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PubMed2005

Base units of the SI, fundamental constants and modern quantum physics.

Over the past 40 years, a number of discoveries in quantum physics have completely transformed our vision of fundamental metrology. This revolution starts with the frequency stabilization of lasers using saturation spectroscopy and the redefinition of the metre by fixing the velocity of light c. Today, the trend is to redefine all SI base units from fundamental constants and we discuss strategies to achieve this goal. We first consider a kinematical frame, in which fundamental constants with a dimension, such as the speed of light c, the Planck constant h, the Boltzmann constant k(B) or the electron mass m(e) can be used to connect and redefine base units. The various interaction forces of nature are then introduced in a dynamical frame, where they are completely characterized by dimensionless coupling constants such as the fine structure constant alpha or its gravitational analogue alpha(G). This point is discussed by rewriting the Maxwell and Dirac equations with new force fields and these coupling constants. We describe and stress the importance of various quantum effects leading to the advent of this new quantum metrology. In the second part of the paper, we present the status of the seven base units and the prospects of their possible redefinitions from fundamental constants in an experimental perspective. The two parts can be read independently and they point to these same conclusions concerning the redefinitions of base units. The concept of rest mass is directly related to the Compton frequency of a body, which is precisely what is measured by the watt balance. The conversion factor between mass and frequency is the Planck constant, which could therefore be fixed in a realistic and consistent new definition of the kilogram based on its Compton frequency. We discuss also how the Boltzmann constant could be better determined and fixed to replace the present definition of the kelvin.

International System of Units↗
PubMed2004

Context-dependent selection of visuomotor maps.

BACKGROUND: Behavior results from the integration of ongoing sensory signals and contextual information in various forms, such as past experience, expectations, current goals, etc. Thus, the response to a specific stimulus, say the ringing of a doorbell, varies depending on whether you are at home or in someone else's house. What is the neural basis of this flexibility? What mechanism is capable of selecting, in a context-dependent way an adequate response to a given stimulus? One possibility is based on a nonlinear neural representation in which context information regulates the gain of stimulus-evoked responses. Here I explore the properties of this mechanism. RESULTS: By means of three hypothetical visuomotor tasks, I study a class of neural network models in which any one of several possible stimulus-response maps or rules can be selected according to context. The underlying mechanism based on gain modulation has three key features: (1) modulating the sensory responses is equivalent to switching on or off different subpopulations of neurons, (2) context does not need to be represented continuously, although this is advantageous for generalization, and (3) context-dependent selection is independent of the discriminability of the stimuli. In all cases, the contextual cues can quickly turn on or off a sensory-motor map, effectively changing the functional connectivity between inputs and outputs in the networks. CONCLUSIONS: The modulation of sensory-triggered activity by proprioceptive signals such as eye or head position is regarded as a general mechanism for performing coordinate transformations in vision. The present results generalize this mechanism to situations where the modulatory quantity and the input-output relationships that it selects are arbitrary. The model predicts that sensory responses that are nonlinearly modulated by arbitrary context signals should be found in behavioral situations that involve choosing or switching between multiple sensory-motor maps. Because any relevant circumstancial information can be part of the context, this mechanism may partly explain the complex and rich behavioral repertoire of higher organisms.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

[Application of Parse's Theory in the nurse-person relation].

This study has the purpose of telling experiences lived by the authors, using the foundations of Parse's theory, "Human Becoming". They observed the study of the theory and its application in nursing practice claim for changes in nurse's values and beliefs, transforming her vision about human being and health, giving a more humanistic care. This lived experience allowed personal and professional maturation for the authors and stimulated them to divulge the theory to contribute for the nursing growth and improve the person's quality of life.

Nurse-Patient Relations↗
PubMed2026

Multimodal Deep Learning and Foundation Models for Early Detection and Forecasting of Plant Diseases.

