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Results for “subordinate behavior”

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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Effects of multisource feedback and a feedback facilitator on the influence behavior of managers toward subordinates.

The authors compared a feedback workshop with both a no-feedback control group and a comparison group of managers who received a feedback report but no feedback workshop. The multisource feedback was based on ratings of a manager's influence behavior by subordinates, peers, and bosses. Managers in the feedback workshop increased their use of some core influence tactics with subordinates, whereas there was no change in behavior for the control group or for the comparison group. The feedback was perceived to be more useful by managers who received it in a workshop with a facilitator than by managers who received only a printed feedback report.

Feedback↗
PubMed1984

Situational moderators of leader reward and punishment behaviors: fact or fiction?

One assumption shared by many contemporary models of leadership is that situational variables moderate the relationships between leader behaviors and subordinate responses. Recently, however, R. J. House and J. L. Baetz (1979 in B. Staw & L. Cummings, Eds., Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 1), Greenwich, Connecticut, JAI Press) have suggested that the effects of some leader traits and behaviors may be relatively invariant; that is, have the same effects in a variety of situations. One possible class of leader behaviors which may have relatively consistent effects across situations are those known as leader reward and punishment behaviors. The first goal of the research reported here was to increase our understanding of the relationships between leader contingent and noncontingent reward and punishment behaviors and subordinate responses. Contingent reward behavior was found to have the most pronounced relationships with subordinate performance and satisfaction, followed by noncontingent punishment behavior. Neither leader noncontingent reward nor contingent punishment behavior were found to be related to either subordinate performance or satisfaction, with the exception that noncontingent reward behavior was negatively related to subordinates' satisfaction with work. The second goal of the research was to examine the effects of a variety of potential moderators on the relationships between leader reward and punishment behaviors and subordinate responses. The results of this study suggest that the relationships between leader reward and punishment behaviors and subordinates' performance are relatively free of moderating effects.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed2026

Body tactile stimulation intensifies appeasement behavior in a cichlid fish.

Social touch, provided by body tactile stimulation (TS), is known to trigger appeasement behavior and social stability in mammals. Recent studies have shown that TS also plays a role in regulating social interactions in fish by reducing aggression between individuals. While this effect may stem from decreased aggression in dominants, the potential contribution of increased appeasement behavior in subordinates has been overlooked. Here, we investigated whether TS facilitates the onset of appeasement behavior in the cichlid fish Geophagus iporangensis, a species that exhibits clear dominance-subordination relationships. Isolated individuals were assigned to one of two treatments, either with TS (provided by plastic sticks lined with silicone bristles) or without it for 21 days. Then, each fish was paired with a socially experienced dominant individual to enable rapid hierarchy resolution. Initial appeasement scores did not differ between treatments. However, individuals who experienced TS exhibited significantly higher appeasement scores during the final 5 min of the contest than the control group. Additionally, fish under TS showed an increase in the appeasement score after 10 min of agonistic interaction, while it did not change in the treatment without TS. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that TS can mitigate aggressive interactions by intensifying subordinates' appeasement behavior, thereby affecting social dynamics similarly to mammals.

aggression↗
PubMed2002

Social rank strategies in hierarchical relationships.

Social rank theorists propose that threat appraisals evoke escalation behavior toward subordinates and de-escalation behavior toward superiors. These hypotheses were examined among records of behavior sampled ecologically from the work environments of 90 individuals. At the level of the event, situated threat appraisals (feeling criticized) predicted different kinds of behavior across status situations. Individuals tended to quarrel when criticized by subordinates and to submit when criticized by superiors. At the level of the person, aggregated rank appraisals (feeling inferior) predicted different kinds of behavior across status situations. Individuals who typically felt more inferior tended to quarrel more frequently with subordinates and to submit more frequently with superiors. Findings implicated inferiority and threat as fundamental dimensions underlying the behavior of the social rank system.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Contested dominance modifies the anovulatory consequences of social subordination in female marmosets.

