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PubMed1981

Metal electrodes in bioengineering.

The metal electrode is the critical interface between a measuring or stimulating device and the entity to be measured or stimulated. Electricity flows through wires by electron flow. It flows through tissue or fluid by ion flow. To produce an ion from an electron, a chemical reaction is necessary. This reaction occurs within a micron of the metal surface. It is a different reaction for an anode than for a cathode. It usually depends much more strongly on the metal chosen for the electrode than on the fluid or tissue electrolyte in which the electrode is immersed. In all cases, the reaction pair is strongly dependent on the quiescent voltage level of the system and on the magnitude of the voltage excursions around that level. This presentation will attempt to discuss the above points from the viewpoint of the researcher/designer who must use such metal electrodes to make practical measurements or who must connect practical stimulating devices to biophysical systems. The interdisciplinary field we will be discussing is "biophysical electrochemistry", and careful examination of each of these four component fields is necessary.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Bioengineering approach to non-invasive measurement of body composition.

Measurement of body fat percentage is essential for medical care and research. The "gold standard" method for humans is underwater weighing, which is clearly inappropriate for infants, sick people and non-human animals. The corresponding criterion method for animals is comminution of the carcass followed by extraction of the fat with a volatile solvent such as ether. Our goal has been to develop a method for body composition (fat percentage) for use in animals and humans which is non-invasive and minimally intrusive, independent of variation in body conformation and fat distribution, and reasonable in cost. In one variant, our approach to this problem has been to move Archimedes' principle "on to dry land." The subject's volume is determined by measuring the differential buoyancy in comfortably breathable light (low density) and heavy atmospheres. In another, we use "structured light," in which a pattern of illumination is cast on the patient. The image is acquired using a video camera and the geometrical spatial coordinates of a large number of points on the surface of the subject are acquired. This permits the computation of the surface area and volume of the subject; which, combined with the weight, determines the fat percentage.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Biomaterials in medicine--a bioengineering perspective.

Biomaterials are considered with an emphasis on those used in artificial organs. Attention is drawn to the importance of the polymeric biomaterials and factors which affect their properties. Functions of membranes, sorbents, blood tubing, ventricular diaphragms and cell culture substrates are examined in order to obtain a summary of fundamental properties. Observations are made on the importance of blood compatibility assessment and its association with a biomaterial structure-property relationship. Blood-biomaterial interactions are discussed in terms of an overall relationship between the three components--blood, biomaterial and antithrombotic agent, with examples given of factors influencing each component. Cell-biomaterial interactions are examined in the areas of toxicity evaluation and the promotion of cell attachment and growth, where an overall relationship is described for the cell, growth medium and growth factors, and the biomaterial acting as a substrate.

Animals↗