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PubMed1999

Weight concerns, weight control behaviors, and smoking initiation.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the cross-sectional relationships between weight concerns, weight control behaviors, and initiation of tobacco use among youths. STUDY DESIGN: Smoking status, weight concerns, and weight control behaviors were assessed in a cross-sectional sample of 16 862 children, 9 to 14 years of age, in 1996. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between weight concerns, weight control behaviors, and early stages of smoking initiation (precontemplation, contemplation, and experimentation). All analyses were adjusted for age, body mass index, and known predictors of initiation. RESULTS: Approximately 9% of participants had experimented with cigarettes, and 6% were contemplating cigarette smoking. Contemplation of tobacco use was associated with misperception of being overweight (boys: odds ratio [OR], 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.48), unhappiness with appearance (girls: OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.48-2.84; boys: OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.05-2. 42), and a tendency to change eating patterns around peers (girls: OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 2.28-3.62; boys: OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.25-2.66). Experimentation with cigarettes was associated with daily exercise to control weight among boys (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.07-3.43) and with monthly purging (OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.27-5.07) and daily dieting among girls (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.09-2.96). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that, among both girls and boys, contemplation of smoking is positively related to weight concerns. Experimentation seems to be positively related to weight control behaviors. It is important for both pediatricians and comprehensive school health programs to address healthy methods of weight maintenance and to dispel the notion of tobacco use as a method of weight control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of temptations on the affective salience of weight control goals.

Despite the value of weight control goals, the maintenance of healthy eating habits represents a challenge for most. Self-regulatory efforts are often challenged by the presence of high-risk cues (e.g., tempting foods) which provide short-term positive outcomes at the expense of these long-term health objectives. The current study examined contextual influences on self-regulation failure by exploring the effect of cues on an indirect measure of goal value. Two experiments were conducted with undergraduate students which examined the effect of temptation cues on the evaluation of information related to the goal of weight control. Results of Study 1 provided preliminary evidence for the utility of this task as an indirect measure of goal value and showed that food-related primes slowed evaluation response times for weight control-related targets. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings by demonstrating that temptation cues may not only decrease the affective salience of weight control related information but increase the salience of information related to the goal of affect enhancement. These results suggest that self-regulation failure may be influenced by contextual changes in the value of health-related goals. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Smoking and weight control behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between weight control and tobacco use in young women. METHODS: Smoking status and weight and eating related issues, endorsement of the belief "smoking helps to control weight" dieting status (DEBQ-R), current and ideal weight and current height were assessed in 144 students. RESULTS: Smoker (S) restrained eaters (RE) scored higher on dietary restraint than nonsmoker (NS) RE. In the smoking questionnaire, S-RE selected a significantly higher number of items concerning hunger, eating and weight than S unrestrained eaters (URE). S-RE had a greater level of endorsement of the belief: "smoking helps to control weight" than NS-URE. The subjects who marked those items had significantly higher scores in the DEBQ-R and were more likely to be RE than those who marked none of them. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that among young women who smoke and diet there might be a risk group that smokes as a weight control strategy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Weight-control behaviors among adolescent girls and boys: implications for dietary intake.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between healthful and unhealthful weight-control behaviors and dietary intake among adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey (Project EAT [Eating Among Teens]).Subjects/Setting The study population included 4144 middle and high school students from Minneapolis/St. Paul public schools from diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Statistical analyses Dietary intake patterns were compared across adolescent girls and boys reporting unhealthful, only healthful, or no weight-control behaviors in unadjusted analyses and analyses adjusted for sociodemographic factors and energy intake. RESULTS: Among girls, mean intakes differed across weight-control behaviors for all foods and nutrients examined. P values ranged from P=.006 to P<.001. Girls using unhealthful weight-control behaviors had significantly lower intakes of fruit; vegetables; grains; calcium; iron; vitamins A, C, and B-6; folate; and zinc than girls using only healthful weight-control behaviors. Compared with girls reporting no weight-control behaviors, girls using unhealthful weight-control behaviors had lower intakes of grains, calcium, iron, vitamin B-6, folate, and zinc. In contrast to the girls, boys reporting unhealthful weight-control behaviors did not have poorer dietary intakes than boys not using weight-control behaviors or using only healthful behaviors. Among boys, there were no significant differences in mean intakes of vegetables; grains; calcium; iron; vitamins A, C, and B-6; folate; and zinc. Furthermore, boys using unhealthful weight-control behaviors had higher fruit intakes (P=.002) than boys reporting no weight-control behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent girls who engage in unhealthful weight-control behaviors are at increased risk for dietary inadequacy. The findings demonstrate a need for interventions to prevent unhealthful weight-control behaviors in adolescent girls, and to promote healthful weight-control behaviors when indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

