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PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral science in family medicine residencies: Part I. Teachers and curricula. The STFM Task Force on Behavioral Science.

A survey was conducted of all members of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine to describe teachers, curricula, and teacher satisfaction in family medicine residency behavioral science education. The response rate was approximately 60% of eligible individuals. Family medicine teachers divide themselves into behavioral scientists, family physicians, both, program directors, and other faculty members. Behavioral scientists are most often psychologists or social workers, have been teaching family medicine a relatively short time, and are more likely to be female than the other groups. Behavioral science curricula emphasize counseling, interviewing, and family dynamics. Satisfaction with behavioral curricula is high.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed1979

Covert modeling vs. Behavior rehearsal in the training and generalization of assertive behaviors: a crossover design.

Twenty-four underassertive individuals from the community were assigned randomly to two treatment orders that included covert modeling and behavior rehearsal in a crossover design. Dependent measures included two self-report inventories and a behavioral assertiveness test. This test included a self-rating scale, two nonverbal measures, and eight measures of speech content. No measurable differences between treatments were found, and both significantly improved assertive skills on 10 of the 13 measures. However, Ss had greater expectations of improvement from behavior rehearsal both during and after treatment. Generalization of assertive skills from trained to untrained situations occurred on 8 of the 11 behavioral measures. Suggestions were made for exploring the use of covert modeling as a personal coping procedure capable of enhancing generalization and maintenance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The effects of preparturient avoidance conditioning on postnatal caretaker behavior and offspring catecholamine levels and behavior in C57BL/6J mice.

Avoidance conditioning during pregnancy, changes in caretaker behavior during lactation, and changes in offspring catecholamine levels and behavior were investigated in C57BL/6J mice. Three equal groups of mice were employed. One group was avoidance conditioned prior to pregnancy and continued to avoid shock during pregnancy; a 2nd group was avoidance conditioned during pregnancy; and the 3rd group served as untreated controls. Offspring were crossfostered after birth. During lactation the proportion of time the caretaker spent on the nest was observed. At weaning pups were individually housed. Offspring dopamine concentrations were measured in the corpus striatum at birth and at days 22 and 42 of age. Their performance was evaluated in the open field at Day 42 of age. The results showed that mice receiving avoidance conditioning prior to parturition were more likely to cannibalize their offspring at parturition than were control animals. Furthermore, preparturiently avoidance conditioned mice spent less time on the nest if they reared offspring from biological mothers who had been avoidance conditioned when compared to similarly treated caretakers who reared offspring from untreated control biological mothers. Regardless of postnatal experiences, adult offspring from avoidance conditioned biological mothers had significantly reduced levels of dopamine in tissue from the corpus striatum and were significantly less active in the open field when compared with offspring from control biological mothers. Behavioral results support the findings of others that the prenatal environment plays an important role in shaping the later behavior of offspring. The decrease in dopamine levels suggests that avoidance training as one form of psychosocial stimulation during pregnancy can be disruptive to the development of the dopamine regulatory mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Analyses of changes in verbal behavior following a cognitive-behavioral treatment for impulsivity.

Analyses were conducted to examine further the results of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for impulsivity in emotionally disturbed children (Kendall & Finch, 1978). The verbal behaviors of treated impulsive children, impulsive controls, and reflective children, recorded during MFF performance at pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up, were examined. The results indicated nonsignificant effects for several specific codes; however, the impulsive children that had received treatment evidenced a significant increase in total on-task verbal behavior at posttreatment. Discussion includes a consideration of these findings in regard to the efficacy of the cognitive-behavioral treatment and the need for research on the assessment of cognitive variables in children.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1995

Higher-order behavior classes: contingencies, beliefs, and verbal behavior.

The concepts of reinforcement and of higher-order classes of behavior are reviewed and applied to analyses of self-reinforcement, self-efficacy, the causal status of private events, and the role of verbal behavior in human action. The analyses support the case that Bandura's criticisms of behavior analytic thought rest upon several misunderstandings, the most important of which are the distinctions between theories and phenomena and a neglect of the process of ontogenic selection. Bandura's persistence in promoting these misunderstandings is puzzling, because over a period of at least two decades he has repeated without substantial correction arguments that were refuted at the time he first made them. Bandura's views on these concepts can be interpreted as a contemporary variety of creationism in behavioral science.

