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PubMed2002

Periodontal awareness and knowledge, and pattern of dental attendance among adults in Jordan.

AIMS: To provide baseline data on periodontal awareness and health knowledge, and to assess patterns of dental attendance behaviours among 20 to 60 year-old Jordanian adults. METHODS: A questionnaire incorporating items related to personal and socio-demographic data, periodontal awareness and health knowledge, and self-reported dental attendance behaviours. One-thousand questionnaires were distributed among adults attending dental clinics. RESULTS: 743 questionnaires were completed and statistically analysed. About one-quarter of adults reported 'gum bleeding' on brushing, but more subjects (40.4%) believed that they had periodontal disease. Also, 47% of the participants thought that they had a 'rough tooth surface', 16% had 'gum irritation' and 25% had 'bad breath'. There were no statistically significant differences between genders with regard to responses on periodontal awareness (P >0.05). The majority of adults incorrectly defined the meaning of dental plaque and did not know its role in the aetiology of gingival disease. Conversely, the majority of participants (60.8%) were aware that gingival bleeding upon brushing indicated the presence of periodontal disease that can be prevented by brushing and flossing (63.4%), mainly before going to bed (73.9%). The overwhelming majority of subjects (81.4%) were irregular attenders. 'Treatment not necessary' and 'cost' were found to be the common barriers for regular dental attendance. The most common treatment received by the subjects at their last visit was restorative therapy. CONCLUSION: Knowledge and awareness concerning periodontal disease is still poor in Jordan, therefore, more dental health education is needed to improve oral health.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Awareness of glaucoma, and health beliefs of patients suffering primary acute angle closure.

AIM: To evaluate the factors associated with lack of awareness of glaucoma and late presentation to the doctor in Singapore Chinese patients with acute angle closure (AAC) METHODS: A prospective, hospital based case series of 105 patients aged 35 years and above who presented with a first attack of AAC in a tertiary hospital in Singapore was conducted. A research assistant interviewed all patients face to face in clinic and recorded demographic factors, awareness of glaucoma, and subjective barriers to seeing a doctor. The time from onset of symptoms to presentation at the clinic was noted. RESULTS: Overall, 22.9% of patients had heard of glaucoma. The multivariate adjusted odds ratio (OR) of unawareness of glaucoma in older people (> 60 years) was 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5 to 4.6), 3.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 9.2) for adults who were not working, and 13.8 (95% CI 1.3 to 146.7) for patients who had less than a pre-university education. A significant proportion (31.7%) of patients presented to the doctor 24 hours or more after symptoms occurred. In a multiple logistic regression model, the adjusted OR of late presentation was 8.5 (95% CI 1.04 to 69.5) if there was no car access, 5.0 (95% CI 1.0 to 24.6) if the patients spoke Chinese, and 3.3 (95% CI 0.9 to 11.9) if there was nobody to accompany to hospital. CONCLUSION: Glaucoma awareness among patients suffering AAC was not high. Lack of awareness was associated with increasing age, lack of formal education, and unemployment. A significant proportion of patients seek medical attention late. Risk factors for late presentation include lack of car access, nobody to accompany the patient, and speaking the Chinese language primarily. Health education programmes may help increase the knowledge and awareness of glaucoma.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Special communication: mandate for creation of a national peripheral arterial disease public awareness program: an opportunity to improve cardiovascular health.