A multidisciplinary approach to weight control.

A college course in weight modification, which combines a nutritionally adequate, deficit kilocalorie diet with behavior modification and exercise, is described. Course content, weight loss data, and subjective appraisal of behavior modification techniques by students are presented. During one semester in which the course was offered, the 20 women enrolled lost an average of 10 lb. A one-year follow-up of 8 of the women revealed an avearage loss of 20 lb since the beginning of the course. Results compare favorably with those of other studies in which behavior modification was used as a component of a weight control program. In addition, the students were very positive regarding the benefits of the course in promoting sound nutrition and weight control practices.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparison of motivational intervention and knowledge-supplied intervention for weight control in female students living alone: focus on self-efficacy].

The purpose of this study was: 1) to verify if motivational intervention enhances self-efficacy and desire for weight control; and 2) to compare the performance of weight control, desire, and self-efficacy among subjects in the motivational intervention group with those in the knowledge-supplied intervention group. Subjects included twenty-two female students living alone. The participants were divided into two groups of motivational-intervention (experimental group) and knowledge-supplied intervention (control group), consisting of eleven subjects in each group selected at random. A pre-test/post-test control design was used. Intervention in the experimental group consisted of a confirmation of individual reasons for weight control, connecting weight control with a life worth living for, and self-monitoring. Intervention in the control group however, involved instructions, on physiological and biochemical basis of proper weight control. As the result, these are suggested that the motivational intervention associated with enhancement of self-efficacy in weight control and dietary behavior. Compared to knowledge-based intervention, motivational intervention was associated with higher chewing method performance ratios, longer terms of continuing the chewing method, self-efficacy of weight control, self-efficacy of dietary behavior, and desire to weight control.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Relationship between smoking and weight control efforts among adults in the united states.

BACKGROUND: The effect of weight control concerns on smoking among adults is unclear. We examined the association between smoking behavior and weight control efforts among US adults. METHODS: A total of 17 317 adults responded to the Year 2000 Supplement of the 1995 National Health Interview Survey (83% combined response rate). Respondents provided sociodemographic and health information, including their smoking history and whether they were trying to lose weight, maintain weight, or gain weight. RESULTS: Rates of smoking were lower among adults who were trying to lose or maintain weight than among those not trying to control weight (25% vs 31%; P<.001). After adjustment for sex, race, education, income, marital status, region of the country, and body mass index, the relationship between trying to lose weight and current smoking varied according to age. Among adults younger than 30 years, those trying to lose weight were more likely to smoke currently (odds ratio, 1.36 [95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.70]), whereas older adults trying to lose weight were as likely or less likely to smoke compared with adults not trying to control weight. After adjustment, smokers of all ages who were trying to lose weight were more likely to express a desire to quit smoking. Results were similar after stratification by sex and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Adults younger than 30 years are more likely to smoke if they are trying to lose weight. However, smokers of all ages who are trying to lose weight are more likely to want to stop smoking. Patients' weight control efforts should not discourage clinicians from counseling about smoking cessation. Education about smoking and healthy weight control methods should target young adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The public's response to the obesity epidemic in Australia: weight concerns and weight control practices of men and women.