Plant diseases destroy 20-40% of global food production annually, posing a critical threat to food security for a projected population of 9.7 billion by 2050. Conventional diagnostic approaches relying on expert visual assessment are slow, costly, and unsuitable for modern agricultural scales. While deep convolutional neural networks demonstrated early promise, single-modality, image-centric systems consistently fail under real-world field conditions characterized by variable lighting, co-occurring infections, and cultivar diversity. This review synthesizes a decade of progress across four interconnected frontiers: the evolution of deep learning architectures for plant disease detection; the adaptation of foundation models including CLIP, SAM, and DINOv2 to agricultural contexts; the development of multimodal fusion frameworks integrating imagery, environmental, genomic, and hyperspectral data; and the transition from static disease diagnosis to descriptive comparison of reported metrics, which suggested that multimodal approaches frequently reported improved diagnostic performance relative to corresponding single-modality baselines, although direct cross-study comparison was limited by methodological heterogeneity. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines identifies eligible comparative studies. Descriptive comparison of reported performance metrics across these studies indicated that multimodal approaches generally achieved higher accuracy and sensitivity than single-modality models, particularly for pre-symptomatic disease detection. Eight critical research gaps are identified, including the absence of a unified agricultural foundation model and limited climate-aware forecasting under non-stationary climate projections. A structured research agenda is proposed to accelerate translation from laboratory performance to globally equitable, field-deployable crop protection systems.

convolutional neural networks↗
PubMed2001

The identification and validation of common disease genes: relevance to the drug development process.

The understanding of the genetic factors contributing to the development of common diseases has presented a great challenge. Recent accomplishments in the field of genetics have now transformed this vision into a reachable goal. The increased knowledge will have great impact on our fundamental understanding of biological processes, as well as how we diagnose and treat common disease. Many obstacles still remain, and a careful choice of strategy will be critical to achieve these goals. One key point will be the validation of generated candidates in an optimized study set-up.

Drug Design↗
PubMed2004

Transforming healthcare: IOM panel discusses vision and reality after Crossing the Quality Chasm.

Almost 3 years ago, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released its pivotal report, Crossing the Quality Chasm, which challenged the healthcare community to reevaluate and reinvent the way it provides care. In January, the IOM hosted an invitational summit in Washington, DC to look at whether that vision is becoming a reality across the country and in local communities. The summit focused on five priority areas: asthma, chronic heart failure, major depression, diabetes, and pain control in advanced cancer.

Health Care Reform↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Leadership development for rural health.

Leadership is the capacity to help transform a vision of the future into reality. Individuals who can and will exercise leadership are like a river's current--a part past where we now stand, a part yet to come. We have an ongoing need to remember and to look toward the next "generation." A key responsibility of those here now, is to mentor and to create structures for mentoring, in order to maximize the flow and effectiveness of tomorrow's leaders. When recruiting organizational leaders, the recruitment and interview process must seek individuals who in addition to technical competence, also have demonstrated leadership in their prior work and activities. To exercise effective leadership, we must work to know who we are, how we relate to others, and the environment around us. "Servant leadership" is a perspective held by many throughout the rural health community and offers a key set attributes of leadership useful to rural health. To implement the Institute of Medicine's recommendations in Through Collaboration: the Future of Rural Health, we must develop leaders skilled in collaboration, both internal to their organization and across organizations. The National Advisory Committee on Rural Health and Human Services had it right when they said to the Secretary and to the rest of us, "the best way to honor Jim is to consciously work to help develop the next generation of rural health leaders." There are, of course, a multitude of leadership institutes, programs, and courses throughout America; this is not a call for yet another separate entity. But it is a call to each of us in rural health to assure that we are deliberate in how we identify "emerging leaders from and for rural communities and provide them with the training and resources to play a lead role in ensuring access to quality healthcare in their states and communities." Let's get started.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed2004

Surveillance of the eye and vision in a clinical trial of MART1-transformed dendritic cells for metastatic melanoma.