BACKGROUND: There has been increasing recognition of the detrimental effect of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) on the health of Americans, and yet there is no common national program of public PAD education designed to diminish this effect. FORMAT: To heighten awareness of this problem, a 2-day PAD Public Education Strategy Meeting was recently attended by representatives of 17 professional societies and public health associations whose missions support the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of vascular diseases. This Public Education Strategy Meeting was intended to provide the rationale and structure to create a national PAD public awareness campaign to diminish the health effect of PAD and to improve cardiovascular outcomes in the United States. This document (1) provides the rationale for creation of a national PAD public education program; (2) reviews the development and success of national hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and Women's Heart Health public education programs as models of educational efficacy; (3) elucidates how the work of many vascular professionals has led to a national consensus for creation of a national PAD public educational program; (4) provides an overview of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PAD education meeting; and (5) outlines the "next steps" required to accomplish these goals. OUTCOME: This meeting achieved consensus that we share responsibility for developing accurate, unified messages to promote PAD awareness and improved care. Participants agreed that the creation of such messages should be linked to plans to disseminate them to all Americans at risk. A consensus was reached that such messages, when commonly created and offered to the public, are most likely to achieve the rewards in better health that all Americans deserve. The Vascular Disease Foundation, a not-for-profit foundation whose mission includes public education about the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of PAD, will devote its resources to guide a new coalition in this process and to create a national PAD awareness campaign. During 2003 and 2004, the coalition will create the organizational underpinnings and time line for what will undoubtedly be a multiyear effort. CONCLUSION: Participants of the Public Education Strategy Meeting agreed to create a broad coalition to develop a National PAD Public Awareness Program, with the objectives to develop and disseminate public education messages on PAD. A successful national PAD education program will contribute to creation of a broader mandate to improve global cardiovascular health in the United States.

Health Education↗
PubMed2006

Public awareness of human papillomavirus.

OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to review the evidence relating to the level of awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the general population and the implications for the potential introduction of HPV vaccination and HPV testing as part of screening. METHODS: PubMed search performed on terms: 'HPV education', 'HPV awareness' 'Genital Warts Awareness' Results: Public awareness of HPV is generally very low, particularly with respect to its relation to abnormal smears and cervical cancer although knowledge levels vary to some extent according to sociodemographic characteristics. There is also much confusion around which types cause warts and the types that can cause cancer. The sexually transmissible nature of the infection is of major concern and confusion to women. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the lack of current awareness of HPV, significant education initiatives will be necessary should HPV vaccination and/or HPV testing be introduced. Organized edification of health-care workers and the media, who constitute the two most preferred sources of information, will be crucial.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2026

PheBee: A Graph-Aware System for Scalable, Traceable, and Semantic Phenotyping.

OBJECTIVES: Phenotype-driven workflows in clinical and translational research require standardized ontology-based representation, ontology-aware cohort discovery, and provenance inspection for each assertion. Existing approaches optimize either for semantic traversal or scalable batch analytics, but not both. We describe PheBee, a hybrid system that links semantic assertions to scalable evidence storage via a deterministic identifier, preserving provenance while supporting ontology-aware discovery at cohort scale. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PheBee represents phenotype assertions in a knowledge graph as ontology-linked nodes with clinical modifier context (e.g., negated, family history), and stores supporting evidence records in a scalable row-oriented evidence table for cohort-scale access. The two layers are connected by a deterministic identifier enabling stable joins across repeated ingestions without duplicating high-volume evidence in the graph. We evaluated PheBee using synthetic datasets designed to exercise end-to-end ingestion and query workflows. RESULTS: Functional evaluation validated hierarchical term expansion, qualifier-aware retrieval, duplicate-free assertion handling under re-ingestion, and privacy-conscious management of subjects shared across multiple research projects. At scale (10,000 subjects producing 12M evidence records) PheBee completed ingestion in ~30 minutes and responded to interactive queries within 6 seconds under concurrent load. DISCUSSION: PheBee exposes a unified API for ontology-aware cohort discovery with hierarchical term expansion, subject-centric retrieval of phenotypes and clinical modifiers, and evidence and provenance queries. Its data model aligns with GA4GH Phenopackets, facilitating interoperability with phenotype exchange standards. CONCLUSION: By combining ontology-aware semantics with scalable, provenance-bearing evidence storage, PheBee provides a practical open-source foundation for phenotype-driven research workflows that demand both semantic precision and cohort-scale traceability.

cohort studies↗
PubMed1997

Awareness and knowledge of AIDS among Indian women: evidence from 13 states.