Association Learning↗
PubMed1993

The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in the neurochemical and behavioral effects of phencyclidine: a microdialysis and behavioral study.

A series of experiments were conducted in order to characterize the role of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) in the neurochemical and behavioral effects of phencyclidine (PCP). In the first study, microdialysis probes were implanted in nucleus accumbens to determine the effects of 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg PCP on extracellular levels of DA and its metabolites, dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in behaving rats. PCP increased extracellular DA, DOPAC and HVA in the same dose range that produced increases in locomotor activity, stereotypy and ataxia. The increases in extracellular DA that were induced by 4.0 mg/kg PCP were significantly correlated with the increases in locomotor activity. In the second study, rats received bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine in order to deplete DA in nucleus accumbens. DA-depleted and control rats received injections of saline and 4.0 mg/kg PCP and were tested in an 'intruder' paradigm. In this procedure, saline-and PCP-treated rats were placed in a stable colony of three other rats and social behavior was observed for 30 min. PCP reduced the frequencies of various social behaviors, but accumbens DA depletion did not reverse the effects of PCP on social behavior. Subsequently, all rats received 8.0 mg/kg PCP and were assessed for locomotor activity, stereotypy and ataxia. Depletion of DA in nucleus accumbens attenuated PCP-induced locomotion, but did not alter the effects of the drug on stereotypy or ataxia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Enhancing treatment fidelity in health behavior change studies: best practices and recommendations from the NIH Behavior Change Consortium.

Treatment fidelity refers to the methodological strategies used to monitor and enhance the reliability and validity of behavioral interventions. This article describes a multisite effort by the Treatment Fidelity Workgroup of the National Institutes of Health Behavior Change Consortium (BCC) to identify treatment fidelity concepts and strategies in health behavior intervention research. The work group reviewed treatment fidelity practices in the research literature, identified techniques used within the BCC, and developed recommendations for incorporating these practices more consistently. The recommendations cover study design, provider training, treatment delivery, treatment receipt, and enactment of treatment skills. Funding agencies, reviewers, and journal editors are encouraged to make treatment fidelity a standard part of the conduct and evaluation of health behavior intervention research.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed1997

Behavioral genetics '97: ASHG statement. Recent developments in human behavioral genetics: past accomplishments and future directions.

The field of behavioral genetics has enormous potential to uncover both genetic and environmental influences on normal and deviant behavior. Behavioral-genetic methods are based on a solid foundation of theories and methods that successfully have delineated components of complex traits in plants and animals. New resources are now available to dissect the genetic component of these complex traits. As specific genes are identified, we can begin to explore how these interact with environmental factors in development. How we interpret such findings, how we ask new questions, how we celebrate the knowledge, and how we use or misuse this knowledge are all important considerations. These issues are pervasive in all areas of human research, and they are especially salient in human behavioral genetics.

Adoption↗
PubMed1989

Individualizing the Good Behavior Game across type and frequency of behavior with emotionally disturbed adolescents.

The effects of the Good Behavior Game (GBG) individualized across type and frequency of behavior were examined in three classes of severely behaviorally disordered students using a reversal design. The findings showed that the individualized GBG was effective in simultaneously decreasing a variety of inappropriate behaviors exhibited by the three classes, including inappropriate verbalizations, touching, negative comments, cursing, and drumming. Teacher and student satisfaction data indicated that both groups had positive reactions to the individualized GBG. Reasons for the success of the technique are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Generalization in social behavior research with children and youth who have emotional or behavioral disorders.

This article presents a critical analysis of social behavior research with students who have emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD). In particular, it focuses on issues of generalized responding and a technology of generalization promotion. From a review of selected studies the conclusion is drawn that (a) researchers too rarely examine generalization in social behavior research, (b) studies that provide analysis of generalization rely on the least analytic approaches, and (c) generalization is seldom presented as a dependent variable of central interest in social behavior research with EBD students. Guidelines for further research in the area of generalization promotion are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Behavioral pharmacology of amantadine with special references to the effect on abnormal behavior in mice and rats].

