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PubMed1976

Family planning in a hospital clinic.

The establishment of a hospital board family planning clinic and the results during its first year of operation are described. Three hundred and fifty-four patients were seen, a third of whom were interested in sterilisation. Only 3 percent presented with infertility and less than 1 percent referred themselves inappropriately. The failure rate in terms of unwanted unplanned pregnancies was 2 percent, and a further 1 percent had socially inconvenient but desired pregnancies. Of those established on contraception 45 percent chose the pill, 34 percent the intra-uterine device and approximately 10 percent each the injection or a barrier method;

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Sexual risk behaviors of Gay, Lesbian, and bisexual youths in New York City: prevalence and correlates.

The lifetime and recent sexual risk behaviors of 156 Gay, Lesbian, and bisexual youths, recruited from Gay-focused organizations in New York City, were examined. The data indicated seven reasons why the youths are at risk for HIV and other STDs: They initiated sex during early adolescence; their first sexual partners were older than they were; HIV barrier methods (e.g., condoms) were initiated subsequent to sexual debut; many lifetime sexual partners and encounters were reported; some youths exchanged sex for goods; many youths reported having had at least one partner at risk for HIV; and the youths engaged in unprotected sexual behaviors during the past 3 months. Significant gender differences emerged (e.g., the male youths reported more lifetime same-sex partners than the female youths; the female youths reported more lifetime other-sex partners than the male youths). Recent sexual risk behaviors (i.e., numbers of same-sex partners, encounters, and unprotected sex during the past 3 months) were related significantly to the youths' average degree of emotional involvement in or average duration of intimate relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Presence of human papilloma virus in tumor tissue from children with retinoblastoma: an alternative mechanism for tumor development.

Epidemiological studies have shown that the use of barrier methods of contraception is associated with a decreased incidence of papilloma virus infection and reduced risk of having a child with retinoblastoma. Thirty-nine primary retinoblastomas were analyzed for the presence of papilloma virus sequences. Tumor tissue sections were also used to assess the expression of the retinoblastoma protein and proliferative index. Papilloma sequences were detected in 14 of 39 (36%) tumors. Tumors in which viral sequences were detected were associated with a lower proliferative index (68% versus 78%; P = 0.015). Children with tumors containing viral sequences had a lower risk of extraocular disease (odds ratio, 9.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-49; P = 0.008) and a lower birth weight (2.9 versus 3.5 kg; P = 0.030). Based on these data, it is our hypothesis that papilloma viruses may play a role in the development of sporadic retinoblastoma. Detection of papilloma virus sequences and retinoblastoma protein in certain primary lesions suggests an alternative mechanism of tumor development for sporadic retinoblastoma.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2000

[STDs today: risk groups and prevention tools].

The importance of specific programs for controlling and preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STD) has been widely recognized, considering that there exists no treatment that results in complection resolution of sexually transmitted viral pathologies, that many STDs have long periods of infectivity and clinical latency, and that there is a high risk of sequelae and of related oncogenesis. However, STD prevention can be quite complex, in that a variety of diseases with diverse clinical and epidemiological characteristics are currently defined as "STDs". One of the main aspects of STD prevention is the identification of population groups considered to be at risk of transmission and that play an important role in maintaining the current epidemic status of STDs in the general population (i.e., sexually promiscuous persons). As with other diseases, the prevention of STDs is generally classified into primary prevention and secondary prevention. Primary prevention consists of protecting healthy individuals from acquiring the infection and mainly consists of promoting safe-sex (including barrier methods), performing vaccination, and conducting information and education campaigns. The objective of secondary prevention is to prevent the disease from further evolving in persons who are already infected or ill, including the prevention of complications, by providing proper medical care and treatment. The main tools of secondary prevention of STDs are: early diagnosis of cases, early and targeted therapy, and management of sexual partners.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Spermicidal & contraceptive properties of Praneem polyherbal pessary.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Though a number of barrier methods and potent spermicides are available, most of these have nonoxynol-9 (N-9) as the active ingredient which is observed to cause inflammation and genital ulceration on repeated use. The present study was undertaken to develop a safe spermicide with conjoint microbicidal properties. METHODS: A polyherbal pessary was formulated with purified ingredients from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves, Sapindus mukerossi (pericarp of fruit) and Mentha citrata oil. Spermicidal action on human sperm was tested by Sander-Cramer slide test in vitro and by post coital tests in vivo. Contraceptive action was tested in rabbits. RESULTS: The combination of the three herbal ingredients resulted in the potentiation of the spermicidal action by 8-folds. The post coital tests confirmed the spermicidal properties of the Praneem polyherbal pessary (PPP) in women with high cervical mucous score around mid estrus. It also prevented in most women the migration of sperm into the cervical mucous. In 15 rabbits studied pregnancy was prevented by the intravaginal administration of PPP, whereas 13 of the 15 animals in the control group became pregnant. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The Praneem polyherbal pessary has potent spermicidal action on human sperm in vitro and in vivo. When applied in the vagina before mating, it prevented rabbits from becoming pregnant.

