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PubMed1981

Increased amnionic fluid alpha-fetoprotein due to a holoacardium amorphous twin.

Amnionic fluid alpha-fetoprotein measurement was employed as a screening test for neural tube defects in a pregnancy only at risk due to advanced maternal age. The alpha-fetoprotein concentration was elevated more than 10 standard deviations above the mean and was found to be caused by a holoacardium amorphous twin. A normal female fetus was also present. Various causes of elevated alpha-fetoprotein concentration in amnionic fluid are discussed.

Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid↗
PubMed1997

Differences in sialic acid-galactose linkages in the chicken egg amnion and allantois influence human influenza virus receptor specificity and variant selection.

Human influenza viruses are more efficiently isolated by inoculating patient samples into the amniotic rather than the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs. This type of cultivation selects virus variants with mutations around the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site. To understand the molecular basis of these phenomena, we investigated the abundances of sialic acid (SA) linked to galactose (Gal) by the alpha-2,3 linkage (SA alpha2,3Gal) and SA alpha2,6Gal in egg amniotic and allantoic cells and in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Using SA-Gal linkage-specific lectins (Maackia amurensis agglutinin specific for SA alpha2,6Gal and Sambucus nigra agglutinin specific for SA alpha2,3Gal), we found SA alpha2,3Gal in both allantoic and amniotic cells and SA alpha2,6Gal in only the amniotic cells. MDCK cells contained both linkages. To investigate how this difference in abundances of SA alpha2,3Gal and SA alpha2,6Gal in allantoic and amniotic cells affects the appearance of host cell variants in eggs, we determined the receptor specificities and HA amino acid sequences of two different patient viruses which were isolated and passaged in the amnion or in the allantois and which were compared with MDCK cell-grown viruses. We found that the viruses maintained high SA alpha2,6Gal specificities when grown in MDCK cells or following up to two amniotic passages; however, further passages in either the amnion or allantois resulted in the acquisition of, or a complete shift to, SA alpha2,3Gal specificity, depending on the virus strain. This change in receptor specificity was accompanied by the appearance of variants in the population with Leu-to-Gln mutations at position 226 in their HA. These findings suggest that lack of SA alpha2,6Gal linkages in the allantois of chicken eggs is a selective pressure for the appearance of host cell variants with altered receptor specificities and amino acid changes at position 226.

Allantois↗
PubMed1994

Diagnostic distinction between anencephaly and amnion rupture sequence based on skeletal analysis.

The axial skeletal development of eight second trimester aborted fetuses, clinically diagnosed as amnion rupture sequence with cranial involvement, was examined radiographically and histologically. Three of the eight fetuses showed axial skeletal malformation in the spine and the craniofacial skeleton corresponding to the malformations seen in anencephaly. These are vertebral body malformations, consisting of double corpora and of osseous malformations in the components of the cranial base, the corpus of the occipital bone, and the postsphenoid bone. These types of malformation, which have previously been described, are located along the original course of the notochord. The findings show that it is possible by means of radiography of the axial skeleton to distinguish between anencephalic fetuses which become secondarily involved in amnion rupture and fetuses which were initially normally developed. The method supplements detailed fetal examination and provides important information for genetic counselling.

Amniotic Band Syndrome↗
PubMed1983

Activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-5,4-en isomerase in chorioallantois and amnion from pregnant sheep.

Activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-5,4-en isomerase (3 beta-HSD; pregnenolone to progesterone) was investigated in homogenates of chorioallantois and amnion obtained from sheep at three gestational ages (day 50, day 100 and term) using an isotope assay. Chorioallantois and, to a lesser extent, amnion possessed 3 beta-HSD at each gestational age studied. Activity in the chorioallantoic membrane was greater at term than at days 50 and 100, and was similar to that in the placenta at day 100 and term. Activity in the placenta was considerably greater at day 50 than at day 100 and term. The subcellular distribution of 3 beta-HSD in chorioallantoic membrane was particulate in nature. The mean Km values (+/- S.E.M.) were 56.8 +/- 5.5 and 39.0 +/- 8.7 nmol/l at day 50 and term respectively. The mean Vmax values were 14.1 +/- 3.1 and 62.7 +/- 11.4 pmol/min per mg protein at day 50 and term respectively. Several steroids inhibited the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone, particularly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), oestrone and oestradiol. Oestrone and DHEA were competitive inhibitors. The Ki values were 19.6 +/- 5.9 and 40.2 +/- 14.7 nmol/l for oestrone and DHEA inhibition respectively. The results show that ovine fetal membranes have the capacity to convert pregnenolone to progesterone and demonstrate the possibility of inhibition by other steroids. Progesterone produced by the fetal membranes might influence the local intra-uterine steroid milieu during pregnancy and before parturition.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

