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From Renaissance art to contemporary electron microscopy: DeGroft's rediscovery of Titian's "lost" portrait of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, of 1539-40.

At the Ultrapath X meeting in Florence, the regular session opened with a presentation of Aaron DeGroft's engrossing story of investigating the authenticity of a portrait of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. In the early 1900s, this work had been deemed to be an authentic production by Titian, a great artist of the Italian Renaissance. A respected art historian, however, discovered a conflict of dates that led to the conclusion that this work was not authentic. In a process sometimes analogous to the practice of surgical pathology, Dr. DeGroft pursued a review of the original materials that refutes this seeming contradiction of dates. Dr. DeGroft also undertook an extensive art historical examination and scientific analysis, including the use of electron microscopy, to persuasively conclude that this portrait is authentic. Further, his work provided a bridge from the conference setting in Florence, rich in Renaissance art, to the contemporary update on ultrastructural pathology provided by the conference.

Electron Probe Microanalysis↗

Baseline predictors of three types of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence: a 2-year follow-up.

The purposes of the study were to measure adherence with antiretroviral therapy to dose, schedule, and dietary instructions in a sample of patients with HIV infection in Stockholm, Sweden, over a 2-year period and identify baseline predictors of the three types of adherence. The study cohort consists of 144 patients who completed at least six out of seven follow-up self-reported adherence questionnaires. Baseline self-administrated questionnaire examined socio-demographics, medication-related, psychological, cognitive, and social context factors and self-reported adherence. Biomedical data were obtained through patients' medical records. Summary dose, schedule, and dietary instructions adherence scores provided outcome measures reflecting 100% adherence across all time points or not 100% adherence during at least one measurement period. A total of 61% maintained consistent full-dose adherence throughout baseline and all follow-up visits and equivalent proportion of 100% schedule adherence was 39%. Among patients with dietary instructions, 37% retained consistent adherence at all visits. Only schedule adherence was predicted by baseline data; perceived pressures from those close to the patient to take HIV medications (OR 0.51, p<.05), life stress (OR 0.13, p 0.009), ART health concerns (OR 0.19, p 0.003), and ART prolongs one's life (OR 0.39, p 0.04) predicted reduced schedule adherence over time. Perceived medication pressures from medical staff (OR 1.76, p<.05), post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (OR 1.07 p<.01), and adherence self-efficacy (OR 3.50, p<.05) predicted positive schedule adherence over time. These results clearly illustrate difficulties in sustaining ART adherent behaviour, in particular schedule and dietary restrictions, over time and thus emphasizes the importance of multiple periodic assessments of all three types of adherence. Interventions aimed at improving schedule adherence should in particular focus on psychological and cognitive factors.

Adult↗

Baseline predictors of three types of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence: A 2-year follow-up.

The purposes of the study were to measure adherence with antiretroviral therapy to dose, schedule, and dietary instructions in a sample of patients with HIV infection in Stockholm, Sweden, over a 2-year period and identify baseline predictors of the three types of adherence. The study cohort consists of 144 patients who completed at least six out of seven follow-up self-reported adherence questionnaires. Baseline self-administrated questionnaire examined socio-demographics, medication-related, psychological, cognitive, and social context factors and self-reported adherence. Biomedical data were obtained through patients' medical records. Summary dose, schedule, and dietary instructions adherence scores provided outcome measures reflecting 100% adherence across all time points or not 100% adherence during at least one measurement period. A total of 61% maintained consistent full-dose adherence throughout baseline and all follow-up visits and equivalent proportion of 100% schedule adherence was 39%. Among patients with dietary instructions, 37% retained consistent adherence at all visits. Only schedule adherence was predicted by baseline data; perceived pressures from medical staff to take HIV medications (OR 0.51, p < .05), life stress (OR 0.13, p < .01), ART health concerns (OR 0.19, p < .01), and ART prolongs one's life (OR 0.39, p < .05) predicted reduced schedule adherence over time. Perceived medication pressures from those close to the patient (OR 1.76, p < .05), post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (OR 1.07 p<.01), and adherence self-efficacy (OR 3.50, p < .05) predicted positive schedule adherence over time. These results clearly illustrate difficulties in sustaining ART adherent behaviour, in particular schedule and dietary restrictions, over time and thus emphasizes the importance of multiple periodic assessments of all three types of adherence. Interventions aimed at improving schedule adherence should in particular focus on psychological and cognitive factors.

Adult↗

Flue gas desulfurization: the state of the art.

