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PubMed1976

Persistence of semen quality during the reproductive period in two strains of turkeys differing in semen yield.

Semen yield, sperm concentration and frequency of bent sperm were measured during the ninth week following stimulatory lighting (in January) and correlated with similar measurements obtained 1-1/2 and 4-1/2 months later in the reproduction period for two strains of medium bodied turkeys differing in semen yield. These correlations, based on measurements made early in the reproductive period, were not large enough so that the male's subsequent performance could accurately be predicted. Strain differences were also apparent in correlation coefficients for semen yield. The correlation coefficients were larger for the strain having the smallest yeild. In general, the significant correlation coefficients between semen yield and sperm concentration were positive and those between semen yield and percent bent sperm and between sperm concentration and percent bent sperm were negative. However, the correlation coefficients tended to be low in magnitude.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Integrative haplotype and SNP-based GWAS supports the identification of stable genomic loci controlling yield-related traits in soybean.

Soybean yield is vulnerable to environmental variation, therefore, it is important to detect and implement stable genomic regions associated with yield-related traits in soybean breeding programs. In this study, SNP and haplotype-based GWAS were conducted to reveal important candidate genomic regions and putative candidate genes associated with soybean yield-related traits. This study demonstrates that the integration of haplotype and SNP-based GWAS could improve the detection of genomic regions associated with complex traits, enhance statistical power, and facilitate the identification of biologically relevant candidate genes. Ten stable haplotype blocks and six stable SNPs were detected based on the integration of haplotype and SNP-based GWAS, respectively. Furthermore, multiple candidate genes associated with the yield-related traits were identified. For instance, six genes were identified as transporters, including Glyma.15G092800, encoding serine-type endopeptidase activity, Glyma.15G203300 encoding a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) sugar transporter, Glyma.04G163000, transmembrane transporter, and Glyma.04G164100, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK), as the most promising candidate genes. Additionally, three genes involved in signaling and pathways of various phytohormones can be promising candidates for increasing seed yield through improving plant architecture in soybean plants. The identified superior haplotypes with favourable alleles will be useful for marker-assisted selection in future breeding programs in soybean.

DArT markers↗
PubMed2025

Natural variation in the cytokinin oxidase gene ZmCKX6 influences leaf morphology and yield-related traits in maize.

Leaf width (LW) is a critical determinant of maize architecture and yield. To uncover its genetic basis, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 348 maize inbred lines and identified ZmCKX6, encoding cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, as a key gene associated with LW. Natural variation in the ZmCKX6 promoter significantly influenced its expression levels, leading to differences in LW across various haplotypes. Functional validation using CRISPR/Cas9 revealed that ZmCKX6 knockout results in pleiotropic effects, including narrower leaves, reduced plant height, and decreased grain yield components. These phenotypes were accompanied by elevated levels of active cytokinins but reduced levels of auxin, gibberellins, and salicylic acid. Transcriptome analysis revealed a significant downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes, corresponding to reduced photosynthetic rates in knockout lines. Evolutionary analysis demonstrated that the allele associated with narrower leaves were preferentially selected during maize domestication and breeding. This study highlights the role of ZmCKX6 in modulating cytokinin homeostasis and its subsequent impact on multiple agronomic traits in maize, providing insights into the complex genetic control of plant architecture and yield. The identified natural variations could be valuable for marker-assisted selection aimed at optimizing plant architecture and improving yield.

Zea mays↗
PubMed1976

Yield and maintenance relations of yeast growth in the chemostat at superoptimal temperatures.

A model is proposed that accounts for the decreases in yield which occur in chemostat cultures of mesophilic yeasts at superoptimal growth temperatures. Two yield depressing effects were identified, one due to increased maintenance requirements by the viable fraction of the population, the other due to energy substrate dissipation by the nonviable function. The two effects are functions of the dilution rate, as is the fraction of nonviable cells. Experimental results were obtained on the yield, maintenance, and dissipation of energy substrate in a glucose-limited chemostat culture of a respiration-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 39 degrees C. The rates of glucose utilization for maintenance and for dissipation constituted, respectively, 33-28% and 15-9% of the total glucose utilization rate over the range of dilution rates tested (0.038-0.064 hr-1), while the yield varied over this range from 0.066-0.085 g of biomass (dry wt) per gram of glucose.

Glucose↗
PubMed2025

Diagnostic Yield After Postnatal Reanalysis of Prenatal Exome Sequencing Results.