OBJECTIVE: : To assess weight perceptions, weight concerns and weight control behaviours and related beliefs in a representative sample of adults. DESIGN: : Cross-sectional postal survey. SETTING: : The survey was conducted between October and December 1997 in the state of Victoria, Australia. SUBJECTS: : A total of 2500 subjects were selected at random from the Australian electoral roll; 900 provided usable responses. RESULTS: : At the time of the survey, 2.7% of respondents were trying to gain weight, 26.6% were trying to avoid gaining weight, 22.9% were trying to lose weight and 47.9% were not doing anything for their weight. Men (47.2%) were less likely than women (55.3%) to be attempting any form of weight control. Watching the type of food eaten (95.6%), reducing dietary fat intake (87.3%) and engaging in physical activity or exercise (84.4%) were the most common weight control strategies used. Potentially harmful strategies, such as self-induced vomiting and smoking, were used by relatively few respondents. Many adults believed that vigorous activity (26.8%) and total omission of fat from the diet (35.3%) are necessary in order to lose weight. CONCLUSIONS: : Attempts at weight control are common in the community. However, many men, including men who are already overweight, appear to be unconcerned about their weight. Obesity prevention initiatives should attempt to influence individuals' weight-related beliefs and behaviours, as well as seeking to change policies and environments to better support weight control.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Weight control behaviors among adult men and women: cause for concern?

OBJECTIVES: To examine gender differences in weight control behaviors; their duration and the consistency of their use over a 3-year period; and variations of these behaviors by body mass index (BMI). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The study population included 714 women and 229 men participating in a community-based weight gain prevention program who completed surveys about their weight control behaviors annually for 3 years. General dieting behaviors (e.g., current, regular, and past dieting), dietary restraint (using Restrained Eating subscale of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire), and specific weight control practices (e.g., increasing exercise, skipping meals, and taking laxatives) were assessed. RESULTS: Women were more likely than men to report weight control behaviors, with particularly strong associations found between gender and "history of dieting" (odds ratio = 8.1) and "participation in an organized weight loss program" (odds ratio = 11.7). Among both genders, exercise was the most frequently reported specific weight loss practice (66% of women and 53% of men), followed by decreasing fat intake (62% of women and 48% of men). The use of at least one unhealthy weight control behavior over the past year was reported by 22% of the women and 17% of the men. Gender differences were not found for duration of use of most of the specific weight control practices over the past year, or for consistency of general dieting behaviors and dietary restraint over time. Although both gender and BMI were strongly associated with dieting behaviors, interactions between gender and BMI on prevalence rates of dieting were not significant. DISCUSSION: Although weight control behaviors were more prevalent among women than men, in general, large gender differences were not found in the types of behaviors used and the duration and consistency of their use. The high percentages of adults using healthy methods of weight control was encouraging. However, there is still cause for concern, in that unhealthy weight control practices were also reported by a significant percentage of the population.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Smoking as a weight-control strategy and its relationship to smoking status.

This investigation assessed the use of cigarettes for weight control and the relative impact of weight-control smoking and dietary restraint on current smoking status and future intent to quit smoking in 221 smokers and ex-smokers. We found that weight-control smokers were more likely to gain weight in previous quit attempts, had less formal education, scored higher on dietary restraint, and reported higher weight among biologic parents. Females who gained weight in previous cessation attempts were also more likely to be weight-control smokers. Current smoking was predicted by decreasing age, weight-control issues, lower dietary restraint, less education, more cigarettes smoked per day, less obesity in parents, and more cessation attempts. Females with higher relative weights were more likely to be smokers than males with less relative weight. The results indicated that the number of fewer prior quit attempts, higher levels of weight-control smoking, and increasing age predicted plans not to quit smoking. These results have important implications for those subjects at risk for continued smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of outcome-driven insurance reimbursement on short-term weight control.

