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PubMed1998

Obesity, body fat distribution and body build: their relation to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation of skeletal body build and obesity to blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data obtained from the baseline recruitment of the EPIC-Potsdam Study, which is part of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). SUBJECTS: A total of 10,303 subjects (4387 men, aged 40-65 y and 5916 women, aged 35-65 y) were recruited between January 1995 and July 1996. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric measures included body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and metrik index (MIX) as a measure of body build that is derived from the relation of chest depth and breadth to body height. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was obtained using automatic oscillometric devices. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure > or = 160/95 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. Information on lifestyle factors were obtained by personal interview. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Logistic regression was used to define the association of categories of BMI, WHR, and MIX and the prevalence of hypertension. Odds ratios (ORs) of being hypertensive were estimated comparing the highest to the lowest quintile, adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol intake level, educational attainment, physical activity categories, and each of the anthropometric variables. RESULTS: The simultaneously adjusted OR of being hypertensive, comparing the highest vs the lowest category, was for BMI 2.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6-3.2) in men and 1.8 (95% CI = 1.4-2.5) in women, for WHR 1.8 (95% CI = 1.4-2.4) in men and 1.5 (95% CI = 1.2-2.0) in women, and for MIX (largest chest size vs lowest chest size relative to body height) 2.0 (95% CI = 1.4-2.8) in men and 2.2 (95% CI = 1.6-3.1) in women. CONCLUSION: In addition to measures of overall obesity (BMI) as well as central obesity (WHR), skeletal body build (MIX) was independently associated with the prevalence of hypertension. The biological mechanism relating MIX to hypertension, however, is still unclear and needs further exploration.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Common apolipoprotein A-IV variants are associated with differences in body mass index levels and percentage body fat.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between two common apoA-IV variants (Thr347-->Ser; Gln360-->His), and body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Eight-hundred and forty-eight subjects screened for participation in ongoing clinical studies. MEASUREMENTS: ApoA-IV genotype, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and percentage body fat by bioelectric impedance. RESULTS: Participants had an average age of 41+/-12 y and an average BMI of 28.2+/-5.5 kg/m2. Individuals homozygous for the Ser347 allele had higher BMI (32.3+/-6.6 vs 28.6+/-5.3 kg/m2; P<0.01) and percentage body fat (36.9+/-7.8 vs 31.0+/-9.6%; P<0.05) compared with individuals homozygous for Thr347. In contrast, the presence of at least one copy of the His360 allele was associated with lower BMI (27.2+/-5.0 vs 28.4+/-5.6 kg/m2; P<0.05) and percentage body fat (28.6+/-8.2 vs 30.7+/-9.1%; P<0.05). The genotype effects persisted after normalization of the data for the potential confounding effects of gender, age and race. When grouped by BMI percentile, the frequency of the Ser347/Ser347 genotype increased while the frequency of the His360 allele decreased with increasing BMI. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest a role for apoA-IV in fat storage or mobilization and that genetic variations in the apoA-IV gene may play a role in the development of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Early changes of body composition in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: tetrapolar body impedance analysis indicates significant malnutrition.

Total body water, body fat, body cell mass (BCM), extracellular mass (ECM), and the ECM-BCM ratio by impedance analysis were determined in 193 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and 340 control subjects. Walter Reed (WR) classification was WR 2 in 26, WR 3-5 in 85, and WR 6 in 82 patients. Whereas resistance was increased, reactance and the phase angle were significantly reduced in all patient groups. Neither body weight nor body mass index (BMI) was affected in WR 2 patients, but BCM was reduced (31.9 +/- 4.3 vs 35.8 +/- 7.3 kg, P < 0.007) and ECM (31.2 +/- 4.4 vs 28.8 +/- 3.8 kg) as well as ECM-BCM ratio increased (0.99 +/- 0.14 vs 0.83 +/- 0.16, P < 0.001). In contrast to WR classification, diarrhea did not correspond with malnutrition. A loss of BCM (malnutrition) occurred already in otherwise symptomless HIV-infected patients (WR 2). This effect can be measured by tetrapolar impedence analysis but not by body weight or BMI.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

In vivo measurement of changes in body composition: description of methods and their validation against 12-d continuous whole-body calorimetry.

