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PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic and environmental components of adolescent adjustment and parental behavior: a multivariate analysis.

Adolescent adjustment measures may be related to each other and to the social environment in various ways. Are these relationships similar in genetic and environmental sources of covariation, or different? A multivariate behavior-genetic analysis was made of 6 adjustment and 3 treatment composites from the study Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development, using 674 same-sex adolescent sibling pairs aged 9-11. Cholesky decompositions of the total covariance matrix yielded additive and nonadditive genetic, and shared and nonshared environmental matrices. Factor analyses led to 3 factors for all but shared environment. The first 2 factors resembled Neuroticism and Extraversion factors typically found for personality; the third factor, parental monitoring and control, appeared to have different associations in different matrices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Gonadal hormone effects on entrained and free-running circadian activity rhythms in the developing diurnal rodent Octodon degus.

The slowly maturing, long-lived rodent Octodon degus (degu) provides a unique opportunity to examine the development of the circadian system during adolescence. These studies characterize entrained and free-running activity rhythms in gonadally intact and prepubertally gonadectomized male and female degus across the first year of life to clarify the impact of sex and gonadal hormones on the circadian system during adolescence. Gonadally intact degus exhibited a delay in the phase angle of activity onset (Psi(on)) during puberty, which reversed as animals became reproductively competent. Gonadectomy before puberty prevented this phase delay. However, the effect of gonadal hormones during puberty on Psi(on) does not result from changes in the period of the underlying circadian pacemaker. A sex difference in Psi(on) and free-running period (tau) emerged several months after puberty; these developmental changes are not likely to be related, since the sex difference in Psi(on) emerged before the sex difference in tau. Changes in the levels of circulating hormones cannot explain the emergence of these sex differences, since there is a rather lengthy delay between the age at which degus reach sexual maturity and the age at which Psi(on) and tau become sexually dimorphic. However, postnatal exposure to gonadal hormones is required for sexual differentiation of Psi(on) and tau, since these sex differences were absent in prepubertally gonadectomized degus. These data suggest that gonadal hormones modulate the circadian system during adolescent development and provide a new model for postpubertal sexual differentiation of a central nervous system structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Changes in growth hormone (GH) secretion and in growth during puberty.

During normal adolescent development in males testosterone induces the adolescent growth spurt, at least in part, by increasing GH production via an increase in the amplitude of the peaks of GH which are released, and not by increasing the frequency of GH pulses. Testosterone and estrogen administration at low or modest doses to individuals with the capacity to produce GH causes GH production and IGF-I levels to increase. Testosterone given to GHD patients does not increase either of these factors. In addition, there may be two actions for growth promotion by testosterone. One unequivocally results from an increase in GH production in the presence of low or modest levels of testosterone. A direct action on bone growth is probably present also, as reflected by the growth promoting effect of oxandrolone, a weak androgen, in boys with CDGA in the absence of increased GH production.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Suicide and adolescence. II. Psychosocial factors and clinical aspects].

In this study, that follows another one, where the normal characteristics of adolescence that may influence suicidal behavior were focalised, a critical review of the psycho-social elements involved in the matter is done; attention is also given to the clinical picture. The family influences are very important and frequently we find antecedents of suicidal behavior in parents or in near relatives. The homes are usually unhappy with a father absent or "feeble". It is not rare the presence of a dominant-rejecting mother. The home is poor in love expressions, and the intra and extra family reactions tend to lead to the youth social isolation. With the changes that normally happens in adolescence, the repressed aggressive impulses increase and tend for discharge at this phase, but usually the youth turns them against himself. The emergent genital sexuality is also perceived as threatening by the parents. Though lacking more detailed studies, it seems that families of suicidal adolescents are very similar to the families of depressive ones. In females, cultural influences such as greater tolerance to suicidal attempts behavior, perhaps explain the higher incidence of this behavior. Men usually use violent methods for consumating the suicide, and often their mental status is more severe than in females. The precipitant factors vary a lot but they usually give evidence of a conflictive situation. It is suspected that often the patient unconsciously puts himself in the difficult situation. The influence of mental illness in the suicidal behavior of adolescents is complicated by several classificatory systems and the possibility of considering abnormal aspects that normally occur during adolescence. In the clinical picture is important to consider the patient report about his suicidal thoughts. The evaluation of the defences, the intensity of the conflict and the suicidal ideas involved, will determine our conduct. An important feature is that, in adolescents, depressive symptoms usually occur as "equivalents". The prognostic is worse when it is impossible to modify family relationships and when social life continues unpoverished. In 40% of the cases a new suicide attempt is done, and the risk is greater during the year that follows the first attempt. Prevention may be done by trying to understand and discuss adolescents problems with them in their peer groups. Public campaigns and courses with moral appeals should be avoided because they increase feelings of guilt. Special attention has to be given in each case to social and family situations. An early diagnosis by pediatricians, clinicians, teachers and law authorities is very important. To do this work they need to have instruction about the adolescence developments.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Etiology of late-onset tibia vara: is varus alignment a prerequisite?

