ascertain whether the information contained in the Standard is based on empirical data. The project involved a literature search, sending postal questionnaires to architects and visiting architectural practices to complete structured interviews. The method used, the results and the conclusions on how the British Standard could be improved are described.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ISPOR Code of Ethics for Researchers background article--report of the ISPOR Task Force on Code of Ethics for Researchers.

In 2001, ISPOR convened a Task Force on Code of Ethics for Researchers (The Task Force). This Task Force was to build on the previous work of ISPOR Health Science Policy Task Forces and develop a code of ethics that would be applicable to all ISPOR members and to ISPOR itself. The Task Force developed a code of ethics that was subsequently adopted by the ISPOR Board of Directors. The Code of Ethics is appended to this article and can be found on ISPOR's Web page at http://www.ispor.org/workpaper/code_ethic.htm. This article provides supportive information and justification for the ISPOR Code of Ethics for Researchers and includes a discussion of the stakeholders as well as ethical considerations for the researcher on research practices, research sponsorship, research publication and dissemination, and relationships with others. It also includes a discussion of the ethical considerations for the Society.

Advisory Committees↗