Female↗
PubMed1999

[Study on the induction of xenogeneic tolerance of rat to mouse bone marrow transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an effective protocol for potential clinical usage in inducing donor-specific tolerance across xenogeneic barriers. METHODS: C57BL/6 (B6) mice were conditioned with 5 Gy sublethal total body irradiation (TBI), followed by infusion of 4 x 10(7) Lewis rat bone marrow cells on day 0, then were intraperitonially administered 150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CP) on day 2. Recipients were characterized for engraftment with xenogeneic bone marrow cells by using fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) to determine the percentage of rat origin cells in the peripheral blood lymphocytes(PBL), splenic and thymic lymphoid cells on day 30, 60 and 90. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay were performed on day 30 to examine the tolerance status. RESULTS: Rat lymphoid chimeras were reliable present in the tolerant B6 mice for more than 3 months. B6 recipients were specifically tolerant to host xenoantigens in MLR and DTH assays, but were still immunocompetent to MHC-disparate third party BALB/c mouse or DA rat stimulator cells. CONCLUSION: A durable rat to mouse xenogeneic bone marrow transplantation tolerance was achieved in this modal.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Which contraception to choose for the diabetic woman?].

Low-dose oral contraceptives can be used by a great number of women with IDDM or a previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Others hormonal contraceptives (progestogen-only preparations) are less convenient and the compliance is poor with an increasing risk of gynaecologic side effects. The safety of this contraceptives as regards vascular diabetic complications is not evaluated well. Nulliparous patients with progressive complications can use barrier methods of contraception after education. Macroprogestative contraception is a adequate choice for women within forties. For multiparous diabetic women, intra-uterine devices represent the first choice.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Refresher course on family planning.

Dr. Jean Infield, a family planning expert from England, was invited to conduct a series of refresher lectures to the medical personnel of the Association. The 4-session refresher course was held in the mornings of February 26 to March 1 for 47 doctors, advisers and nurses. The topics were on the choice of contraceptive, postcoital contraception, overview of hormonal contraception, myths and fallacies of oral contraceptives, intrauterine contraception, contraception for the older women and barrier methods. Participants agreed that the lectures were informative and useful to their work in family planning.

Asia↗
PubMed1997

Data complement anti-STD activity of PRO 2000 gel. Contraceptives.

Procept, Cambridge, Massachusetts, announced preclinical results demonstrating the contraceptive efficacy of its PRO 2000 topical microbicide gel. In a program of late-breaking discoveries presented at the National Conference on Women and HIV, held in Pasadena, California, Procept scientists described the results of studies recently conducted with PRO 2000. The in vitro results showed that PRO 2000 was contraceptive when rabbits were dosed intravaginally with a gel containing a 4% concentration of PRO 2000. At a concentration about 10 times lower, PRO 2000 did not appear to affect the rabbit pregnancy rate. Results of preclinical tests have indicated that both concentrations prevent HIV infection, suggesting that contraceptive and noncontraceptive formulations of this drug may be developed. "The potential of this compound as an advancement in the area of women's health is significant," said Stanley C. Erck, Procept. "We believe that the contraceptive properties demonstrated by PRO 2000 Gel will complement the anti-HIV/STD activity we will be evaluating in clinical trials." "More than 70% of all HIV infections worldwide follow heterosexual intercourse. A major problem confounding efforts to prevent AIDS in women has been the lack of effective, female-controlled barrier methods. PRO 2000 Gel has been identified as a topical microbicide well suited for use by women to prevent HIV infection. In laboratory studies, PRO 2000 blocked infection by a wide variety of HIV strains and also was active against herpes simplex virus." Clinical studies currently are underway to assess the safety of PRO 2000 Gel in healthy female volunteers. Assuming the results of these studies are positive, additional studies will be conducted to demonstrate safety and efficacy in populations at high risk for HIV infection.