Over 30,000 ever-married women in 13 (out of 25) Indian states where HIV is thought to be highly prevalent-Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and ten other less populous states-were surveyed about their awareness and knowledge of AIDS. Only one in six women had heard of AIDS. Among those, knowledge about transmission and prevention is poor. Multivariate analyses reveal that rural, poorly educated, and poor women are the least likely to be AIDS-aware and if aware, have the poorest understanding of the syndrome. Despite low levels of awareness and knowledge, we find a strong positive association between AIDS awareness and knowledge and condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Ethnic influences on body awareness, trait anxiety, perceived risk, and breast and gynecologic cancer screening practices.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine ethnic influences on body awareness, trait anxiety, perceived risk, and breast and gynecologic cancer screening practices. DESIGN: Descriptive, correlational secondary analysis. SETTING: Urban and rural home and community populations. SAMPLE: 233 women: 138 (59%) Caucasian, 37 (17%) African American, 29 (12%) Hispanic, and 29 (12%) American Indian women (X = 46.86 years) were recruited through mailings, churches, and community organizations. METHODS: Structured questionnaires. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Body awareness, trait anxiety, perceived risk, and breast and gynecologic cancer screening practices. FINDINGS: Ethnicity predicted breast and gynecologic cancer screening practices (except clinical breast examination), body awareness, trait anxiety, and perceived risk. Hispanic and American Indian women reported greater breast self-examination frequency than Caucasian and African American women. Caucasian and African American women reported more mammogram use than Hispanic and American Indian women. Increased body awareness was related to fewer gynecologic exams for American Indian women. CONCLUSIONS: Women of different ethnic backgrounds respond differently to breast and gynecologic cancer screening practices. The influence of psychosocial variables on these practices varied with different groups. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nursing interventions to increase breast and gynecologic cancer screening should be ethnic-specific, with particular attention to the meaning of body awareness to American Indian women and trait anxiety and perceived risk to African American women.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Peril of the pox. Are primary care providers aware of varicella vaccination guidelines?

PURPOSE: To determine whether physicians providing primary care in Ontario were aware of guidelines published by Health Canada's National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), their opinions about the varicella vaccine, and factors that influence use of the vaccine. METHODS: A questionnaire examining awareness, knowledge, and perceived barriers to using varicella vaccine was developed and mailed to a random sample of 500 family physicians and 400 pediatricians practising in Ontario. RESULTS: To the 900 questionnaires mailed, 284 family physicians (56.9%) and 232 pediatricians (59.2%) responded. Fifty-six percent of family physicians and 95.4% of pediatricians providing primary care were aware of the Health Canada guidelines. Physicians who were aware of the Health Canada guidelines were more knowledgeable about the vaccine and were more likely to recommend it. Both groups of physicians identified cost (not covered by the government), problems with storage and handling, and concerns about long-term immunity as barriers to use of the vaccine. CONCLUSION: While awareness of the guidelines was associated with better knowledge of and following recommendations for the vaccine, Health Canada guidelines were not widely distributed to all primary care providers. One way to encourage incorporation of varicella vaccine guidelines into practice would be to improve dissemination of the guidelines to all primary care providers.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Awareness of age-related macular degeneration in adults: the results of a large-scale international survey.

BACKGROUND: Early detection and prompt implementation of appropriate rehabilitation services and therapy can help minimize the long-term disability that results from age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). The level of awareness of ARMD among the general public may influence early detection of this disease. METHODS: Random samples of European and North American populations were interviewed in an international survey designed to assess the attitudes of people to eye examinations, awareness of the causes of vision loss, awareness of ARMD, and knowledge of its treatment options. RESULTS: A total of 7,830 adults of at least 18 years of age were questioned. The main finding was that knowledge of ARMD is poor-the majority of respondents (70%) were not at all familiar with ARMD. Only 2% of participants knew that ARMD is the leading cause of severe vision loss in adults 50 years of age or older, while a majority of those surveyed (75%) was unaware of treatments available for ARMD. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that there is low public awareness of ARMD, which may result in people with ARMD not receiving prompt medical advice and treatment. There is a need for a wide-ranging educational initiative to increase awareness of ARMD and highlight the importance of undergoing regular eye examinations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Awareness and practices regarding malaria of catchment population of a primary health centre in Delhi.