PURPOSE: To report the protocol for surveillance of the eye and vision in a clinical trial of MART1-transduced dendritic cells for metastatic melanoma. METHODS: In a phase I/II clinical trial of dendritic cell-based genetic immunotherapy for metastatic cutaneous melanoma, ophthalmic evaluation is performed prior to immunization (Baseline Evaluation), 56+/-7 days after first vaccination (mid-study evaluation), when dendritic cell injections are complete 112+/-7 days after first vaccination (end-study evaluation) and 168+/-7 days after first vaccination (post-study evaluation). RESULTS: The protocol for baseline, mid-study and end-study evaluations of the eye and vision includes ophthalmic history, comprehensive ophthalmic examination, psychophysical and electrophysiological visual function assessment, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Post-study evaluation consists of the 25-item visual functioning questionnaire augmented to elicit autoimmune manifestation with complete ophthalmic evaluation if vision-related symptoms or abnormalities are noted during or after the vaccination. CONCLUSION: Limited adverse effects on the eye and vision have been reported in melanoma immunotherapy trials, although this novel mode of therapy has the potential to induce melanoma paraneoplastic syndromes known to severely impair vision. Therefore, surveillance of the eye and vision should be considered in melanoma immunotherapy trials.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2000

Body image as a visuomotor transformation device revealed in adaptation to reversed vision.

People adapt with remarkable flexibility to reversal of the visual field caused by prism spectacles. With sufficient time, this adaptation restores visually guided behaviour and perceptual harmony between the visible and tactile worlds. Although it has been suggested that seeing one's own body is crucial for adaptation, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we show that a new representation of visuomotor mapping with respect to the hands emerges in a month during adaptation to reversed vision. The subjects become bi-perceptual, or able to use both new and old representations. In a visual task designed to assess the new hand representation, subjects identified visually presented hands as left or right by matching the picture to the representation of their own hands. Functional magnetic resonance imaging showed brain activity in the left posterior frontal cortex (Broca's area) that was unique to the new hand representations of both hands, together with activation in the intraparietal sulcus and prefrontal cortex. The emergence of the new hand representation coincided with the adaptation of perceived location of visible objects in space. These results suggest that the hand representation operates as a visuomotor transformation device that provides an arm-centred frame of reference for space perception.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Comprehensive statewide approach to improve youth outcomes: experience of the New York State Youth Development Team.

Best practice research indicates a need for a policy shift toward positive youth development (YD) principles and strategies. The New York State Youth Development Team (YDT) is a public-private partnership of leading agencies whose holistic vision, "families, schools and communities partner to support the development of healthy, capable and caring youth," requires key stakeholders at all levels to address adverse youth health outcomes through effective partnerships. To transform the YDT vision into statewide practice requires committed actions (policy, funding, and training) at the state and community levels. Key lessons learned and experience-based recommendations that guide YD efforts in New York State can help state and local agencies move more to a positive YD approach that helps young people become healthy, caring, competent, and contributing adults, fully prepared to be parents, workers, leaders, entrepreneurs, and citizens of the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Values and value--a vision for the Australian health care system.

The Australian health care system is at a crossroads. Status quo is not a sustainable option for the future. Rising consumption, spiralling costs, the decline of private health insurance and a public sector 'bursting at the seams' threaten our traditional values of a universal, affordable, accessible, equitable, high-quality system. As a result, we believe that major reform of the health care system is both necessary and inevitable in order to ensure that the values of the system are maintained and to extract maximum value from limited health resources. In this article we lay out our vision for the Australian health care system. It is a vision characterised by transformational change--shifting of risk from patients and taxpayers to providers, downsizing of acute care capacity, integration of services across the system, rationalisation of State and Federal responsibilities and a 'shakeout' of providers and insurers resulting from intensified, but bounded, competition. We believe that the direction for health care players needs to be clarified so that, as a country, we can continue to have a best practice model of health care delivery. We present this vision as a 'stake in the ground' to set parameters around which this debate can emerge. It may be provocative and challenging, but it is our vision into the future.

Australia↗
PubMed1999

Texture-Based Methods for Analyzing Elementary Visual Substances.