C-reactive protein: an early marker for neonatal bacterial infection due to prolonged rupture of amniotic membranes and/or amnionitis.

The C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was determined in 25 infants whose mothers had presented with prolonged rupture of amniotic membranes (PROM) and/or amnionitis. CRP was positive (i.e. greater than or equal to 6 mg/l) within the first 6 hrs of life in 10 and negative in 15 infants. Clinically, all infants with positive CRP developed symptoms suggesting bacterial infection and both the absolute immature neutrophil counts as well as the ratio immature/total neutrophils were significantly higher in them on day 2 of life than in infants with negative CRP. Blood cultures were only positive in infants with positive CRP. Thus CRP can be regarded as an early marker for neonatal bacterial infection due to PROM and/or amnionitis.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2005

[Early amnion rupture and fetal and newborn defects as an obstetrical and pathomorphological problem].

OBJECTIVES: Early amnion rupture (EAR, EARS, EAROD) may be the cause of amniotic bands and sheets development, which may lead to different fetal defects--from minor finger amputation, chiloschisis or palatoschisis to major amputation, acranius, deep paroschisis or broad body covering cleavage. DESIGN: The aim of this report was to analyse cases of fetal malformation, which might have been caused by EARS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 3173 autopsies performed within a span of 14 years (1989-2003). RESULTS: Among 744 cases of malformations 14 cases of fetuses and newborns presented developmental anomalies, which probably were the consequences of EARS. CONCLUSIONS: The EARS is probably more frequent than it is generally presumed, but it is very often impossible to find remnants of bands and sheets. Nevertheless, the presence of at least two typical anomalies excludes a different cause than early amnion rupture and amniotic bands.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1987

Mechanism of interferon action. II. Induction and decay kinetics of the antiviral state and protein P54 in human amnion U cells treated with gamma interferon.

The kinetics of induction and decay of the antiviral state and polypeptide p54 expression induced by recombinant human interferon gamma (rIFN-gamma) were examined in human amnion U cells. The kinetics of induction of the antiviral state, as measured by the single-cycle yield reduction of vesicular stomatitis virus, were first order over the period of about 6-12 h following a lag of about 2-4 h. The induction of p54 synthesis by rIFN-gamma slightly preceded the induction of the antiviral state. The kinetics of p54 induction were first order over a period of about 2-8 h after a lag of about 1 h. The rate of polypeptide p54 synthesis induced by rIFN-gamma decayed significantly within 1 day after the removal of IFN. However, polypeptide p54 was comparatively stable, displaying a half-life of about 3 days. The antiviral state likewise decayed significantly within 3-4 days following removal of IFN-gamma, and by 5-8 days, the virus yields were comparable to those of untreated control cell cultures. These results suggest that polypeptide p54 may play an important role in the antiviral action of rIFN-gamma in human amnion U cells.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1985

Fusobacterium: anaerobic occult amnionitis and premature labor.

Fusobacterium species are well established pathogens. Before the advent of effective anaerobic antimicrobial therapy, they were associated with prolonged, often fatal courses. Previously, fusobacterium had not been identified as a common perinatal pathogen. Three cases of occult amnionitis due to Fusobacterium are presented. Review of five series of occult amnionitis revealed 23 cases. In seven (30.4%), Fusobacterium was isolated. In 14 (60.8%), an anaerobic species was isolated. The average gestational age of patients from whom anaerobes were grown was 29.0 weeks. Of those that grew no anaerobes, the average gestational age was 32.3 weeks (P less than .05). The overall rate of maternal febrile morbidity was 35%. Fusobacterium accounted for 50% of the febrile cases while accounting for only 30.4% of the total cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Unusual morphodysplasia as a result of early amnion rupture: umbilico-cephalic adherence.