The accuracy of a variety of in vivo body-composition techniques (densitometry, total body water, skinfold thicknesses, whole-body impedance and resistance, body mass index, and two three-compartment models) was assessed by comparison with fat balance. Three subjects were overfed and three underfed while confined to a 30-m3 whole-body calorimeter continuously for 12 d. Mean weight changes were +2.90 kg during overfeeding and -3.47 kg during underfeeding. The change in fat mass accounted for 37.1% during overfeeding and 59.3% during underfeeding. In comparison with energy and nitrogen balance, a three-compartment model yielded the least bias and greatest precision. The smallest change in fat mass that can be measured by such a method in an individual subject is 1.54 kg (2 SD). Of the prediction techniques considered, skinfold thicknesses or the body-mass-index formula appear to be more precise than estimates based on resistance or impedance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Total body water-to-lean body mass ratio in baboons (Papio sp.) of varying adiposity.

Total body water (TBW), lean body mass (LBM), and triglyceride mass were measured in 23 5-yr-old baboons (13 females and 10 males). Male baboons weighed more, had more LBM, more TBW, and contained less triglyceride mass per unit body weight than female baboons. Among all baboons, triglyceride mass per unit body weight ranged from 2.4 to 33.5%. The ratio TBW:LBM ranged from 0.70 to 0.92, increasing (r = 0.98) with increased body triglyceride content (both percent and absolute mass) in both male and female baboons. However, the water content per unit weight of tissues free of fat cells (liver, lungs, kidneys, central nervous system, eyes, tongue) was nearly constant at 0.73 +/- 0.02. The increase in TBW:LBM is more than can be expected from the water in the increased adipose tissue mass. We conclude that TBW:LBM is not constant but is influenced by body triglyceride content in baboons.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Effects of pioglitazone versus glipizide on body fat distribution, body water content, and hemodynamics in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist and glipizide, an insulin secretagogue, are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes. Our study was designed to examine the effects of pioglitazone versus glipizide on body water, body composition, and hemodynamic parameters in the presence of comparable glycemic control between groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 19 diabetic subjects randomly assigned to either 45 mg pioglitazone (n = 8) or 10 mg (median dose) glipizide (n = 11) for 12 weeks. Body water content was measured with deuterated water, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, and cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance by acetylene rebreathing technique both before and after therapy. RESULTS: Pioglitazone increased (P < 0.001 from baseline) total body water (+2.4 +/- 0.5 l) accounting for 75% of the total weight gain (+3.1 +/- 2.0 kg) but did not alter vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations. Total abdominal (-32.2 +/- 19 cm(2)) and visceral fat area (-16.1 +/- 8 cm(2)) tended to decrease with pioglitazone but increased (P < 0.02 for differences between groups) with glipizide (+38.4 +/- 17 cm(2) abdominal; +19.1 +/- 9 cm(2) visceral). Pioglitazone tended to reduce (P = 0.05) diastolic (-8.4 +/- 4 mmHg) and mean (-9.5 +/- 5 mmHg; P = 0.08) blood pressure and reduced (P < 0.001) systemic vascular resistance (2,785 +/- 336 vs. 2,227 +/- 136 dynes/s per m(2)), while there were no differences in these parameters with glipizide. Neither therapy altered circulating catecholamine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: When pioglitazone and glipizide are given in doses sufficient to achieve equivalent glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes, pioglitazone increases total body water, thereby accounting for the majority of weight gain, tended to decrease visceral and abdominal fat content and blood pressure, and reduces systemic vascular resistance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Children's perceptions of their current and ideal body sizes and body mass index.

244 Australian schoolchildren aged between 8 and 12 years indicated their current and ideal body sizes by means of Collins' pictorial figures. Children's height and weight were also measured. Body-mass indices were calculated from these data, and percentile ranks estimated according to international reference data. Consistent with Collins' findings, 39% of girls and 26% of boys wanted to be thinner than they perceived themselves to be; however, this desire was strongly related to actual body size so the percentages were very different for weight categories established on the basis of Body Mass Index. In the overweight quartile, 76% of girls and 56% of boys wanted to be thinner, whereas in the underweight quartile only 10% of girls and no boys wanted to be thinner. The response of overweight children may be sensible, but the desire of some underweight girls to be even thinner is of concern. Some recent literature suggests that underweight individuals tend to overestimate their body sizes. About a half of our underweight children slightly overestimated their body sizes but only one child overestimated grossly.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1997

Relationship between body image and percent body fat among male and female college students enrolled in an introductory 14-week weight-training course.