Americas↗
PubMed2000

[Induction of skin immune tolerance of mouse to rat xenogeneic transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To explore a moderate and effective project which will be clinically suitable to induce donor-specific tolerance across xenogeneic barriers. METHODS: 4 x 10(7) Lewis rat bone marrow cells were infused to 300 rad total body irradiated (TBI) C57BL/6 (B6) mice, combined with intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and intravenous injection of anti-mouse CD4 monoclonal antibody. Recipient B6 mice were characterized for the tolerance status with donor Lewis rat skin graft, mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assays after 30 days. Adoptive transfer and the effect of IL-2 on MLR were detected to further explore the tolerance mechanism. RESULTS: Survival time of donor rat skin grafts was specifically prolonged in the tolerant B6 mice. The results of MLR and DTH assays showed donor-specific hyporeactivity, while the tolerant B6 mice were still immunocompetent to MHC-disparate third party BALB/c mouse or DA rat stimulator cells. CONCLUSIONS: A reliable xenogeneic transplantation tolerance of mouse to rat was achieved by this project of tolerance induction. The result of in vitro and in vivo adoptive transfer of spleen cells from tolerant B6 mice demonstrated that the suppressor cells were unlikely to exert effect in the tolerance. The inhibition of specific MLR could be reversed by adding IL-2, indicating that clonal anergy instead of clonal deletion is responsible for the tolerant maintenance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey on risk factors associated with cervical cancer.

Carcinoma of the cervix is one of the leading malignancies in the developing countries including India. In view of this health care program might have to be redefined. Most of the data are available from the developed countries, which rely mainly on cytology screening on regular basis. This however may not be feasible in developing countries because of various constraints. Thus alternative approaches are needed based on risk reduction modalities. This article while dealing with the control approaches based on secondary prevention, reviews several risk factors associated with cervical cancer. The various articles were approached through Medline search including cross-references. The important life styles associated with cervical cancer and which are amenable to primary prevention strategies through health education, behavioral interventions, legislative approaches and modifying the health care seeking behavior were identified through the review process. These factors mainly pertain to early sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, menstrual hygiene and unprotected sex. Role of male partners has also been delineated in the process of cervical carcinogenesis. These factors are essentially conducive to the transmission of an etiological agent; the high-risk types human papillomaviruses, the more proximal cause in the web of causation. Barrier method of contraception and prophylactic vaccine in future could help to check the transmission of the virus. Role of smoking and oral contraceptives has also been discussed. Till the facilities for mass scale screening are developed in developing countries the primary prevention approaches could certainly help to check the incidence of the disease.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Transmission of primary and secondary syphilis by oral sex--Chicago, Illinois, 1998-2002.

During 1998-2002, the STD/HIV Prevention and Care Program of the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) recorded 1,582 cases of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis, the most of any U.S. city. Although case numbers and overall rates remained stable in Chicago during this period, patterns of transmission changed substantially. Throughout most of the 1990s, P&S syphilis was reported almost exclusively among heterosexuals. During 1998-2000, however, men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for approximately 15% of Chicago's P&S syphilis morbidity. Since 2001, MSM have accounted for nearly 60% of patients with P&S syphilis. During 2000-2002, CDPH conducted interviews with persons with syphilis; some MSM reported they had engaged in only oral sex and were surprised to have acquired syphilis. In response, CDPH began collecting information on oral sex from persons with syphilis. To assess the role of oral sex in the transmission of P&S syphilis in Chicago, CDPH analyzed surveillance data and interview responses. This report summarizes the results of these analyses, which suggested that a substantial proportion (13.7%) of syphilis cases were attributed to oral sex, particularly among MSM. Persons who are not in a long-term monogamous relationship and who engage in oral sex should use barrier protection (e.g., male condoms or other barrier methods) to reduce the risk for sexually transmitted disease (STD) transmission.

Chicago↗
PubMed2000

[Strategies for prevention and control of nosocomial aspergillosis].