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of exome sequencing (ES) relies on correlation with phenotypic features, but fetal phenotyping is often incomplete. The additional yield of postnatal follow-up in cases with negative or inconclusive prenatal ES has not been demonstrated. Our objective was to assess the incremental diagnostic yield of ES reanalysis after initially negative prenatal ES for congenital anomalies incorporating features identified postnatally. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of two prospective cohort studies of ES for fetal anomalies. We included cases in which initial ES utilizing the prenatal phenotype was not diagnostic. The primary outcome was incremental diagnostic yield of ES when incorporating postnatal findings. RESULTS: Eighty-seven cases with negative or inconclusive prenatal ES and postnatal follow-up available were included. Of those, 56 (64%) had new findings postnatally. There was an incremental yield of 2% in the entire cohort, and 7% in those with new postnatal findings. In two additional cases, postnatal evaluation suggested a specific genetic diagnosis that was not detectable with ES. CONCLUSION: Among pregnancies with fetal anomalies and no clear diagnosis identified by prenatal ES, postnatal follow-up is recommended. Reanalysis of ES results can result in a genetic diagnosis in 7% of cases with new findings.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Sparse phenotyping for wheat grain yield enabled by multiomics prediction.

Grain yield is a central target in wheat breeding, yet accurately predicting it remains challenging because it depends on many genes and responds strongly to environmental variation. Genomic selection (GS) has improved breeding efficiency by enabling genome-based prediction of genetic merit, but predictability (PA) for grain yield is often limited under stress environments. At the same time, advances in high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide phenomic data that capture environment-responsive plant performance and may complement genomic information. In this study, we evaluated genomic and phenomic models for predicting grain yield in elite bread wheat lines across irrigated, drought, and heat-stress environments. Using a sparse phenotyping framework, we compared parametric and non-parametric models. PA was evaluated within environments and under cross-environment sparse phenotyping scenarios. Genomic models provided a stable baseline and enabled effective information sharing across environments when phenotypic data were incomplete. Phenomics-only models captured environment-specific plant responses but were more sensitive to environmental context. Multiomics models that integrated genomic and phenomic information consistently achieved the highest PA, with the largest gains observed under stress conditions. Overall, our results demonstrate that integrating genomics and UAV-based phenomics within sparse phenotyping designs offers a practical and scalable approach to improve grain yield prediction in wheat.

Triticum↗
PubMed2026

Transgenic overexpression of GmAPC7-CT improves seed yield and reduces susceptibility to soybean mosaic virus and Meloidogyne incognita in soybean.

Stable transgenic soybean lines overexpressing the GmAPC7-CT gene have demonstrated increased seed yield and reduced susceptibility to the soybean mosaic virus and Meloidogyne incognita. The Anaphase-Promoting Complex subunit 7 (APC7) is a core structural component of the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C). The terminal region of this AtAPC7 gene has been shown in Arabidopsis thaliana to accumulate more transcripts than the full-length gene. The AtAPC7-CT gene (terminal region of the AtAPC7) encodes a protein with significant homology to a tobacco viral replication inhibitor (IVR). Its stable overexpression in transgenic A. thaliana lines resulted in notable improvements in biomass, seed yield, earliness of vegetative-reproductive transitions, and reduced susceptibility to viruses. In this study, we generated stable transgenic soybean lines overexpressing the GmAPC7-CT gene (terminal region or 3' portion of Glyma.15G096000, corresponding to the AtAPC7-CT) and evaluated seed yield and susceptibility of these lines to soybean mosaic virus and Meloidogyne incognita. The GmAPC7-CT gene is 624 nucleotides long and encodes a 207-amino acid protein with two tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains. GmAPC7-CT showed 100% amino acid identity with full-length GmAPC7, 81.16% identity with AtAPC7-CT, and 87.94% identity with tobacco IVR. Stable transgenic lines demonstrated significant advancements in plant development and seed yield, with the top three lines producing up to 43% more pods, 44% more seeds, and a 16% increase in seed weight. Furthermore, these soybean lines showed up to a 70% reduction in susceptibility to soybean mosaic virus and M. incognita, reflected by decreased viral RNA load and nematode reproduction factor. Collectively, these results support a conserved role of GmAPC7-CT in soybean and AtAPC7-CT in A. thaliana, acting similarly to the tobacco IVR. Thus, our findings underscore the strong biotechnological potential of the GmAPC7-CT gene to improve key agronomic traits in soybean through genetic engineering approaches, including conventional breeding, transgenesis, and genome editing.