Malaria is a major public health problem in India. IEC activities have been an important activity of National Anti Malaria Programme. The present study was undertaken with the objective to assess awareness and practices regarding malaria among patients attending malaria clinic. Literacy status was low among the respondents. About 57% of respondents were aware of the cause of malaria as parasite or mosquito and awareness increased with the literacy status (49.4% in illiterate to 85.4% in high school and above literate). More than half (51.0%) of the respondents attributed high fever with chills and rigor as the most important symptom of malaria, but some of the respondents also mentioned only high fever (18.9%) or high fever with diarrhea (21.2%) as main symptom of malaria. Majority of the respondents knew that mosquito bred in water (62.9%) and mosquito breeding could be prevented (56.6%), knowledge significantly better among literate than illiterates. The present study showed that the awareness and practices about the cause and prevention of malaria were just fair among the patients attending the Malaria Clinic of a Primary Health Centre of Delhi and were dependent upon the literacy status of the study population. Poor response towards practising preventive measures against mosquito bites as approx. one third were not practising any method could be due to poor awareness about malaria preventive measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Risk factor awareness and expectations of outpatients attending the Cardiology Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

One hundred consecutive patients attending the UKM (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) Cardiology Clinic completed a questionnaire enquiring about their own assessment of their knowledge about their illness, their awareness of cardiac risk factors and their expectations in their management. Only 11% of our patients had graduated from tertiary education. 59% of our patients were being treated for ischaemic heart disease. Although only 28% of our patients considered having considerable knowledge of their illness, a majority of our patients were aware of cardiac risk factors. This was independent of the formal education achieved. However this awareness did not necessarily result in appropriate behaviour; 32% of patients admitted to smoking despite being aware of the harmful effects of smoking. 74% of our patients expected a cure from their doctors; only 37% of our patients thought they required medication indefinitely. Thus, patients could be made aware of their illness regardless of their formal educational status. However this may not necessarily result in appropriate behaviour. The high expectations which the patients have of their doctors is unrealistic and may be detrimental to appropriate long-term management of their chronic illness.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[A study on awareness of sexually-transmitted disease/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and related factors among migrant workers in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province of China].

OBJECTIVE: To understand awareness on transmission routes of sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STD/AIDS) among migrant workers in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in migrant workers in Hangzhou with self-administered anonymous questionnaire to collect their demographic information and awareness on STD/AIDS. All the data were analyzed by SPSS 11.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 3 001 subjects were interviewed. Most of them have already had some knowledge about STD/AIDS, but not complete. There were 556 (18.8%) migrant workers did not understand that condom could prevent from STD, and 759 did not know if it could do. There were 357 (11.9%) workers did not know AIDS could be prevented, and 746 (24.9%) thought that AIDS could be cured. There were 637 workers did not know that correct use of condom could reduce occurrence of AIDS, and 725 of them thought AIDS could be infected by hands-shaking and hugging with patients of AIDS. There existed statistically significant difference in awareness on STD/AIDS between men and women, workers with varied marital status and education levels. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness on STD/AIDS in migrant workers was smattering, allowing of not optimistic. Community-based health education on knowledge about STD/AIDS should be strengthened among high-risk migrant workers with varied channels to improve their awareness.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Awareness of issues related to sleep disordered breathing amongst practicing physicians.