Students (39 men and 27 women) from a southern university, who were enrolled in a 14-wk. introductory weight-training course, were administered a 20-item body-image questionnaire and subsequently underwent skinfold measurements to assess percent body fat. Mean scores were correlated with percent body fat. For men, women, and both sexes combined correlations were significant and inverse (rs = -.68, -.41, -.66, respectively). Body image as measured was inversely related to percent body fat among these college students. Researchers should examine how dietary and exercise-induced changes in adiposity (pre-post design) influence scores on body image.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Stable vs unstable weight history, body-image, and weight concern in women of average body weight.

The focus of this study was the effect of unstable weight history on current body-image among women. Participants were 45 college women of average weight (median age = 23 yr.); 15 had stable weight histories, 15 had past lowest weights 15% or more below current weight, and 15 had past highest weights 15% or more above current weight. The women were assessed on perceptual and attitudinal measures of body-image and a self-report measure of preoccupation with weight. In comparison to women with stable weight histories, those with unstable weight histories indicated greater dissatisfaction with the shape and size of their bodies, expressed more negative body attitudes, and reported increased concern about weight. Women with high weight histories overestimated their frontal body-size and expressed greater dissatisfaction with frontal size than women with low weight histories, but the two groups did not differ significantly on any of the other dependent measures. Possible explanations for increased body-image disturbance and weight concern among women with unstable weight histories are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The prediction of total body water from body impedance in young obese subjects.

Almost all formulae for the prediction of total body water (TBW) from body impedance are based on the assumption of a constant conductor configuration--i.e. a constant subject section. In this paper we report on data obtained for a group of 19 young obese subjects (relative weight greater than 120%) and 10 young normal subjects (relative weight 80-110%). In obese subjects, the application of two different formulae generated from normal children gave biased results and led to an underestimation of TBW with respect to the reference value obtained by deuterium oxide dilution. Body mass index accounted for more than 40% of the inter-individual variability, suggesting that body size was not taken sufficiently into consideration by the predictive formulae used. We have used the body surface area as the anthropometrical parameter for the prediction of TBW from body impedance. The regression formula that we propose (TBW = 1.156 x (surface area/body impedance) - 2.356; R = 0.96), although requiring further validation on external populations, seems to provide a more realistic assessment of TBW in young obese subjects. We therefore suggest that the assessment of TBW in young obese subjects requires specifically designed prediction formulae.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Body size, body composition, and fat distribution: a comparison of young New Zealand men of European, Pacific Island, and Asian Indian ethnicities.

AIMS: To investigate body size and body fat relationships and fat distribution in young healthy men drawn from New Zealand European, Pacific Island, and Asian Indian populations. METHOD: A total of 114 healthy men (64 European, 31 Pacific Island, 19 Asian Indian) aged 17-30 years underwent measurements of height, weight, and body composition by total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Body mass index (BMI) was then calculated. Percent body fat (%BF), fat-free mass, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, abdominal fat, thigh fat, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) were obtained from the DXA scans. RESULTS: For the same BMI, %BF for Pacific Island men was 4% points lower and for Asian Indian men was 7-8% points higher compared to Europeans. Compared to European men for the same %BF, BMI was 2-3 units higher for Pacific Island, and 3-6 units lower for Asian Indian. The ratio of abdominal fat to thigh fat, adjusted for height, weight, and %BF, was significantly higher for Asian Indian men than European (p=0.022) and Pacific Island (p=0.002) men. ASMM, adjusted for height and weight, was highest in Pacific Island and lowest in Asian Indian men. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between %BF and BMI is different for European, Pacific Island, and Asian Indian men which may, at least in part, be due to differences in muscularity. Asian Indians have more abdominal fat deposition than their European and Pacific Island counterparts. Use of universal BMI cut-off points are not appropriate for comparison of obesity prevalence between these ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prediction of maximal oxygen consumption from body mass, height and body surface area in young sedentary subjects.