Coal-fired electricity-generating plants may use SO2 scrubbers to meet the requirements of Phase II of the Acid Rain SO2 Reduction Program. Additionally, the use of scrubbers can result in reduction of Hg and other emissions from combustion sources. It is timely, therefore, to examine the current status of SO2 scrubbing technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies for coal-fired boilers. Data on worldwide FGD applications reveal that wet FGD technologies, and specifically wet limestone FGD, have been predominantly selected over other FGD technologies. However, lime spray drying (LSD) is being used at the majority of the plants employing dry FGD technologies. Additional review of the U.S. FGD technology applications that began operation in 1991 through 1995 reveals that FGD processes of choice recently in the United States have been wet limestone FGD, magnesium-enhanced lime (MEL), and LSD. Further, of the wet limestone processes, limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) has been used most often in recent applications. The SO2 removal performance of scrubbers has been reviewed. Data reflect that most wet limestone and LSD installations appear to be capable of approximately 90% SO2 removal. Advanced, state-of-the-art wet scrubbers can provide SO2 removal in excess of 95%. Costs associated with state-of-the-art applications of LSFO, MEL, and LSD technologies have been analyzed with appropriate cost models. Analyses indicate that the capital cost of an LSD system is lower than those of same capacity LSFO and MEL systems, reflective of the relatively less complex hardware used in LSD. Analyses also reflect that, based on total annualized cost and SO2 removal requirements: (1) plants up to approximately 250 MWe in size and firing low- to medium-sulfur coals (i.e., coals with a sulfur content of 2% or lower) may use LSD; and (2) plants larger than 250 MWe and firing medium- to high-sulfur coals (i.e., coals with a sulfur content of 2% or higher) may use either LSFO or MEL.

Air Pollutants↗

Youth performing arts entertainment-education for HIV/AIDS prevention and health promotion: practice and research.

Entertainment-education approaches to health promotion and disease prevention are a popular method for many interventions that target adolescents and young adults. This article documents how this approach is used to educate and influence young people about HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and other health issues in the United States. A review of the literature is followed by a two-phase descriptive study of American youth performing arts entertainment-education programs. First, a quantitative survey was conducted among youth performing arts participants who were attending a national conference on the subject. This was followed by a qualitative survey among adult and youth conference attendees from established HIV/AIDS prevention youth performing arts programs. These two approaches provided detailed insight into the characteristics, approaches, and frameworks used to create, implement, and evaluate these entertainment-education efforts. Nine domains that define the effects and effectiveness of youth HIV prevention entertainment-education interventions are identified and described, including those related to performances, intervention management, and audiences. Given the importance of evaluation for the success and effectiveness of intervention programs, these domains are used to construct a framework for entertainment-education research and evaluation efforts.

Adolescent↗

Should ART be offered to HIV-serodiscordant and HIV-seroconcordant couples: an ethical discussion?

Increasingly, fertility clinics are offering their services to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-serodiscordant couples where the woman is seropositive. In the case of HIV-seroconcordant couples, there remains a general reluctance to provide treatment. This attitude to seroconcordant couples is reminiscent of that once widely held towards serodiscordant couples when the risk of vertical transmission rates in pregnant women was greater than 1-2%. Due to recent advances in HIV clinical care and assisted reproduction technique (ART) procedures directed at reducing the risk of viral transmission during gamete transfer, where good healthcare is available, the current risk rate has fallen to 1-2%. This article deals with the ethical arguments of those who remain opposed to offering HIV-serodiscordant and HIV-seroconcordant couples access to ART. Until these arguments have been addressed, clinics providing ART to such couples cannot be assured that their practices are ethical.

Attitude↗

Aesthetic skin branding: a novel form of body art with adverse clinical sequela.

Branding is a form of body art wherein third-degree burns are inflicted on the skin to produce permanent scars. This method of scarification is a common practice among many indigenous cultures and has become exceedingly common in western societies. As with other forms of body art, branding is not a manifestation of a psychiatric disorder but, rather, a method of self-expression. The process can be performed through the use of electrocautery, laser, chemicals, freezing, and hot metal. Complications arising from the procedure include acute infection, transmission of blood-borne pathogens, allergic reactions, and sequelae arising from third-degree burns. In addition, skin branding has been shown to be associated with substance abuse and high-risk behaviors among adolescents. The purpose of this article is to present the following case report and review to familiarize clinicians with this dangerous method of body art.

Adult↗

Understanding caring through arts and humanities: a medical/nursing humanities approach to promoting alternative experiences of thinking and learning.

It is often claimed that nursing is both an art and a science, yet nursing education has been reluctant to accord arts and literature a prominent place within nursing curricula. While the discipline of medical humanities has been developing for around two decades, there has been no comparable movement within nursing. This paper describes the development, implementation and initial hermeneutic evaluation of a new course, 'Understanding Caring Through Arts and Humanities' which we believe to be unique in being a fully accredited unit which is offered within a BA (Honours) Health Studies Degree for nurses and other health care professionals.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Perceptions of beauty in Renaissance art.