BACKGROUND: Most of the sleep related breathing disorders currently in India are both under diagnosed and under treated. The exact prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in our country is not clearly known and this is partly due to lack of awareness amongst physicians and lack of formal epidemiological data from Indian subcontinent. Several international agencies have emphasised the urgent need for medical training at all levels in sleep medicine, so as to include an exposure to the broader aspects of sleep medicine. OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge of practicing chest physicians on the issues related to sleep disordered breathing in the local set-up. METHODS: A standardised questionnaire with strong face validity was utilised for this purpose to interview 65 physicians at their work place. RESULTS: The overall awareness about sleep disordered breathing amongst the practicing physicians in Hyderabad, Secunderabad and the neighbouring district of Warangal was poor. There was no association between professsional qualifications and level of awareness. Furthermore, the awareness was found to be similarly low both amongst young and middle aged physicians and this was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The overall awareness about sleep disordered breathing amongst practicing physicians in and around Hyderabad is rather poor.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Contraceptive practices and awareness of emergency contraception in educated working women.

BACKGROUND: Regular contraceptive use and emergency contraception are tools to prevent pregnancies. AIMS: This study was designed to investigate knowledge and use of contraceptive methods and awareness of emergency contraception among women working in the hospital. SETTINGS: Educated workingwomen in a medical college hospital. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out among women belonging to three categories: staff nurses, ministerial staff and others. Married as well as unmarried employees in the reproductive age group were interviewed. A pretested mixed questionnaire containing open as well as closed ended questions was administered. The women were asked questions concerning knowledge and use of contraceptive methods and awareness of emergency or postcoital contraception. RESULTS: Of the 284 employees 258 women consented for the interview. All the subjects were literate and majority (97.2%) had an urban background. Of the 190 married women, 154 (81.1%) practiced contraception, among them (73.3%) were regular users. Eighty respondents underwent abortions of which 46 had spontaneous and 34 had induced abortions. Among the available contraceptive methods, condom was the most popular method in 89 (57.8%) followed by Copper T in 38 women (24.7%). The use of hormonal contraception was very low 2.6%. Print and electronic media were the common source of public awareness in 149 subjects (57.7%). Twenty-nine women (11.2%) were aware and only three women used emergency contraception. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of females in this literate workingwomen population used contraception; however, the awareness of emergency contraception was low.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Awareness of post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines against occupational exposure to HIV in Hospital Sungai Petani.

Occupational risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a matter of concern for health care workers. We conducted a study to gauge the level of awareness amongst HCW (doctors and nurses) working in Hospital Sungai Petani regarding the post-exposure prophylaxis in case of needle stick injuries from confirmed or suspected cases of HIV. Nineteen Doctors (56%) and 13 nurses (25%) were aware of correct risk of transmission. None identified all the four risk fluids correctly. 94% of doctors and 98% of nurses correctly stated that washing the site with soap and water is the initial procedure, but only few (1/10 of doctors and 1/3 of nurses) knew whom to contact immediately after injury. Twenty three doctors (67%) and 41(78%) nurses were aware of the use of Zidovudine but only 10 participants were aware of the use of second drug. Only 6 doctors (17%) and 8 nurses (15%) knew the correct duration of post-exposure prophylaxis. Twenty-three doctors (67%) and 35 nurses (67%) knew that the drugs were available in Hospital Pharmacy and 11 doctors and 12 nurses knew the approximate cost of therapy. On the average about 50% of doctors and nurses have fair knowledge of post exposure prophylaxis against HIV. Ongoing awareness and training are necessary to improve the same.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2005

