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Infectious cDNA, cell receptors and transgenic mice in the study of Sabin's poliovirus vaccines.

The determination of the nucleotide sequence of the poliovirus genome, the isolation of infectious poliovirus cDNAs, and the identification of the cell receptor for poliovirus and establishment of a transgenic mouse model for poliomyelitis have all contributed to our understanding of the live, attenuated Sabin poliovirus vaccines. These highly effective vaccines have been studied extensively by many laboratories to determine the molecular basis for their attenuation phenotype. For this special issue I would like to review how our research has improved the understanding of Sabin's poliovirus vaccines, and highlight Albert's influence on our work.

Animals↗

Attachment and emotion in autobiographical memory development.

The relation of attachment status to autobiographical memory was assessed in 3.5- to 4.5-year-olds. Of specific interest was the relation between attachment status and the emotional content of parent-child memory conversations. Forty-six mother-child dyads discussed four events designed to elicit positive and negative emotional themes. Both attachment status and gender moderated the emotional content of this memory talk. Mother-daughter dyads with insecurely attached girls engaged in relatively more negative memory talk than mother-daughter dyads with securely attached girls. However, the dyads of secure girls elaborated more often on both positive and negative emotional themes than did the dyads of insecure girls who primarily elaborated on positive themes. The relations between attachment status and emotion talk for mother-son dyads were inconsistent. Findings were discussed in terms of the role of attachment in the social construction of autobiographical memories.

Affect↗

Why fibrous proteins are romantic.

Here I give a personal account of the great history of fibrous protein structure. I describe how Astbury first recognized the essential simplicity of fibrous proteins and their paradigmatic role in protein structure. The poor diffraction patterns yielded by these proteins were then deciphered by Pauling, Crick, Ramachandran and others (in part by model building) to reveal alpha-helical coiled coils, beta-sheets, and the collagen triple helical coiled coil-all characterized by different local sequence periodicities. Longer-range sequence periodicities (or "magic numbers") present in diverse fibrous proteins, such as collagen, tropomyosin, paramyosin, myosin, and were then shown to account for the characteristic axial repeats observed in filaments of these proteins. More recently, analysis of fibrous protein structure has been extended in many cases to atomic resolution, and some systems, such as "leucine zippers," are providing a deeper understanding of protein design than similar studies of globular proteins. In the last sections, I provide some dramatic examples of fibrous protein dynamics. One example is the so-called "spring-loaded" mechanism for viral fusion by the hemagglutinin protein of influenza. Another is the possible conformational changes in prion proteins, implicated in "mad cow disease," which may be related to similar transitions in a variety of globular and fibrous proteins.

Animals↗

A quest for cytoplasmic factors that control the cell cycle.

Between 1966 and 1986 the author and his former students carried out an investigation into the cytoplasmic factors that regulate nuclear behaviour during meiotic maturation of oocytes. This anecdotal chronicle traces the development of the problems and the direction in which their solutions were attempted in the course of this investigation. The author examines why he decided to study oocyte maturation, how he discovered progesterone as a maturation-inducing hormone and maturation promoting factor (MPF) and cytostatic factor (CSF) as meiosis-controlling factors, how the idea of the cell cycle without the cell occurred to him, and how it was materialised by invention of a cell-free system.

Animals↗

From outer to inner space: traveling along a scientific career from astrochemistry to drug research.

This professional history describes my journey as a research scientist after my early training and experiences in the pre- and early post-World War II United States. My graduate training concentrated on a problem in astrochemistry: phenomena on comets. As my career developed, I felt confident enough in myself as an experimentalist to enter, and make contributions to, several different fields: structural biochemistry (via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), molecular immunology, pharmacology, neurochemistry, and cell biology. One emphasis is on the nature and quality of my scientific training that permitted me to do cross-disciplinary work. A second emphasis is on the technical and intellectual developments in late twentieth-century science and how, along with the changes in American society as it passed through three major wars, they influenced my life and thought.

Aerospace Medicine↗