The Renaissance was a cultural revolution that spread from Florence, in 1400, throughout Italy and into the rest of Europe. Its impetus was the philosophy of Humanism, which strove to resurrect and emulate the literature and art of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Artists had previously been limited to formulaic religious iconography. They now began to reproduce descriptions of classical paintings and copy the antique statues that were being newly rediscovered. The Renaissance artist's perception of beauty was therefore determined by his philosophical environment, his visual experience (the 'period eye'), the demands of his patrons and by attempts to enhance his professional status in society to equal that of poets and architects. The image of Venus portrayed by Botticelli as the idealization of beauty in Renaissance Florence is significantly different from the Venus portrayed by the German artist, Lucas Cranach. The northern European Venus is much less voluptuous than her Italian counterpart but is still inspired by humanist principals and retains considerable sexuality. Raphael's paintings epitomise the idealization of female beauty of this period but, by his own admission they were rarely based on real models. Often the same facial type was repeated in many different paintings. Indeed Renaissance portrait artists tended to avoid realistic interpretation, emphasizing instead the positive attributes of their subjects, both physical and political. Thus, Bronzino's Portrait of a Young Man not only depicts his subject's idealized appearance but also his scholarship, background and potential. The depiction of beauty in Renaissance art is shown to be more complex than a mere photograph-like representation of sexuality or of a person's physical appearance. Instead, Renaissance art created physically perfect images resulting from scholarly expectation, the artist's ambitions and his developing skills.

Journal Article↗

Selection of restorative materials for the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach: a review.

The atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique or approach for the restoration of primary and permanent teeth has been widely adopted in, but not limited to, developing countries. However, the requirement for the placement of the restorative materials under often less-than-ideal conditions imposes significant restrictions on their selection; and there have been very few randomized clinical trials or reports comparing different types of restorative materials and treatments. Although conventional glass-ionomer cements (GICs) have relatively poor mechanical and adhesive strengths, their satisfactory biological features, ease of use, and low costs are distinct advantages. Most of the published reports of the clinical performance of the newer, high-strength esthetic conventional GICs specifically marketed for the ART approach have been from short-term studies. Satisfactory clinical performance has been demonstrated for single-surface posterior restorations only, over three years. Findings indicate that further improvements in restorative materials are still required for their use with the ART approach, together with further clinical investigations of the remineralization of shallow open caries lesions, as an alternative to placing definitive restorations.

Cariostatic Agents↗

Survival of glass ionomer restorations placed in primary molars using atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) and conventional cavity preparations: 2-year results.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the survival of glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations placed in a dental clinic setting using both the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach with hand instruments, and conventional cavity preparation with rotary instruments. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Two encapsulated high-strength conventional GICs (Fuji IX GP, Ketac-Molar Aplicap) were placed in 82 Class I and 53 Class II preparations and one encapsulated non-gamma 2 amalgam alloy (GK-amalgam) was placed in 32 Class I preparations, in the primary molars of 60 Chinese children with a mean age of 7.40 +/- 1.24 (SD) years. Thus, 9 treatment groups were formed. RESULTS: After two years, there were no significant survival differences found among 7 of the 9 treatment groups (p = 0.99). However, two groups comprising Fuji IX GP and Ketac-Molar Aplicap placed in Class II cavities prepared using the ART approach showed significantly lower restoration survivals (p < 0.001). Only 3 of the 72 initially sealed fissures adjacent to the restorations appeared to retain any GIC material. CONCLUSIONS: In a clinic setting, both the ART hand instrument and conventional rotary instrument methods were equally suitable for high Class I restoration survival, but not for Class II restoration survival where the conventional cavity preparation method was preferable.

Child↗

The art gene product of human immunodeficiency virus is required for replication.

A mutation that alters the initiation codon of the art gene of the human immunodeficiency virus renders the virus replication defective. The replication defect of this mutation can be complemented in trans by the art gene product. These findings indicate that the art protein is essential for replication and, as such, represents a good target for development of new antiviral agents that could be useful in the control of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Cells, Cultured↗

Subcellular localization of the human immunodeficiency virus trans-acting art gene product.

The genome of the human immunodeficiency virus is distinguished from other animal retroviruses by the presence of several additional open reading frames. The protein product of one of these novel genes, which has been termed art or trs, is required for the expression of the virus structural genes but not for the expression of virus encoded regulatory proteins. Immunocytochemistry and subcellular fractionation demonstrate that the art protein is located predominantly in the nucleus. Therefore, any proposed mechanism for the function of art is likely to involve nuclear events.