CONTEXT: Although most health insurers exclude coverage of weight control therapy, one local insurer offered partial reimbursement of the cost of a weight control program, using an incentive plan. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether outcome-driven insurer-based reimbursement improves participation in a weight control program and short-term weight loss outcomes. DESIGN: Cohort follow-up study between January 1998 and February 2001. SETTING: Community weight management program operated by an academic medical center. SUBJECTS: Obese participants who had the potential for reimbursement (Group A, n=25) and participants in the same program classes (Group B, n=100) who had no possibility for reimbursement. Subjects in Group B were selected from among 206 potential participants using a propensity score to match them with subjects in Group A on age, gender, ethnicity, starting BMI, starting weight, and educational, economic, and demographic variables. INTERVENTION: Group lifestyle-based weight management program. The insurer reimbursed half the cost of the program to obese participants who met minimum weight criteria, paid the program fee at enrollment, attended > or =10 of the 12 classes, and lost > or =6% of initial body weight after 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participation rates and weight loss outcomes. RESULTS: Group A subjects attended significantly more classes (mean+/-s.d.: 10.1+/-1.8 vs 8.2+/-2.5, P<0.001) and lost more weight than Group B subjects (6.1+/-3.1 vs 3.7+/-3.6%, P=0.002). While 84% of Group A subjects attended > or =10 classes, only 37% of Group B subjects did so (P<0.001); 56% of Group A subjects lost > or =6% of body weight, but only 20% of Group B subjects did so (P<0.001); 56% of Group A subjects achieved both the class attendance and weight loss goals, but only 14% of Group B subjects did so (P<0.001). Logistic regression estimated that Group A subjects had 8.2 times the odds of attending > or =10 classes and 4.5 times the odds of losing > or =6% of body weight of Group B subjects, after controlling for class attendance. CONCLUSIONS: Insurer-based reimbursement that is contingent upon initial financial commitment on the part of the patient, consistent program participation, and successful weight loss is associated with significantly better short-term weight control outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Weight-control behaviors among adults and adolescents: associations with dietary intake.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of weight-control behaviors and their associations with overall dietary intake among adults and adolescents. METHODS: Participants included 3,832 adults and 459 adolescents from four regions of the United States. Cross-sectional data were collected on energy and nutrient intake, weight-control behaviors, body mass index (BMI), and sociodemographics. RESULTS: Current weight-control behaviors were reported by 52.7% of the study population (adult women, 56.7%; adult men, 50.3%; adolescent girls, 44.0%; adolescent boys, 36.8%). Weight-control behaviors were consistently and positively associated with socioeconomic status among adults, but not among adolescents. Among "dieters," unhealthy practices were reported by 22.7% of adult women, 21.3% of adult men, 30.4% of adolescent girls, and 18.5% of adolescent boys. Adults trying to control their weight reported healthier nutrient intakes than those not trying to control their weight, in particular when moderate weight-control methods were employed. Among adolescents, there were fewer differences across dieting status and these were not suggestive of healthier intakes among dieters than nondieters. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-control behaviors are reported by a large percentage of the population. Weight-control behaviors tend to be healthier among adults than among adolescents, in terms of the types of behaviors used and their impact on nutrient intakes. Obesity prevention interventions should emphasize the importance of using healthy weight-control practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Response to a weight control program based on approximating the diet to its theoretical ideal].

UNLABELLED: Obesity is a risk factor for a number of degenerative diseases common in industrial societies and the number of overweight/obese people continues to grow. The control of body weight is therefore a priority public health objective. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the response to a weight loss program based on approximating the diet to the theoretical ideal (by increasing the consumption of recommended foods under-represented in the diet: cereals and vegetables). SUBJECTS: The study involved 67 women aged between 20 and 35 years with a body mass index (BMI) of between 24 and 35 kg/m2. These women were randomly assigned to two groups with the aim of improving weight control and of approximating the diet to the theoretical ideal. INTERVENTIONS: Both groups were advised to follow a slightly hypocaloric diet, but with one group increasing the intake of greens and vegetables (H) and the other increasing the intake of cereals (especially breakfast cereals) (C). Dietary data were obtained via the keeping of a daily food record over three days, including a Sunday. Anthropometric data were obtained at the start of the study and again 2 and 6 weeks later. RESULTS: Both treatments approximated the energy profile of the diets to the theoretical ideal. The amount of energy gained from lipids fell and that gained from carbohydrates increased (both at 2 and 6 weeks), significantly more so for group C. Fifty seven women completed the study and showed a mean reduction in body weight of 2.4 +/-1.4 kg. The weight lost by group C was significantly greater than that lost by group H (2.8 +/- 1.4 kg compared to 2.0 +/- 1.3 kg; p < 0.05). The women who followed diet C showed a greater number of skin folds of significantly reduced size, both at 2 and 6 weeks. More group C women completed the study (93.5% compared to 77.8% of group H women). CONCLUSION: In overweight or slightly obese women, approximating the diet to the theoretical ideal (by increasing the intake of vegetables of cereals) can help to control body weight and improve the quality of the diet (both in terms of the number and size of food rations, and the overall energy profile). The present results show that increasing the consumption of breakfast cereals may be of particular use owing to their high fiber, vitamin and iron contents.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Religion, weight perception, and weight control behavior.