Behavioral effects of amantadine, especially on abnormal behavior in mice and rats, were reevaluated, in comparison with those of tricyclic antidepressants, methamphetamine and L-DOPA. 1) Amantadine at 10 approximately 50 mg/kg, i.p., tended to decrease ambulation and rearing in rats and mice. The drug at 50 mg/kg, i.p., caused piloerection and hyperirritability and at doses over 80 mg/kg, i.p., it impaired coordinated motor activity in rats. 2) Amantadine inhibited methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, but apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior was unaffected in rats. 3) Amantadine was equipotent to imipramine in suppressing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats, but L-DOPA was without effect. On the other hand, amantadine was 40 and 400 times as potent as imipramine and L-DOPA, respectively, in suppressing delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced catalepsy in rats. 4) Amantadine was as potent as imipramine in suppressing the muricide of olfactory bulbectomized rats, but was 3.5, 8.8 and 225.5 times as potent as methamphetamine, imipramine and L-DOPA, respectively, in inhibiting THC-induced reversible muricide in rats. 5) Amantadine at 50 mg/kg did not elicit circling behavior in the rat with unilateral nigral lesion induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. 6) Amantadine at high doses caused irritable aggression characterized by squealing in rats pretreated with intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine. The most important characteristic of amantadine is its prominent effect suppressing the THC-induced catalepsy and muricide. This may be a reflection of the feature of amantadine activating the dopaminergic as well as the serotonergic systems.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System: measuring health-risk behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: To measure priority health-riskbehaviors among youth. METHODS: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors priority health-risk behaviors among youth. RESULTS: In 1999, many high school students practiced behaviors that contribute to leading health problems--16.4% rarely or never wore safety belts and, during the past 30 days, 17.3% carried a weapon, 34.8% smoked cigarettes, and 26.7% used marijuana. Also, 49.9% had had sexual intercourse. One quarter (26.0%) were at risk for becoming overweight or were overweight. CONCLUSION: YRBSS data are used to improve policies and programs to reduce priority health-risk behaviors among youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Microwave irradiation and instrumental behavior in rats: unitized irradiation and behavioral evaluation facility.

A facility for the exposure of small animals to pulse-modulated microwave radiation (PM MWR) concurrent with their performance of operant behavioral tasks is described. The computer-managed facility comprises an array of 32 individual waveguide exposure cells, each enclosing instrumental conditioning apparatus within a plastic subhousing. The distribution of the microwave electric field intensity within the waveguide was measured by a nonperturbing probe and the modifications induced by the behavioral apparatus and animal within the waveguide determined. Input and interior voltage standing-wave ratios are presented to characterize the design of the chambers and to demonstrate the suitability of the chambers for whole-body irradiation of rat. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is presented utilizing data derived from incremental thermometric examination of saline loads and of selected sites in rat carcasses. This is compared with the whole-body SAR derived from the input/output energy balance equation for the waveguide. The results of continuous monitoring of the SAR by the latter method, while unrestrained rats were engaged in operant and exploratory behavior within the waveguide, are utilized to derive a relationship between chamber input power and the dose rate for adult rats behaviorally active within the waveguide. From these data, we conclude that the experimental array provides a practical method for exposing a large number of animals to PM MWR for long periods of time and coincident with the establishment and/or performance of complex operant behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES): childhood play behavior and adult gender-role behavior in women.

Data from lower mammals suggest a masculinizing or defeminizing influence of pre- or perinatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure on various aspects of the sex-dimorphic behavior (including juvenile rough-and-tumble play) of genetic females. However, three previous studies on childhood play and adult gender-role behavior in human females have led to ambiguous results. In a follow-up study of 60 women with prenatal exposure to DES and 26 controls, we used psychometrically well-designed multi-item scales based on self-report inventories for the assessment of these aspects of behavior. No effects of DES could be demonstrated. We conclude that, at the doses studied, prenatal DES exposure in human females has not led to behavioral masculinization or defeminization of childhood play and adult gender-role behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Relationship of the behavioral effects of aprophen, atropine and scopolamine to antagonism of the behavioral effects of physostigmine.