Human vision is generally assumed to embody a limited number of low-level, spatially parallel image transformations. These transformations define the basic properties vision can sense. Because texture discrimination tasks require rapid, spatially parallel processing, they are ideally suited to investigate these basic transformations. Here it is shown how to use paired comparison texture tasks to functionally analyze such transformations. Tasks are considered in which the observer is presented with two patches of texture, A and B, tiled with micropatterns drawn from a set Omega, and is asked to judge which is greater, M(A) or M(B), for some specific texture property M (e.g., M(A) might be the intensity variance of patch A). Performance is modeled by supposing that the observer approximates M(A) and M(B) by noisy, subjective quantities,;M(A) and;M(B), synthesized from the basic transformations resident in human vision. Psychophysical methods are provided for determining the differential impact on;M of the various micropatterns in Omega. Specifically, an occurrence in patch A (similarly for patch B) of a given micropattern omegainOmega is assumed to contribute an independent, additive random variable X(omega) to;M(A). The mean m(omega) of X(omega) gives the average impact on;M(A) of an occurrence of omega. It is assumed that the observer judges M(A)>M(B) on a given trial if;M(A)-;M(B)+Y>0, for Y a normal random variable with mean zero and unspecified variance. Simple, efficient techniques are provided for accurately estimating the shape of the function m: Omega-->ℝ, which defines the impacts of different micropatterns on M-judgments. These methods yield results that are invariant with respect to all unmeasured model parameters. MATLAB code is supplied for data analysis. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The provision of services for rural youth with serious emotional and behavioral problems: Virginia's Comprehensive Services Act.

The problems of the delivery of mental health and social services to rural children and adolescents encapsulate many of the problems in the larger health care system. Consequently, many of the principles underlying the President's Health Security Plan are applicable to the reformation of this more specialized service system. The experience of the Commonwealth of Virginia in implementing the Comprehensive Services Act (CSA) highlights the scope of vision needed to transform an existing service delivery system into a coordinated system of care on a state-wide scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

1/f-type fluctuation in human visuomotor transformation.

In the absence of vision of the limb, movements toward a visual target exhibit substantial errors which are considered to originate mainly in the visuomotor transformation process. To determine the time-dependent property of human visuomotor transformation, we investigated the error sequences in movements toward visual target using scaling analyses. When subjects could see their controlling limb, the error sequences could not be distinguished from a random sequence. On the other hand, when the controlling limb was invisible, the error sequences were not random in order, but exhibited 1/f-type time correlation. This finding that the variation in human visuomotor transformation shows 1/f-type fluctuation provides a significant index for mathematical modeling and system identification in human visuomotor control.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Regulation of medical devices in radiology: current standards and future opportunities.

Today's radiology community depends heavily on cutting-edge diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices to serve patients. These products are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under a system that grants marketing approval for only those indications for which the safety and effectiveness have been established. Although this complex system is the result of a societal decision to ensure device safety and effectiveness, it has the potential to delay product marketing and impede innovation. Medical device regulation recently has undergone major changes with the enactment of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA), legislation that is intended to increase system efficiency while retaining the requirement of safety and effectiveness. However, many of the envisioned improvements cannot occur without cooperative interaction between stakeholders in the device development process, including the FDA and the clinical medicine community. The radiology field must continue to build on its strong history of productive dialogue with the FDA to transform the legislative vision of FDAMA into regulatory reality. Such action will ensure timely access to the new device technologies that are necessary for the growth of our specialty and the effective care of our patients.

Device Approval↗
PubMed2003

A computational model as neurodecoder based on synchronous oscillation in the visual cortex.

Based on synchronized responses of neuronal populations in the visual cortex to external stimuli, we proposed a computational model consisting primarily of a neuronal phase-locked loop (NPLL) and multiscaled operator. The former reveals the function of synchronous oscillations in the visual cortex. Regardless of which of these patterns of the spike trains may be an average firing-rate code, a spike-timing code, or a rate-time code, the NPLL can decode original visual information from neuronal spike trains modulated with patterns of external stimuli, because a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), which is included in the NPLL, can precisely track neuronal spike trains and instantaneous variations, that is, VCO can make a copy of an external stimulus pattern. The latter, however, describes multi-scaled properties of visual information processing, but not merely edge and contour detection. In this study, in which we combined NPLL with a multiscaled operator and maximum likelihood estimation, we proved that the model, as a neurodecoder, implements optimum algorithm decoding visual information from neuronal spike trains at the system level. At the same time, the model also obtains increasingly important supports, which come from a series of experimental results of neurobiology on stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations or synchronized responses of the neuronal population in the visual cortex. In addition, the problem of how to describe visual acuity and multiresolution of vision by wavelet transform is also discussed. The results indicate that the model provides a deeper understanding of the role of synchronized responses in decoding visual information.

Action Potentials↗