We present a fetus with an umbilico-cephalic adherence, probably secondary to an early amnion rupture. The fetal ectoderm and the collagenous layers of the chorion can attach as large amounts of fibronectin are present in the amniotic fluid. Until now, no case of this particular type of "amnion rupture sequence" syndrome has been reported.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1962

Sedimentation and autoradiographic analyses of rapidly labeled ribonucleic acids in human amnion cells.

When human amnion cells were exposed to radioactive cytidine for 0.002 or 0.017 of one generation time, the alcohol-insoluble label in the RNA preparations from these cells was distributed between a rather homogeneous component of 4 to 8S and a fast mixture of 34S, 30S, 25S, 20S, and 15S. Evidence has been presented that these sedimenting components are RNA. More than 73 per cent of the label in the fast mixture from the cells labelled for 0.017 of one generation time was derived from the nuclei. The label in nucleotides after 0.017 of one generation time equaled 1.4 times that in RNA. Thus, the previous autoradiographic evidence for the nuclear origin of late cytoplasmic label is weak. The distribution of label among the various sedimenting components, as well as that between two pyrimidine nucleotide constitutents of 34S, 30S, 25S, and 15S components, changed when the length of exposure to radioactive cytidine was increased from 0.002 to 0.017 of one generation time. This result excluded the possibility that the population of the RNA labeled after 0.002 of one generation time was identical with that labeled later. This fact must be included in formulation of hypotheses for the function of rapidly labeled RNA's.

Amnion↗
PubMed1985

Oral cavity reconstruction using pectoralis major muscle and amnion.

The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap has become the mainstay of major oral cavity reconstruction. The flap provides excellent soft-tissue bulk and cavity or surface lining for major defects. There is a high rate of primary take. However, the flap has some deficiencies. A group of patients were identified that are likely to have less than ideal results with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap technique. In these cases, the flap has been modified and amnion has been added. Initial results indicate enhancement of reconstruction with the modified technique.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Limiting dilution analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes that react to human amnion cells and protect these against viral challenge.

Human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL) cocultured with WISH human amnion cells rapidly produced alpha-type interferon (IFN-alpha) and in an IFN-dependent manner protected the WISH cells against the cytopathic effects caused by vesicular stomatitis virus. When the number of PBL per WISH cell monolayer culture was diluted out using multiple WISH microtiter plate cultures for each PBL dilution, the protection of the WISH cultures appeared as an all-or-none phenomenon. Thus, at one small mean number of PBL per culture, some cultures were protected against the virus, while others were not. Limiting dilution analysis, with plot of the logarithm of the fraction of nonprotected WISH cell cultures at each PBL dilution against the mean number of PBL per culture, yielded straight lines with an intercept on the ordinate close to 1. This indicated a single-hit event due to the function of a single type of limiting "protecting unit". The frequency of this limiting unit in the PBL population could reproducibly be determined for an individual blood donor. For a limited number of different blood donors it ranged from 1/400 to 1/3000. These minimal frequency estimates were considerably increased (40-300%) after 3 h preincubation of PBL with IFN-alpha. Two major alternatives were considered with regard to the nature of the limiting protecting units. They were either IFN-producing cells operating alone, or they were inducer-type cells that possibly used IFN as a mediator to activate protecting cells present in excess in the coculture system. The second possibility was favored, and the relation of the protecting cell type to the natural killer cell system is discussed herein.

Amnion↗
PubMed1990

Comprehensive two-dimensional gel protein databases offer a global approach to the analysis of human cells: the transformed amnion cells (AMA) master database and its link to genome DNA sequence data.