Measures for prevention and control of nosocomial aspergillosis include the proper maintenance of air conditioning installations, cleaning of surfaces, adherence of personnel to recommendations on circulation, use of barrier methods and the proper isolation of selected areas, specially during construction work.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2005

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, February 2002: contact tracing and risk assessment.

A 25-year-old woman, later identified as index case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), presented to Holy Family Hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan with fever and generalized coagulopathy. A retrospective contact tracing was conducted to explore the modes of exposure possibly associated with transmission of CCHF infection among contacts. We traced 32 contacts of the index case and 158 contacts of secondary cases and tested them for IgG and IgM antibodies against CCHF virus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. According to the type of exposure, contacts were divided into five subsets: percutaneous contact with blood, blood contact to unbroken skin, cutaneous contact to non-sanguineous body fluids, physical contact with patients without body fluids contact, and close proximity without touching. Two out of four contacts who reported percutaneous exposure tested positive for antibodies to CCHF virus. We conclude that simple barrier methods and care in provision of CCHF cases may prevent transmission of this infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

HIV infection and risk behavior of Hispanic farm workers at the west Texas-Mexico border.

This study investigated the risk behaviors and HIV infection rate in a sample of 210 migrant and seasonal farm workers (MSFW) working in the border city of El Paso, Texas and nearby communities. Surveys and structured interviews collected data on sexual behavior, drug use, condom use, and other potential risk behaviors associated with HIV infection. In addition, all subjects were tested for HIV exposure by using commercial kits. The MSFW participants were all Hispanic and comprised 156 males and 54 females. Only a small minority of the subjects reported engaging in same-sex (1.4%) or bisexual relations (2.8%). Most reported vaginal intercourse (94.7%), while 9% of males and 7.4% of females also reported anal intercourse. Forty-eight percent of the sample reported having sexual activity under the influence of alcohol (44%) and/or other drugs (14%). In this study, only 3.8% admitted to intravenous drug use. Furthermore, most reported that they never used any barrier method during vaginal (71.7%), anal (72.0%), or oral intercourse (87.5%). Only one subject, a male with multiple sex and needle-sharing partners was HIV positive. Although a low level (.47%) of HIV infection was detected in the MSFW population tested, this rate is much higher than that reported for the rest of the county (.0099%) and indicates that this population is at a higher risk of HIV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Patient and partner perceptions about preventing genital herpes transmission.

Research over the past decade has provided a new understanding of genital herpes transmission and measures that can reduce transmission risk. It is unclear, however, how those affected by genital herpes access and interpret this information to make decisions about risk behaviours. This study measured how people with genital herpes and their partners perceived prevention methods, barriers and facilitating factors, and information sources. Formative evaluation was conducted, and survey data were collected from visitors to four websites (n=1849). Results suggest that the prevention messages of refraining from sex during disease outbreaks and condom use have had the greatest reach. Misconceptions about the potential role of suppressive antiviral therapy for genital herpes prevention persist among a substantial percentage of respondents. Accurate information concerning transmission between outbreaks, the effectiveness of condoms and the role of antiviral medication is critical in preventing the spread of genital herpes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of TC7 and 32% dextran 70 for prevention of postoperative adhesions in hamsters.

Prevention of postoperative adhesion formation has received considerable attention by infertility specialists. Barrier methods and hydroflotation solutions are currently used for adhesion prevention. The present study compared the efficacy of TC7 and 32% dextran 70 in a hamster model. At laparotomy, 90 golden hamsters had a lesion created on the left uterine horn and repaired with absorbable suture. The first experiment used 3-0 chromic catgut suture in 43 hamsters; the second experiment used 5-0 polyglactin 910 suture in 47 hamsters. The animals were randomly divided into a control group (N = 25) which received no treatment, a TC7-treated group (N = 33), and a 32% dextran 70-treated group (N = 32). The animals were sacrificed between 10-14 days after laparotomy and adhesions were graded (0 = no adhesions; 3 = severe adhesions). TC7 had average adhesion scores of 1.91 for chromic catgut and 2.25 for polyglactin 910; 32% dextran 70 had average adhesion scores of 1.53 and 2.00, respectively. These scores were not different from the control average adhesion score of 1.80 for both chromic catgut and polyglactin 910. We conclude that TC7 and 32% dextran 70 do not appear to be effective agents for preventing postoperative adhesions in this animal model.

Animals↗