Behavioral effects of aprophen, atropine and scopolamine, in rats, were examined under a multiple schedule of food presentation and at different injection-test times. The effects of the varied treatments were compared to the ability of the drugs, under identical conditions, to prevent the behavioral effects of the anticholinesterase, physostigmine. Potencies of the antagonists to decrease response rates varied across three log units. All three antagonists produced dose-related attenuation of the response suppressant effects of physostigmine. In general, aprophen was a better antagonist than scopolamine or atropine. It blocked behavioral effects of physostigmine across a wider range of doses than the other compounds, and did so with less behavioral disruption. Although substantial differences between the three antagonists were observed, the behavioral effects of all three antagonists (when administered alone) were positively correlated with their efficacy as antagonists of the response suppressant effects of physostigmine.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral assessment of low back pain: identification of pain behavior subgroups.

A hierarchical cluster analysis procedure was used to identify homogeneous subgroups of low back pain patients who show similar pain behavior patterns during a videotaped behavior sample. Subjects, 106 chronic low back pain patients, were divided into 2 samples. The cluster analysis procedure identified 4 very similar subgroups in sample 1 and sample 2. The first subgroup showed a low or moderate level of guarding and a low level of other pain behaviors. The second subgroup showed a high level of guarding and a moderate level of rubbing of the painful area. The third subgroup showed high levels of guarding and moderate levels of bracing and rubbing. The fourth subgroup exhibited a very high level of rubbing and moderate levels of bracing. The subgroups identified may require somewhat different approaches to pain assessment and treatment. The results of this study suggest that the variability in pain behavior evident in low back pain populations may be due to the fact that within these populations there are homogeneous subgroups of patients who differ in the motor pain behaviors they display.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The self-care behavior inventory: a model for behavioral instrument development.

The Self-Care Behavior (SCB) Inventory was developed as part of a long-term study of self-care practices of persons who have multiple sclerosis (MS) in Denmark. The universe of behaviors regarding the physical, social, emotional, environmental, and spiritual aspects of coping with the illness was ascertained by informal and formal interviews. Respondents were asked not only what behavior was performed, but also who performed it, how it was performed, why, when, and where it was performed, and where the knowledge to perform the behavior in this manner was acquired, such as a lay-referral network, physician, social worker, spouse, or media. The inventory went through a series of drafts and pre-tests, resulting in a final version that met criteria for validity and reliability. The model presented for the development of the SCB Inventory can be useful for designing behavioral inventories and assessment tools for other chronic conditions such as arthritis, epilepsy, and diabetes.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2006

Factors contributing to the poor bulk behavior of meat and bone meal and methods for improving these behaviors.

Meat and bone meal (MBM), a product of the rendering industry, is a potential feedstock for numerous bio-based applications. Design of processing equipment for MBM is difficult due to MBM's bulk behaviors; it flows less easily than many other granular materials, and it tends to foul the surfaces of processing equipment. This study examines the major factors contributing to MBM's poor bulk behavior, including moisture content, fat content, particle size distribution and temperature, and the relative importance of these factors. Potential methods for improving MBM's bulk properties, including use of an anti-caking agent, dehydration, fat extraction, milling and refrigeration are also studied. The effects of these factors were determined by a standard laboratory measurement, the Hausner ratio, as well as by the rate of surface-fouling and dust generation using a pilot-scale aspirator. In contrast to past studies with other granular materials, moisture content was shown to have an insignificant effect on MBM's bulk behavior. The results, however, show that MBM fat content is a major determinant of the bulk behavior of the MBM. Reduction of fat content resulted in major changes in MBM's bulk behavior, by all measures used. Less dramatic changes were achieved through refrigeration to solidify the fat and/or treatment with an anti-caking agent.

Adsorption↗