The study was aimed to establish prediction norms for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) from age, body mass and body surface area (BSA) in young sedentary subjects of Kolkata, India. Students of 20-24 years (male = 40 and female = 40) were recruited by simple random sampling from University of Calcutta, Kolkata. Thirty participants from each sex were further randomly alloted to the "study group" and rest 10 participants to the "confirmatory group". Physical parameters were measured and VO2max determination comprised of incremental bi-cycle exercise followed by expired gas analysis in Scholander micro-gas analyzer. Significant (P<0.001) correlation of VO2max existed with age, body mass, body height and BSA. Prediction of VO2max in the confirmatory groups using the norms obtained from different physical parameters depicted insignificant variation from the directly measured value of VO2max. Among these equations VO2max prediction from BSA was considered as the most valid one because of its highest correlation coefficient with VO2max in both the sexes. Multiple regression equation for prediction of VO2max from body mass and body height was also computed. The equation established from BSA is recommended as the most reliable and valid to predict VO2max in the young sedentary subjects of Kolkata, India; and multiple regression equations are also recommended for cross-checking the value.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Body image changes in adolescents II comparison among patients with eating disorders and controls with thin, normal and obese body shapes.

The Self-Rating Body Image (SRBI) test was used to determine whether the patients with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia showed their body image disturbance or not. The SRBI was completed by 120 subjects who consisted of 30 low weight (LW) controls, 30 normal weight (NW) controls, 30 high weight (HW) controls, 18 anorexic patients (AN) and 12 bulimic patients (BN). The AN group had a significantly greater dissatisfaction with the scales of the body shape, visceral organ and face image of the SRBI than the weight-matched LW group. The BN group had a significantly greater dissatisfaction with the visceral organ image shape than the weight-matched NW group. However, no significant difference in the body shape and face images between the BN and NW groups was found. Our results suggest that the anorexic patients may disturb more parts of the body image than the bulimic patients though both the anorexic and bulimic patients showed the disturbance of body image.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A new method of body habitus correction for total body potassium measurements.

This paper describes an accurate and time-efficient method for the determination of total body potassium via a combination of measurements in the Birmingham whole body counter and the use of the Monte Carlo n-particle (MCNP) simulation code. In developing this method, MCNP has also been used to derive values for some components of the total measurement uncertainty which are difficult to quantify experimentally. A method is proposed for MCNP-assessed body habitus corrections based on a simple generic anthropomorphic model, scaled for individual height and weight. The use of this model increases patient comfort by reducing the need for comprehensive anthropomorphic measurements. The analysis shows that the total uncertainty in potassium weight determination by this whole body counting methodology for water-filled phantoms with a known amount of potassium is 2.7% (SD). The uncertainty in the method of body habitus correction (applicable also to phantom-based methods) is 1.5% (SD). It is concluded that this new strategy provides a sufficiently accurate model for routine clinical use.

Body Burden↗
PubMed1993

New method of three-dimensional analysis of bipedal locomotion for the study of displacements of the body and body-parts centers of mass in man and non-human primates: evolutionary framework.

The current biomechanical interpretation of the chimpanzee's bipedal walking argues that larger lateral and vertical displacements of the body center of mass occur in the chimpanzee's "side-to-side" gait than in the human striding gait. The evolutionary hypothesis underlying this study is the following: during the evolution of human bipedalism one of the necessary changes could have been the progressive reduction of these displacements of the body center of mass. In order to quantitatively test this hypothesis, it is necessary to obtain simultaneously the trajectories of the centers of mass of the whole body and of the different body parts. To solve this problem, a new method of three-dimensional analysis of walking, associated with a volumetric modelling of the body, has been developed based on finite-element modeling. An orthogonal synchrophotographic device yielding four synchronous pictures of the walking subject allows a qualitative analysis of the photographic sequences together with the results of their quantitative analysis. This method was applied to an adult man, a 3-year-old girl and a 9-year-old male chimpanzee. Our results suggest that the trajectory of the body center of mass of the human is distinguished from that of the chimpanzee not by a lower movement amplitude but by the synchronization of the transverse and vertical displacements into two periodic curves in phase with one another. The non-human primate uses its repertoire of arboreal movements in its bipedal terrestrial gait, provisionally referred to as a "rope-walker" gait. We show that the interpretation of a "side-to-side" gait is not applicable to the chimpanzee. We argue that similarly this interpretation and the initial hypothesis presuppose a basic symmetric structure of the gait, in relation to the sagittal plane of progression, similar to the human one. This lateral symmetry of the right and left displacements of the center of gravity, in phase with the right and left single supports of walking, is probably a very derived feature of the human gait. We suggest that low lateral and vertical displacements of the body center of mass are not indicative of a progressive bipedal gait and we discuss the new evolutionary implications of our results.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Fate of Mallory body-containing hepatocytes: disappearance of Mallory bodies and restoration of the hepatocytic intermediate filament cytoskeleton after drug withdrawal in the griseofulvin-treated mouse.