A total of 3430 polypeptides (2592 cellular; 838 secreted) from transformed human amnion cells (AMA) labeled with [35S]methionine were separated and recorded using computer-aided two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. A master 2-D gel database of cellular protein information that includes both qualitative and quantitative annotations has been established. The protein numbers in this database differ from those reported in an earlier version (Celis et al. Leukemia 1988, 2,561-602) as a result of changes in the scanning hardware. The reported information includes: percentage of total radioactivity recovered from the gels (based on quantitations of polypeptides labeled with a mixture of 16 14C-amino acids), protein name (including credit to investigators that aided identification), antibody against protein, cellular localization, (nuclear, 40S hnRNP, 20S snRNP U5, proteasomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi, ribosomes, intermediate filaments, microfilaments and microtubules), levels in fetal human tissues, partial protein sequences (containing information on 48 human proteins microsequenced so far), cell cycle-regulated proteins, proteins sensitive to interferons alpha, beta, and gamma, heat shock proteins, annexins and phosphorylated proteins. The results presented should be considered as the initial phase of a joint effort between our laboratories to undertake a general and systematic analysis of human proteins. Using this integrated approach it will be possible to identify phenotype-specific proteins, to microsequence them and store the information in the database, to identify the corresponding genes, to search for homology with previously characterized proteins and to study the function of groups of proteins (pathways, organelles, etc.) that exhibit interesting regulatory properties. In particular, the 2-D gel protein database may become increasingly important in view of the concerted effort to map and sequence the entire human genome.

Amnion↗
PubMed2004

Proteomic analysis of cellular responses to low concentration N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in human amnion FL cells.

We have shown previously that exposure to a low concentration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) induces comprehensive changes in the protein expression profile of human amnion FL cells, including the induction, suppression, upregulation, and downregulation of various proteins. In addition, by proteomic analysis combining two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry, some of the induced and suppressed proteins were identified. In this study, we identified an additional 18 proteins among those that were either up- or downregulated by MNNG treatment. The proteins identified were a heterogeneous group that included several zinc finger proteins, proteins involved in signal transduction, cytoskeletal proteins, cell-cycle regulation proteins, and proteins with unknown functions. The involvement of these proteins in the cellular responses to alkylating agents has not been reported before and their physiological relevance is not clear. Therefore, our findings may help better understand the global cellular stress responses to chemical carcinogens, and may lead to new studies on the functions of these MNNG-responsive proteins. Furthermore, some of these proteins may serve as biomarkers for detecting exposure of human populations to environmental carcinogens.

Amnion↗
PubMed1978

Infection of human amnion cells with cytomegalovirus.

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), known to replicate in vitro in human fibroblastic cells, was found to replicate in epithelial human amnion (HA) cells. Large syncytia formed in these cells after infection with CMV; inclusion bodies were observed in the nuclei, and CMV antigens were demonstrated in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus by indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The synthesis of virus DNA was also detected, and the production of infectious virus was followed. The titers were lower (from 10(4) to 6 X 10(5) using different isolates of CMV) than those obtained in human embryo fibroblast (HEF) cells, and the replication cycle was slower in HA than in HEF cells.

Amnion↗
PubMed1992

Prenatal detection of 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX mosaicism through amniocentesis: mosaicism confirmed in cord blood, amnion, and chorion.

Sex chromosome mosaicism in amniotic fluid cells poses a serious dilemma in prenatal diagnosis. Chromosome analysis of 56 primary clones of amniocytes revealed three distinct cell lines. Nine cells (16.1 per cent) demonstrated a 45,X karyotype, 11 cells (19.6 per cent) a 47,XXX karyotype, and the remaining 36 cells (64.3 per cent) had a modal number of 46 chromosomes (46,XX). Cytogenetic evaluation of 100 cells from cord blood, amnion, and chorion following delivery confirmed this triple mosaicism. However, the distribution of the three karyotypes in the pre- and postnatal samples was not found in the same proportions. The cord blood had the most similar frequency to that of the amniotic fluid sample, while the chorion had a significantly increased frequency of 47,XXX cells (41 per cent) and a decreased frequency of 45,X cells (2 per cent). Physical examination of the infant at birth revealed no discernible phenotypic abnormalities. Parental karyotypes were normal. This case highlights the difficulty in determining whether a prenatally detected abnormality will be associated with postnatal phenotypic deviation.

Adult↗