Dominance status among female marmosets is reflected in agonistic behavior and ovarian function. Socially dominant females receive submissive behavior from subordinates, while exhibiting normal ovulatory function. Subordinate females, however, receive agonistic behavior from dominants, while exhibiting reduced or absent ovulatory function. Such disparity in female fertility is not absolute, and groups with two breeding females have been described. The data reported here were obtained from 8 female-female pairs of captive female marmosets, each housed with a single unrelated male. Pairs were classified into two groups: "uncontested" dominance (UD) and "contested" dominance (CD), with 4 pairs each. Dominant females in UD pairs showed significantly higher frequencies (4.1) of agonism (piloerection, attack and chasing) than their subordinates (0.36), and agonistic behaviors were overall more frequently displayed by CD than by UD pairs. Subordinates in CD pairs exhibited more agonistic behavior (2.9) than subordinates in UD pairs (0.36), which displayed significantly more submissive (6.97) behaviors than their dominants (0.35). The data suggest that there is more than one kind of dominance relationship between female common marmosets. Assessment of progesterone levels showed that while subordinates in UD pairs appeared to be anovulatory, the degree of ovulatory disruption in subordinates of CD pairs was more varied and less complete. We suggest that such variation in female-female social dominance relationships and the associated variation in the degree and reliability of fertility suppression may explain variations of the reproductive condition of free-living groups of common marmosets.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1995

Dominance fades with distance: an experiment on food competition in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis).

Dominant animals often can suppress the competitive behavior of subordinates by overt aggression or by their mere presence. This experiment on pairs of long-tailed macaque females explored whether this effect of dominant animals is influenced by interindividual distance. A dominant and a subordinate, but stronger, animal could compete for food by a tug-of-war on a bar. The animals were separated by 2 grids, spaced at either 30 or 100 cm. At 30 cm, 7 of 8 subordinate subjects either did not pull the bar or did not obtain a major share of the available food. In contrast, at 100 cm, all subordinate subjects obtained more food than the dominant. Thus, the dominant animals could suppress the competitive behavior of the subordinate only at the short interindividual distance, despite the fact that the dominant could not approach or attack even at the short distance and could be fully seen by the subordinate even at the large distance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Co-housing in a stable hierarchical group is not aversive for dominant and subordinate individuals.

The behavior of individuals and their responses to external stimuli are controlled by the microsocial environment, which for most mammals is associated with dominant-subordinate relationships. Physiological and behavioral differences between dominant and subordinate individuals may be 'primary' (genetically determined) or 'secondary' (due to position in the group's hierarchical structure). A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the physiological (pain response threshold), immunological (thymus, spleen weights, primary immune response), and behavioral (motor activity, behavior in a shuttle box test) characteristics of dominant and subordinate individuals in groups of three laboratory mice formed on the basis of linear hierarchy. Assessment of the effects of group conditions was made using a conditioned reflex location preference test. The results showed: 1) there are no statistically significant differences in physiological and behavioral (except for motor activity) parameters between dominant and subordinate mice; 2) co-housing of dominant and subordinate individuals in groups with stable hierarchical relationships was not aversive for them.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Naltrexone blocks amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, but not disruption of social and agonistic behavior in mice and squirrel monkeys.

Significant anatomical overlap of opioid and dopamine receptors as well as reciprocity of control over synthesis, metabolism, and release of opioid peptides and dopamine in brain suggests functional interactions between the two systems. In the first of two studies, the behavioral effects of amphetamine and naltrexone alone, and in combination were studied in established groups of socially interacting squirrel monkeys. Naltrexone (0.1-10.0 mg/kg, IM) increased locomotion and marking behavior in subordinate monkeys. The frequency of social initiatives directed at treated subordinate monkeys by untreated members of the group was also increased. The behavior of dominant monkeys was relatively unaffected, except at the highest dose when autonomic distress was also evident. The frequency of walking bouts by both dominant and subordinate monkeys was increased by amphetamine (0.1-0.6 mg/kg, IM), and the social behavior of dominant monkeys was disrupted by drug treatment. Naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg, IM) significantly antagonized amphetamine's effects on motor behavior, and enhanced or did not affect amphetamine's effects on social behavior. In a second study, the interaction of amphetamine (0.63-10.0 mg/kg, IP) and naltrexone (0.1-10.0 mg/kg, IP) on the behavior of resident male mice during confrontations with a male intruder was studied. Naltrexone selectively reduced the frequency of attack at the highest dose tested. Amphetamine increased locomotor activity and decreased attack and threat behavior in resident mice. A low dose of naltrexone (1.0 mg/kg, IP) blocked amphetamine's effects on locomotion and enhanced the disruption of aggressive behavior. The amphetamine-naltrexone interaction on locomotor activity in mice and monkeys is consistent with opioid receptor modulation of dopamine mediated functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Anabolic-androgenic steroids: effects on social behavior and baseline heart rate.