Glycine max↗
PubMed1976

Cation control of chlorophyll a fluorescence yield in chloroplasts. Location of cation sensitive sites.

We have compared the effect of various cations on the fluorescence yield of chloroplasts under several different conditions in vitro. 1. In the absence of a high energy state but in the presence of low (10 mM) concentrations of monovalent cations, divalent metal cations increase steady state chlorophyll a fluorescence yield in a manner which does not involve transport of these cations across the thylakoid membranes. 2. The kinetics of this cation-induced fluorescence rise are relatively slow, and seem to reflect cation binding (or subsequent conformational changes) to sites on the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane. 3. In the absence of monovalent cations, the apparent binding constant for Mg2+ to sites on the outer side of the membrane is low. Addition of low concentrations of monovalent cations (10 mM) competitively inhibits divalent cation binding. 4. Control of fluorescence yield is also exerted by the high energy state, and seems to involve proton/metal cation exchange at sites on the inner side of the thylakoid. 5. When isolated chloroplasts are washed and resuspended in a medium containing no added cations, the initial fluorescence level is high, but is quenched on addition of monovalent cations, sodium EDTA being much more effective than sodium chloride. It is argued that when isolated under these conditions, chloroplasts retain sufficient divalent cations to saturate external negative sites, and that the fluorescence lowering is due to their removal. 6. Some other cations, such as poly(L-lysine), can displace divalent cations from their external sites in an irreversible manner, resulting in a fixed low fluorescence yield.

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed1979

Comparative study of the fluorescence yield and of the C550 absorption change at room temperature.

The C550 absorption change and the fluorescence yield were studied at room temperature in chloroplasts in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, and under conditions in which contributions of P-700 and of the electrochromic effect were neglible. 1. The C550 difference spectrum is a typical band shift with an isobestic point close to 550 nm. 2. The maximum amplitude of C550 absorption change is reached upon the first flash of a series of saturating flashes, unlike the maximum fluorescence yield which is attained after several flashes. 3. The comparison of the induction curves of the C550 change and the fluorescence yield in weak light shows that the fluorescence yield is controlled by two quenchers: one of them (Q1), the redox state of which C550 is a probe, is responsible for the major part of the quenching; the other one (Q2), which is less concentrated and less efficient becomes predominant at the end of the fluorescence induction. 4. Quencher Q2 back-reacts faster than quencher Q1. 5. Two alternative models are discussed in which Q1 and Q2 belong either to the same Photosystem II center or to two different photocenters.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMed2026

Whole-Exome Sequencing in a Consanguinity-Enriched South Indian Retinitis Pigmentosa Cohort: Diagnostic Yield and Molecular Spectrum.

PURPOSE: To determine the molecular diagnostic yield, variant spectrum, inheritance architecture, and influence of consanguinity on whole-exome sequencing outcomes in a South Indian retinitis pigmentosa (RP) cohort. DESIGN: Prospective, registry-based cohort study. SUBJECTS: A total of 113 affected participants were enrolled through the Aravind Registry for Inherited Diseases of the Eye, including 109 unrelated probands and 4 affected relatives from already represented families. Primary analyses were restricted to the 109 unrelated probands. METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing was performed using a clinical exome workflow. Variants were interpreted using American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology criteria and cases were categorized as solved, possibly solved, inconclusive, or unsolved using prespecified inheritance-aware rules. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Molecular diagnostic yield, distribution of implicated genes and variant classes, inheritance architecture, and diagnostic yield stratified by consanguinity status. RESULTS: Among the 109 unrelated probands, mean age at testing was 39.3 ± 14.1 years and 58.7% were male. Whole-exome sequencing identified 186 distinct rare variants across 92 inherited retinal disease genes, including 26 pathogenic and 33 likely pathogenic variants. A molecular diagnosis was established in 50 of 109 probands (45.9%), including 42 solved and 8 possibly solved cases; 45 (41.3%) were inconclusive and 14 (12.8%) remained unsolved, including 4 (3.7%) in whom no candidate variant was identified. EYS, USH2A, and ADGRV1 were the most frequently implicated genes. Autosomal recessive (AR) disease predominated (44/50, 88.0%). Consanguineous AR cases were exclusively homozygous (17/17); notably, 68.0% of nonconsanguineous AR cases were also homozygous (P = 0.013). Diagnostic yield was higher in consanguineous probands (51.4% vs. 41.7%), without reaching significance. Recurrent alleles included an established South Asian founder variant (MFSD8 c.1361T>C) and candidate founder alleles in EYS (c.4321C>T) and ADGRV1 (c.14329C>T). CONCLUSIONS: Whole-exome sequencing established a molecular diagnosis in nearly half of this South Indian RP cohort and revealed a predominantly recessive, homozygosity-enriched architecture shaped by consanguinity. These findings define a region-specific variant landscape to support clinical interpretation, genetic counseling, and future trial enrollment in this underrepresented population. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1979

Relative importance of pre-partum and post-partum factors in the control of milk yield in the guinea-pig.