Religion's relationships with weight perception and weight control behavior were examined using data (3032 adults aged 25-74) from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. Religion was conceptualized as denomination, religious attendance/practice, religious social support, religious commitment, religious application, and religious identity. Weight perception was conceptualized as underestimating body weight, overestimating body weight, and accurately assessing body weight. Respondents also reported whether they had engaged in any intentional weight loss (yes/no) in the last 12 months. Logistic regression was used, with significant results being set at a p-values of <.01 and <.05. Accurately assessing body weight was the reference category for all weight perception analyses. Women with greater religious commitment and men with greater religious application had greater odds of underestimating their body weight. This relationship remained significant, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, education, and income. Jewish women had greater odds of overestimating their body weight. There were no relationships between religion and weight control behavior. Relationships between religion, weight perception, and weight control behavior illustrate religion's multidimensionality.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Body mass index, body shape satisfaction, and weight control behaviors among Korean girls.

The present study investigated the relations among Body Mass Index, body shape satisfaction, and weight control behaviors among Korean girls. Subjects were 266 girls (M age= 16.6 yr., SD= .9), recruited from two girls' high schools in Seoul, Korea. Based on Body Mass Index, 73.7% were normal weight, 22.9% were underweight, and 3.4% were overweight. 174 girls (65.4%) indicated that they were currently using any weight control method. Weight control behaviors differed significantly by Body Mass Index category, with girls whose Body Mass Indexes indicating normal weight being more likely to claim they used weight control behaviors. Also, the girls who rated themselves as dissatisfied with their body shape were more likely to report weight control behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The relationship of diet and exercise for weight control and the quality of life gap associated with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The demanding behavioral changes for weight control to manage diabetes might contribute to lower quality of life (QOL). This research examines whether the demands of diet and exercise contribute to lower QOL among persons with diabetes. METHODS: Data were from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), which measures days in the last month for poor physical health, poor mental health, limited activity, pain, depression, stress, poor sleep, and high energy, as well as weight control efforts. RESULTS: Respondents with diabetes averaged more impaired days on every measure of QOL. Neither efforts to control weight nor dieting were related to any measure. Exercise was associated with reductions in impaired days on all measures. CONCLUSIONS: Exercising to control weight had a powerful effect on reducing QOL differences while attempting to maintain or reduce weight, and dieting to do so had no effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence and correlates of weight-control behaviors among Caribbean adolescent students.

Adolescent students from nine English-speaking Caribbean countries completed a survey that assessed weight-control behaviors. Weight-control behaviors were prevalent and similar across gender. Extreme weight-control behaviors were related to several psychosocial factors and compromising health behaviors. Future interventions should target adolescents who are using weight-controlling behaviors to prevent future eating disturbances and psychosocial and health morbidities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

High prevalence of abnormal eating and weight control practices among U.S. high-school students.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine the prevalence and to identify correlates of abnormal eating and weight control practices in U.S. high-school students. METHOD: A three-stage cluster design technique was used to select 15,349 students from 144 different high schools. Each completed the 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Questionnaire. RESULTS: Abnormal eating and weight control practices during the past month were reported by over 26% of female students and 10% of male students. Rates of abnormal eating and weight control practices varied by ethnicity and geographic location. Other correlates of abnormal eating and weight control practices included having an underweight body mass index (BMI): (OR=1.39, 95% CI=1.01-1.91), exercising to control weight in past 30 days (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.30-1.76), dieting to control weight in past 30 days (OR=3.89, 95% CI=2.65-5.73), and interactions between gender and both weight perception and weight satisfaction. DISCUSSION: The high proportion of U.S. high-school students who have participated in abnormal eating and weight control practices in the past month demands immediate attention. The identified correlates may help target prevention and control programs.

Adolescent↗