Examined the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AS) on behavior, baseline heart rate (HR), and stress-induced HR responses. Twenty-four cynomolgus monkeys were assigned to four mixed social groups of both AS and sham control animals. For 2 months, AS-treated monkeys received biweekly injections of testosterone, and, on an identical schedule, the control animals were injected with a sham solution. Behavioral data revealed that AS disrupted the social milieu such that all dominant animals exhibited increases in dominant behavior and subordinates manifested increased submission. These changes returned to pretest levels 8 weeks following termination of the drug intervention. Affiliative behaviors decreased on the part of all animals as a function of AS and, with the exception of play behavior, failed to return to pretest levels after the 8-week period of recovery. AS created an increase in baseline HR, particularly among the dominant animals. Interestingly, the subordinate AS animals experienced a decrease in baseline HR response. AS had no apparent influence on stress-induced HR reactivity.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Social hierarchy affects gene expression for catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in rat adrenal glands.

Social stressors, like other stressors, are powerful activators of the sympathoadrenomedullary system. Differential housing (single vs. group) and social defeat of rats is known to alter the activity of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in the medulla. The present studies examined the effect of 70 days of triad (3 rats per large cage) and individual housing of male rats on adrenal mRNA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and on TH protein levels. Behavioral ratings carried out at the triad formation indicated that dominant rats exhibited mostly offensive aggressive behaviors. By contrast, subordinate rats expressed primarily defensive behaviors, while the subdominant rats displayed intermediate levels of these behaviors. Overall, compared with single housing, triad housing resulted in lower gene expression for TH, DBH and PNMT and lower TH protein in the adrenals. Within triads, gene expression for these enzymes and TH protein concentration were higher in subordinate compared with dominant and subdominant rats. The dominant rats tended to have the lowest gene expression of these enzymes. These data indicate that in rodents, individual housing and a subject's social rank have a differential impact on the regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis already during the process of gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in the adrenals.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral correlates of chronic dominance-subordination relationships of male rats in a seminatural situation.

Detailed characterization and analysis of intraspecific aggressive and defensive behaviors of rats in mixed sex groups is beginning to provide an understanding of the complex pattern of behavioral and physiological change associated with variation in dominance status. These findings indicate that male subordination dramatically reduces longevity and produces a pattern of behavior changes very similar to the defenses elicited by predatory exposure. In addition, many of these changes are, in detail, isomorphic to important behavioral features of clinical depression.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Anabolic steroids and aggressive behavior in cynomolgus monkeys.

An animal model was employed to examine the effect of testosterone on aggressive behavior patterns. Ten cynomolgus monkeys were assigned to either an experimental or a control group and given biweekly injections; the experimental group received testosterone propionate, and the controls a sham solution. Prior to and upon the completion of an 8-week treatment period, behavioral observations were conducted. Although the administration of testosterone resulted in a significant increase in aggression, more important was the finding that changes in behavior were mediated by social status; that is, the incidence of both contact and noncontact aggression in dominant monkeys was far greater than the frequency of these behaviors in subordinate monkeys. These data are discussed in terms of the potential role of anabolic steroids as a risk factor in cardiovascular disease.

Aggression↗
PubMed1984

Further evidence for behaviorly induced hypoxic conditions in subordinate mice.

When two male mice fight to establish social rank, the subordinate exhibits marked splenomegaly, reticulocytosis and decreased hematocrit. Individuals were isolated at weaning, paired 3 weeks later for two 30-min encounter periods daily for up to 3 weeks. After 2 days and 1 week encounter periods, subordinates had significantly decreased levels of hemoglobin in the kidney compared to dominants and controls. Subordinates had increased ATP levels in blood after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of encounter, bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia, as well as a substantial increase in the erythropoietin titre and Fe99 incorporation in spleen and blood.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