Examination of data pertaining to milk yield and litter growth rate of guinea-pigs at peak lactation showed that milk yield increased with increasing number of pups carried by the dam during pregnancy and also with increasing maternal weight. There was a significant linear correlation (P less than 0.05) of mammary gland weight (expressed per unit of maternal body weight) with litter size. Increasing litter size, within 18 h of parturition, from 1 pup to 5 pups did not elicit a response in milk yield. Decreasing litter size from 5 pups to 1 pup reduced milk yield to the level expected of a monotocous dam. Data are presented showing the ability of the guinea-pig pup to survive from birth without access to milk and the inadequacy of milk supply to meet litter requirements when the litter size is more than 2 pups. The mechanisms controlling lactation in the guinea-pig are discussed in relation to data obtained in other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

High-yield cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds by o-iodosobenzoic acid.

A new procedure to cleave tryptophanyl peptide bonds in high yield is reported. The method involves treatment of the S-alkylated protein with o-iodosobenzoic acid. The procedure is highly selective for tryptophan and does not modify tyrosine or histidine, but may convert methionine to its sulfoxide derivative. The yields in the cleavage are 70--100%. Tryptophanyl bonds to alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, glutamine, arginine, and S-(pyridylethyl)cysteine are split in nearly quantitative yield, while those preceding isoleucine or valine are split in approximately 70% yield in the proteins examined in this work. The chemical mechanism for tryptophanyl bond cleavage has not been defined, but it is likely that oxidation of the indole ring occurs during the reaction with o-iodosobenzoic acid. Some problems with the quality of commercial preparations of the reagent are discussed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1975

Bacterial bioluminescence: equilibrium association measurements, quantum yields, reaction kinetics, and overall reaction scheme.

The characteristics of the bioluminescence reactions with bacterial luciferase from two different cell types, Photobacterium fischeri and Beneckea harveyi, are reported. The reduced flavine mononucleotide (FMNH2)-luciferase association constant, directly measured by equilibrium dialysis and gel filtration is the same for both luciferases, 3 times 10(-4) Mminus1 at romm temperature, and is significantly different from the kinetic reciprocal Michaelis-Menten constant. The luciferase bioluminescence quantum yield for the highest activity preparations is the same as for the aldehyde. Rapid stopped-flow observations show that the oxidation of FMNH2 in the presence of sufficient luciferase to outcompete autoxidation, is bimodal. A long-lived intermediate, formed before reaction with aldehyde, has an activation energy for decay of 35 kcal mol-1, much greater than for the light reaction, 14 kcal mol-1. The ratio of bioluminescence quantum yields with respect to aldehyde and FMNH2 is independent of temperature, however, and also of aldehyde chain lenght longer than octanal, pH (6.5-8), and type of luciferase and its specific activity. Even when the aldehyde concentration limits the rate of the light reaction, the quantum yield of the long-lived intermediate is unchanged, and together these data mean that, under the optimal conditions chosen for quantum yield measurements, no dark side reactions effectively compete with the main reaction leading to light emission. A series of reactions involving one-electron steps and the sequential oxidation of two FMNH2 molecules is postulated for the formation of the long-lived intermediate.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1979

Diagnostic yield of transbronchoscopic biopsies.

Transbronchoscopic biopsies of lung (transbronchial) or bronchus (endobronchial) have a high diagnostic of yield when performed by a single expert bronchoscopist or a small group of expert bronchoscopists. This procedure's diagnostic yield was evaluated in a general hospital where biopsies are performed by a diverse group of individuals. One hundred fifty-one consecutive biopsies were reviewed, including 53 transbronchial biopsies and 98 endobronchial biopsies. Only 44% of endobronchial biopsies and 21% of transbronchial biopsies were diagnostic. The diagnostic yield was significantly greater in patients with suspected neoplasms (48%) than in patients with suspected infections (13%). Of 97 patients who ultimately had definitive diagnoses established, 43 (44%) had negative biopsy results, including 36% of those with cancers and 80% of those with infections. Failure to obtain alveolar parenchyma by transbronchial biopsy (probably related to the absence of fluoroscopic control) and failure to obtain multiple tissue fragments during each procedure contributed to the low diagnostic yield. The especially disappointing results of transbronchial biopsy for diagnosis of infection suggest that, in this hospital setting, open lung biopsy may be the procedure of choice when infection is suspected.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1978

Study on the factors yielding high color in the carbazole reaction with hexuronic acid-containing substances.