One widely held theory on the pathogenesis of adolescent late-onset tibia vara is that obesity coupled with mild preexisting varus alignment produces forces sufficient to retard growth in the medial portion of the proximal tibial physis and initiates the development of the condition. Two cases are presented in which neutral mechanical alignment was clearly documented in an extremity that subsequently developed adolescent late-onset tibia vara within 19 months. We conclude that in at least some cases, preexisting varus alignment is not a prerequisite for the development of adolescent late-onset tibia vara.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Calcium supplementation trials and bone mass development in children, adolescents, and young adults.

The development of bone mass during childhood through young adulthood is an important determinant of bone health later in life, and calcium is the major building block. Most randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of calcium supplementation have been done in girls; however, calcium supplementation in boys has been investigated in recent studies. Positive short-term effects on bone measures during growth has been shown in boys and girls, particularly in weight-bearing appendicular bone, although the lifelong effect is not certain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Identity, regression and development

Regression has held varied meanings within psychoanalytic and developmental literatures. Within psychodynamic literature, regression has often implied return to earlier developmental levels for the purpose of mastering childhood trauma. It has, however, been stated that regression is an essential and adaptive feature of normative adolescent development. Within developmental literature, regression has been discussed in relation to structural characteristics of stage change; the concept has remained problematic, for developmental theories often postulate directionality in development inconsistent with the notion of regression. It is the purpose of this paper to (a) review varied meanings regression has held within psychoanalytic and developmental literatures, (b) focus on the forms, frequencies and functions of regression when examining data from two structural developmental models addressing dimensions of normative adolescent identity development, and (c) consider precipitants for different forms of regressive movement. The paper will conclude with suggestions for hypotheses to be tested in future research.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Adolescents with myelomeningocele: activities, beliefs, expectations, and perceptions.

The Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, USA has identified activities, beliefs, and perceptions critical for healthy development. The aim of this study was to measure the activities, beliefs and expectations, and perceived outcomes of adolescents with myelomeningocele. In this descriptive study, 66 adolescents with myelomeningocele, aged 12 to 21 years and functioning at grade level, completed a structured interview. Thirty-eight (58%) of the participants were female. The level of lesion was distributed as follows: 30% had thoracic level lesions, 32% had lumbar level lesions, 15% had lumbosacral level lesions, and 23% of the sample had sacral level lesions. Instruments used had both established reliability and validity (WeeFIM, Harter's Self-Perception Profile, Austin's Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale, and Snyder's Hope Scale, Adolescent Decision-Making Inventory, Adolescent Coping Scale) or were scales developed for this study (Adolescent Activities Inventory, Future Expectations Scale, Communication Efficacy, and Adolescent Self-Management and Independence Scale). Scale reliabilities ranged from 0.70 to 0.88. These participants, though hopeful and positive in their attitudes toward myelomeningocele and generally able to perform activities of daily living independently, are not engaging in the full range of adolescent activities (decision making, friendship activities, and household responsibilities) and achieving positive outcomes (self-management and job) necessary to make a successful transition to adulthood. This might explain why so many individuals with myelomeningocele are underemployed and are not living independently as young adults.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1961

Variability in male stature as function of adolescent maturation rate.

Boys who mature very early and, to a lesser degree, those who mature later than average show less variation in stature than boys who are somewhat early in adolescent development. These variability differences are paralleled in the heights of the mothers and fathers except in the case of boys who mature very early; there is far less variability in height among these boys than among their parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Real-life-type problem-solving in Asperger's syndrome.

This study compared adolescents with Asperger's syndrome with typically developing adolescents on a novel problem-solving task that presented videotaped scenarios in real-life-type social contexts. The Asperger's group was impaired in several aspects of problem-solving, including recounting the pertinent facts, generating possible high-quality problem solutions, and selecting optimal and preferred solutions. This group's solutions differed most from those of the typically developing group in social appropriateness. The contributions of social experience, social understanding, and executive skills to performance on the novel problem-solving task are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Navigating adolescence with a chronic health condition: a perspective on the psychological effects of HAIR-AN syndrome on adolescent girls.