[The current status on the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus in several Chinese subpopulations].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes mellitus(DM), rates of awareness, treatment and control of DM in 14 Chinese subpopulations and the trends of development in recent years. METHODS: We collected data on history regarding DM and fasting serum glucose in 14 Chinese subpopulations aged 35 to 59 in 1998, under cluster sampling. In 4 out of the 14 subpopulation samples, a similar survey using same methods in 1993 - 1994 was carried out. IFG and DM were diagnosed according to the WHO criteria. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence rates of IFG and DM were from 0.5% to 15.6% (mean: 4.8%) and from 0.2% to 10.6% (mean: 4.3%) for the whole 14 subpopulations in 1998 which were not different between men and women, but higher in urban than in rural (P < 0.01), but increased with age (P < 0.01). The rates of awareness,treatment and control of DM were from 0% to 46.2% (mean: 33.3%), from 0% to 46.2% (mean: 27.2%), and from 0% to 15.4% (mean: 9.7%), which were significantly higher in women than in men (P < 0.01), higher in urban than in rural (P = 0.031), and higher in older participants (P < 0.05), but not much different in the levels of education. The rate of treatment in patients with awareness of DM and the rate of control in patients with treated DM were 81.6% and 35.6% respectively, which were not different between men and women, urban and rural or among different age groups. The mean prevalence of DM increased from 3.8% in 1993 - 1994 to 4.6% in 1998 (P = 0.037). The rates of awareness, treatment and control of DM had an increasing trends but with no significant differences between years 1993 - 1994 and 1998. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of DM in 14 Chinese subpopulations exhibited no differences between men and women, but showing significant differences among areas and an increasing trend in the recent years. The rates of awareness, treatment, and control were still relatively low. To improve the efficacy of screening program and treatment seemed to be the two key issues in prevention and control of DM in China.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Awareness, treatment and control of the metabolic syndrome and its components: a multicentre Greek study.

INTRODUCTION: There are no data concerning the degree of awareness, treatment and control of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components or associated vascular risk in the general population. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was made of a representative sample of Greek adults (n=9669, 49% men and 51% women), living in urban, semi-urban and rural areas (55%, 23% and 22%, respectively). The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions for the MetS were used. RESULTS: The age-standardised prevalence of the MetS in the general population was 24.5% [95% CI 23.4-25.7%] (n=2369). This was similar in men and women and increased with age. Among subjects with the NCEP MetS the prevalence of hypertension was 71%, elevated blood glucose 55%, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 58%, high triglycerides 63% and abdominal obesity 82%. Only one third of subjects were aware of the MetS component conditions, less than one quarter were on treatment, and very few (< or =10%) were controlled for MetS components. Awareness of MetS individual component conditions (e.g. arterial hypertension), and consequently effective control, was lower than that reported in other cohorts, including subjects without MetS. Only 5% of subjects were aware of MetS as an entity, 2% were treated for all component conditions and only 1% were controlled. Using the IDF definition, the prevalence of MetS was higher (43.4%) and awareness, treatment and control of MetS and its components were significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MetS is high in Greece but is not recognised among the general population. Therefore, treatment and control of MetS and component conditions are extremely low. If the situation does not improve soon, MetS will cause a further increase in the vascular disease epidemic in the years to come. This calls for urgent education of the public and the medical community.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Awareness and acceptance of hepatitis B vaccination in Clementi, Singapore.

Hepatitis B Virus infection, a public health problem in Singapore, can be effectively controlled by vaccination. This paper reports on a study conducted in 1988/89 to ascertain the awareness and uptake rate of Hepatitis B vaccination. A list of children born between November 1986 and May 1987 in the catchmen zone of the Clementi Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Clinic was obtained. Out of a total of 257 children, 226 (87.9%) responded to our study in May 1988 which was part of a larger community health survey carried out by a group of medical students. The vaccination uptake rate was 23%. The awareness of the parents on Hepatitis B virus infection and vaccination was assessed using a standardised questionnaire. About two-thirds were aware of the main modes of Hepatitis B transmission, 46.5% were aware of the long-term consequences of Hepatitis B infection and 6.6% thought that the vaccine was not safe from serious side effects. A follow-up survey of the respondents was carried out in August 1989. The Hepatitis B vaccination uptake had increased to 48.3%. The immunisation status showed a correlation with the ethnic group, father's occupation and awareness score of respondents. The more than two-fold increase in uptake rate can be attributed to a reduction in the cost of Hepatitis B vaccination and a vigorous nation-wide education programme during the preceding year.

Asian People↗