The color yields with hexuronic acids and hexuronic acid-containing substances were studied by means of the carbazole method of Bitter and Muir with or without 0.025 M borate. The carbazole-borate to carbazole (CB/C) ratios thus obtained indicated not only the degree of the borate effects on the color yields with these materials but also the anomalous nature of some of these substances in the carbozole reaction. The present data indicate that the high color yield with heparin in the carbozole reaction may be due to the production of free amino groups from acid-labile sulfamino groups in the early stage of the reaction, resulting in suppression of protonation on the alpha-D-glucosaminidic oxygen atoms attached to the hexuronic acid residues in the molecule. Moreover, it is suggested that the degree of the unusual color yields in the carbazole reaction with glycosaminoglycans is greatly influenced by the anomeric configuration of the hexosaminyl linkages attached to the hexuronic acid residues in these polymers.

Carbazoles↗
PubMed1977

Influence of glucose and dissolved oxygen concentrations on yields of Escherichia coli B in dialysis culture.

Yields of Escherichia coli B grown on glucose were determined in dialysis and non-dialysis culture. The molar growth yields were compared under conditions of excess glucose and oxygen as well as glucose- and oxygen-limiting conditions. The molar growth yields on glucose (YG) were determined for different periods during growth in non-dialysis cultures. A rapid decrease of YG was observed and growth ceased even in the presence of high concentrations of glucose and dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid. The decrease in YG was delayed in dialysis cultures where a high YG could be maintained at very high cell concentrations. The inhibition of growth depended on the accumulation of end-products of fermentative degradation of glucose. These products interfered with the oxidative phosphorylation. A large proportion of the glucose was fermented even in the presence of high concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid. A decrease in the growth yield per g glucose was also observed.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1979

Interferon production: variation in yields from human cell lines.

A survey of human diploid, aneusomic, transformed and tumor fibroblast or fibroblastoid cell lines for their capacity to produce interferon after polyriboinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid induction showed considerable variation in responsiveness. There was no apparent correlation between karyotype or phenotype and interferon production. Pretreating or "priming" the cells with human interferon generally led to increased yields of interferon after polyriboinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid induction in all cell lines tested. All the cells also showed the "super-induction" phenomenon, although to varying degrees. The combination of priming and superinduction conditions led to the production of very high yields of interferon in some cell lines, but in other lines, yields less than either the primed or superinduced amounts were found. A more limited survey of human cell lines for their capacity to produce interferon after Newcastle disease virus induction also showed that yields varied from line to line. However, there was little evidence to suggest that ability to produce interferon after Newcastle disease virus induction correlated with that after polyriboinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid induction.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1975

Energetics of Bacillus stearothermophilus growth: molar growth yield and temperature effects on growth efficiency.

The major growth yield of a prototrophic strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus under aerobic conditions on salts medium containing ammonium nitrate as the nitrogen source and glucose or succinate as the carbon source was maximal at the lowest growth temperature employed and decreased steadily as the temperature was raised. The temperature optima for growth yield and for growth rate were thus different. The molar growth yield values of the thermophile, especially at the lower growth temperatures, were similar to those reported for aerobically grown mesophilic bacteria, both on glucose and on succinate. At the higher growth temperatures, a lower proportion of glucose carbon was incorporated into cells and a correspondingly greater proportion was left incompletely utilized in the medium, mostly as acetate. This suggests a greater inefficiency in the coordination of the nonoxidative and oxidative phases of glucose metabolism at the gigher temperatures. Another factor causing a decreased cell yield at higher temperatures was possibly an uncoupling of energy production from respiration. The rates of respiration by intact cells of the thermophile on glucose and on succinate followed the Arrhenius relationship from 55 C to 20 C, which is some 20 C below the minimal growth temperature of the organism. The Arrhenius constant was 17.1 kcal/mol for glucose oxidation and 13.5 kcal/mol for succinate oxidation. These results are comparable to those reported for some mesophiles, and they suggest that the inability of the thermophile to grow at temperatures below about 41 C is not due to an abnormally high temperature coefficient for the uptake and oxidation of the carbon source.

Acetates↗