HAIR-AN syndrome is a subphenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome and is characterized by acne, obesity, hirsutism, and acanthosis nigricans. It usually manifests in early adolescence, a time of significant developmental change in females across physical, cognitive, social, and emotional domains. We contend that adolescent development for females is difficult, even in the best of circumstances, and having a chronic health condition, like HAIR-AN syndrome, will likely impact the afflicted individual's development and psychological well-being. While many researchers have discussed the long-term health effects of HAIR-AN and similar disorders, little has been written about the potential psychological sequelae of HAIR-AN on the adolescent girl. We discuss the normal developmental sequence for adolescent girls across early, middle, and late adolescence; discuss common mental health problems that adolescents experience; define HAIR-AN syndrome and its clinical manifestations; and discuss its likely psychological impact on adolescent girls. We also make suggestions for future clinical interventions and research in the area of HAIR-AN syndrome and its psychological sequelae.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive competence as a positive youth development construct: conceptual bases and implications for curriculum development.

This paper outlines the conceptual bases of "cognitive competence" as a positive youth development construct and the implications for curriculum development. Cognitive competence refers to the cognitive processes that comprise (i) creative thinking, which includes various creative thinking styles, such as legislative, global, and local thinking styles; and (ii) critical thinking, which includes reasoning, making inferences, self-reflection, and coordination of multiple views. Based on the adolescent development progression on cognitive competence, and with reference to Hong Kong Chinese context, six units are designed to promote creative and critical thinking for Secondary 1-3 students in the Project P.A.T.H.S., supported by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust. In the Secondary 1 curriculum, the goals of the units are to enable students to recognize different but inter-related thinking styles and to apply these thinking skills to deal with daily life issues. The goal in the Secondary 2 curriculum is to enhance students' creative thinking skills to solve problems, whereas the goal in the Secondary 3 curriculum is to enhance students' critical thinking skills to accept beliefs and make decisions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Attitudes towards school among early and late maturing adolescent girls.

The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that early developing adolescent girls have a less favorable attitude towards school than late developers. The Ss were 104 grammar school girls of mean age 14 years 1 month. All Ss were given Fitt's test of attitude towards school. Twenty-two pairs of early and late developers, matched for chronological age, IQ, and social class, were compared with regard to their mean attitude score and their responses to individual items of the attitude scale. The early developers were found to have a significantly less favorable mean attitude score. There was also a tendency for more early developers to endorse unfavorable items and for more late developers to endorse favorable items.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Letting the story unfold: a case study of client-centered therapy for childhood traumatic grief.

There has been increasing interest in the newly identified condition of childhood traumatic grief (CTG) since the 2001 attack on the World Trade Center. The case presented here is one of an adolescent girl who was diagnosed with CTG following the death of her father, a firefighter killed in the line of duty on September 11, 2001. Literature on CTG, its treatment, and adolescent development will be discussed. The application of client-centered treatment to CTG will be highlighted by the case description and diagnostic findings prior to, during, and following treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Exposure to violence, depression, and hostility in a sample of inner city high school youth.

This study examines the prevalence of violence in a non-randomly selected population of 337 inner city school students, the relationship between exposure to violence and symptoms of depression and hostility, and demographic differences in exposure to and effects of traumatic violence. Students responded to an anonymous survey asking them to enumerate how many times they had experienced each of six types of traumatic violence. Sixty-two per cent of students were exposed to an average of 3.0541 of the six types of violence listed. Exposure to most types of violence were highly intercorrelated. Males experienced more exposure to violence than females. Exposure to violence was predictive of hostility for both gender groups, and predictive of depression for females. Implications of exposure to traumatic violence on adolescent development are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The nature of adolescents' relationships with their "very important" nonparental adults.

As part of a larger program of research on the nature of adolescents' relationships with very important nonparental adults (hereafter referred to as "VIPs"), a community sample of 243 eleventh graders (mean age = 16.6 years) was surveyed, and a subgroup of 55 adolescents and their VIPs were interviewed about the nature and quality of their relationships. Results showed that (a) adolescent-VIP relationships were a normative component of adolescent development, not a result of problems in adolescents' lives; (b) adolescent-VIP relationships were generally of high quality (e.g., high support, low conflict, and high mutuality); (c) there were significant differences between kin and nonkin VIPs in terms of the duration of relationships and frequency of contact, but not in the quality of relationships; and (d) VIPs whom adolescents designated as extremely important were distinguished from other VIPs in terms of providing a higher level of social support and a higher frequency of contact. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Coping of schizophrenic adolescents].

The present study examines for the first time specific forms of coping in adolescents with schizophrenia during the initial phase of their illness. It was found that schizophrenic adolescents develop considerably less active coping compared to adolescents with other disorders. Active coping is least prominent for positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders); the youngest first-manifestation adolescents are also impaired in other domains (irritability, psychosocial stability). The results have exploratory character as they are based on a small and thus not representative number of cases, but should prompt further investigations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