Mallory bodies are characteristic morphological features of alcoholic hepatitis in man and can be produced in the mouse by chronic griseofulvin intoxication. The appearance of Mallory bodies in hepatocytes is associated with derangement of the cytokeratin intermediate filament cytoskeleton, at least as revealed by immunofluorescence and suggested by immunoelectron microscopy. Immunohistochemical studies were performed to answer the question whether Mallory body formation and cytoskeleton alterations finally lead to cell death or are reversible phenomena. Chronically griseofulvin-intoxicated mice killed at different stages of recovery on a normal diet served as experimental animals. It could be shown that (a) Mallory bodies are very durable structures and are found for up to 6 mo after griseofulvin withdrawal as a result of persistence and neoformation; (b) new Mallory bodies can appear even several months after cessation of griseofulvin feeding; (c) Mallory body formation and cytoskeletal changes by themselves do not lead to irreversible cell damage; (d) the cytoskeletal changes are reversible within 7 mo after griseofulvin withdrawal; (e) a dissociation between disappearance of Mallory bodies and restoration of a regularly immunostained cytoplasmic cytokeratin meshwork is observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Local interneurons associated with the mushroom bodies and the central body in the brain of Acheta domesticus.

Within the central part of the brain in male crickets (Acheta domesticus) 150 local interneurons were recorded intracellularly and consequently stained with either Lucifer Yellow CH or cobaltous sulphide. The shapes of the injected cells were reconstructed from serial sections and drawn to scale using known brain regions as landmarks. Several types of neurons were encountered, which differ in their topographical relationships to the mushroom bodies and the central body. Extensive branching was often found in the calyces or the lobes of the mushroom bodies, within the lateral protocerebral neuropil and in the columns of the central body. These neurons connect different parts of the brain with the neuronal assemblies of the mushroom bodies and the central body, structures, which are considered to participate in the control of complex behavior. The role of the mushroom body with respect to its connectivity to other brain areas and various feedback loops is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

[An improved vertebral body replacement for the thoracolumbar spine. A biomechanical in vitro test on human lumbar vertebral bodies].

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the use of expandable titanium cages for vertebral body replacement in the thoracolumbar spine has been well established for the treatment of tumors, unstable traumatic lesions, or posttraumatic deformity. Collapse of the implant into the vertebral body remains a point of concern. A biomechanical compression test was designed to assess implant subsidence for a newly developed prototype for vertebral body replacement in the thoracolumbar spine using human cadaveric lumbar vertebrae. The objective of this study was to compare the compressive performance of a new expandable cage with modified end-plate design with three commonly available expandable cages for vertebral body replacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The compressive strengths at the implant-vertebral body interface were measured via axial loading of the new prototype (Synex II) in comparison with three different expandable titanium cages: Synex I (Synthes), Obelisc (Ulrich Medical) and X-Tenz (DePuy Spine). Twenty-four intact, fresh frozen human lumbar vertebrae (L1-L4) were distributed into four identical groups according to BMD (determined by quantitative computed tomography) and the vertebral level. Specimens were loaded in the craniocaudal direction with a material testing machine at a constant speed of 5 mm/min. Load displacement curves were continuously recorded for each specimen until failure (diminishment of compressive force (F)/obvious implant migration through the vertebral body endplate). One-way analysis of variance and post-hoc tests (Bonferroni) were applied to detect differences at 1, 2, 3, 4 mm displacement (F1-4 mm), and Fmax between implant groups. RESULTS: The four expandable cages did not show statistically significant biomechanical differences in terms of maximum compression force (Fmax) until failure: Synex II (1,782 N/4.7 mm); Synex I (1,645 N/4.7 mm); Obelisc (1,314 N/4.2 mm); X-Tenz (1,470 N/6.9 mm). However, the mean compression force until 4 mm displacement (F1-4 mm: 300-1,600 N) was highest for Synex II. The difference at 2 mm displacement was significant (p=0.028) between Synex II (F2 mm=879 N) and X-Tenz (F2 mm=339 N). CONCLUSION: The modified endplate design of the new prototype was found to improve its compressive performance under constrained uniaxial loading conditions at the implant-bone interface. The improved compressive behaviour of the new implant might help to reduce the risk of implant subsidence and collapse into the vertebral body in vivo.

Aged↗