Animals↗

Chinese medicine and martial arts.

Wushu (Martial Arts), mistakenly known in the West as Kung-Fu, is a system of Chinese boxing which is closely linked with the traditional practice of Chinese medicine. Many of the masters (Sifu) are Chinese physicians who often recommend health exercises and the soft form of martial arts to their patients, while the hard form is suitable for sport and self-defense. Martial arts is a great discipline for body and mind, suitable for all who treasure physical and mental health.

Adolescent↗

In vitro effectiveness of hand excavation of caries with the ART technique. Atraumatic restorative treatment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) hand-instruments and of round steel burs for removing caries at the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) in occlusal cavities prepared in 50 extracted permanent molars. The teeth were divided randomly into two equal groups for the two treatments provided by 1 operator. Stained but hard dentine was not removed. The teeth were then sectioned vertically, buccolingually through the prepared cavities to give 200 sections, each 500 microm thick, which were photographed (x1 magnification) before and after staining with a caries detector dye. Assessments were made (x3 magnification) of (a) the amount of brown-stained residual dentine, and (b) the amount of red dye-stained dentine present at the EDJ, using two sets of standards devised and transparencies arranged as six-category incremental rating scales. There was no statistically significant difference found between the two caries-removal methods for the amount of residual brown-stained dentine present (chi(2 )= 3. 394, p = 0.64), but there was for the amount of red dye-stained dentine present (chi(2) = 32.137, p<0.0001), although 57% of the ART and 80% of the steel bur sections had very little to mild red-dye staining present. Excavation of caries at the DJE appeared to be less effective with the ART technique, although the clinical implications of this may not be significant.

Dental Caries↗

Female age in ART: when to stop?

With increasing age the probability of ongoing pregnancy established by the use of assisted reproduction technology (ART) decreases. As a result the question arises whether age limits for the application of ART should be established. From a literature review and ongoing research data it appears that the costs per child born greatly increase after the age of 40 for both intrauterine insemination with mild ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilisation treatment, while in cases of 44 and over, prognosis is flat zero. The willingness to pay for extra costs will greatly determine whether and at what age strict limits should be applied. Fortunately, predictive factors for success, like the antral follicle count, may enable the identification of women over 40 and under 44 that still have favourable prospects, thereby decreasing the necessary costs per childbirth and allowing couples into ART programs that are often denied based solely on female age.

Adult↗

Single-cell capture of on-ART SIV transcription reveals TGF-&#x3b2;-mediated metabolic control of viral latency.

We previously demonstrated that blocking TGF-&#x3b2; with galunisertib, a safe, orally available small drug, reactivated latent SIV in vivo by shifting T cells toward a transitional effector phenotype. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying this effect using single-cell RNA sequencing, metabolic profiling, and high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry of samples from SIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-treated (ART-treated) macaques before and after galunisertib. To characterize virus-transcribing, infected cells during ART, we developed a novel, sensitive SIV Transcripts Capture Assay (SCAP) that detected 127 SIV-expressing cells within lymph node single-cell transcriptome libraries. Galunisertib drove broad metabolic reprogramming in CD4+ T cells, with transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory and mitochondrial biosynthesis pathways, confirmed by Seahorse profiling. Metabolomics revealed increased energy metabolites and amino acids and enhanced metabolic flux without proliferation. SIV transcript-positive cells before galunisertib were metabolically quiescent compared with cells without detectable viral transcripts. After galunisertib, virus-expressing cells showed a dramatic metabolic activation, with upregulation of glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and TNF-&#x3b1; signaling. High-dimensional flow cytometry demonstrated effects beyond CD4+ T cells, including fewer tissue-resident memory T cells, but more inflammatory macrophages. In conclusion, SCAP represents a specific tool for characterizing rare SIV-infected cells transcribing virus during ART, and it reveals TGF-&#x3b2; as a key mediator of viral latency in vivo through metabolic suppression.

Virus Latency↗

Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART): a superior implementation of the art algorithm.

In this paper we have discussed what appears to be a superior implementation of the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART). The method is based on 1) simultaneous application of the error correction terms as computed by ART for all rays in a given projection; 2) longitudinal weighting of the correction terms back-distributed along the rays; and 3) using bilinear elements for discrete approximation to the ray integrals of a continuous image. Since this implementation generates a good reconstruction in only one iteration, it also appears to have a computational advantage over the more traditional implementation of ART. Potential applications of this implementation include image reconstruction in conjunction with ray tracing for ultrasound and microwave tomography in which the curved nature of the rays leads to a non-uniform ray density across the image.

Humans↗