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PubMed1977

Effects of pesticide seed treatments on Rhizobium japonicum and its symbiotic relationship with soybean.

Seventeen Rhizobium japonicum cultures isolated from soybean nodules induced formation of nodules on taproots of soybean plants. All isolates reduced acetylene to ethylene to different extents in vitro. Paper disc assay indicated that two insecticides, lindane (gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane), chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate), and a fungicide, thiram (tetramethylthiuram disulphide) individually or in combination caused significant inhibition of the growth of R. japonicum No. 16. The effects of insecticide-fungicide seed treatments on the nitrogenase activity of soybean plants in nitrogen-fixing capacity, weights of leaves, stems, and nodules were determined. Thiram, singly or in combination with lindane and/or chlorpyrifos, significantly delayed growth of the plants and affected the activity of nitrogenase in the fixation of nitrogen 3 weeks after treatments. No drastic effect of any of the pesticide treatments on soybean plant growth was observed after 8 weeks.

Acetylene↗

PubMed2025

Dissecting seed composition QTL from wild soybean: fine-mapping, candidate gene identification, and evaluation of introgression effects on agronomic performance.

Seed composition QTL from wild soybean were confirmed and validated in two genetic backgrounds across multiple environments, candidate genes were identified, and agronomic performance of backcross introgression lines was evaluated. Through selection for soybean yield, breeders have inadvertently reduced seed protein content and increased oil due to phenotypic and genetic correlations between these three traits. Therefore, identifying alleles that increase protein without adversely affecting oil and yield is of interest for breeders and the entire soybean value chain. Previously, a G. max × G. soja population was used to map a protein-associated region to ~ 4.6 Mbp on chromosome (Chr) 14. The G. soja allele significantly increased protein 6.5-7.2 g kg-1, without significantly decreasing oil. Additionally, two oil quantitative trait loci (QTL) were reported on Chrs 8 and 14. In this study, we aimed to confirm the Chr 14 protein QTL, evaluate QTL effects on seed composition and agronomic performance, and further fine-map to identify candidate genes. We validated and fine-mapped the Chr 14 protein QTL to a 0.6 Mbp region in a different genetic background, where the G. soja allele significantly increased protein by 9.3 g kg-1. Further, we confirmed the Chr 14 oil QTL linked to the protein QTL and the Chr 8 oil QTL. Chr 14 protein QTL effects on agronomic traits were evaluated in a backcross population across eight environments. The QTL significantly increased protein content, without significantly impacting oil, maturity, or plant height. While the QTL impacted yield and lodging, its effect and significance varied within environments. The candidate genes identified for these three validated seed composition QTL, along with additional molecular markers developed, offer valuable resources for improving seed composition in soybean breeding programs.

Quantitative Trait Loci↗

PubMed1979

The organization of a nuclear DNA sequence from a higher plant: molecular cloning and characterization of soybean ribosomal DNA.

The recombinant DNA vector, lambda Charon 4A, was used to construct a library of DNA sequences from the genomic DNA of soybean (Glycine max). To define the organization of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in the soybean genome, clones containing sequences complementary to both 17S and 25S rRNA have been isolated from this library and used in conjunction with Southern blot hybridization. The rRNA genes are tandemly reiterated with a relatively small unit repeat length of 7.8 kb. There is no heterogeneity in the length of the rDNA repeat units although they display limited differences in either base sequence or pattern of methylation. The cloned rDNA sequences are shown to comprise the entire repeat unit and have been used to obtain a detailed restriction map as well as an approximate transcription map of soybean rRNA genes. The cloning of rDNA from soybean suggests that recombinant DNA techniques can be successfully applied to the genomic DNA of higher plants despite the high degree of methylation exhibited by plant DNA.

Bacteriophage lambda↗

PubMed2026

The Jumonji C domain-containing proteins GmJMJ19 and GmJMJ20 link florigen signaling with epigenetic regulation of photoperiodic flowering and post-flowering plant height in soybean.

Soybean (Glycine max) is a photoperiod-sensitive legume whose latitudinal adaptation depends on the precise control of flowering time and plant height. Histone demethylases of the JmjC domain-containing (JMJ) protein family have been implicated in these processes across plant species, but their specific roles in soybean remain largely unexplored. Here, we identify soybean GmJMJ19 and GmJMJ20, two closely related JMJD5/KDM8 orthologs, as master epigenetic regulators that coordinately control both photoperiodic flowering and post-flowering plant height. Both genes exhibit intrinsic, rhythmic expression peaking at ZT12, and their encoded proteins physically interact with the florigen proteins FT2a and FT5a. Loss-of-function mutants display delayed flowering under long days (LDs) and increased plant height under both LDs and short days (SDs), whereas overexpression phenocopies the mutant flowering phenotype, indicating revealing a critical dosage requirement for proper function. Mechanistically, GmJMJ19 and GmJMJ20 are recruited by the FT/FD transcriptional complex to directly activate AP1a and AP1c expression through chromatin modulation. Population genomic analyses reveal distinct selection signatures: GmJMJ19 underwent sustained directional selection during cultivation, whereas GmJMJ20 experienced an early domestication sweep with limited subsequent change. Haplotype analysis identifies coordinated latitudinal clines, with the JMJ19H1/JMJ20H1 combination predominating at high latitudes to promote early flowering and limit height, while JMJ19H2/JMJ20H2 and wild JMJ19H3/JMJ20H3 alleles prevail at low latitudes, conferring later flowering and increased height. Collectively, our findings establish GmJMJ19 and GmJMJ20 as central chromatin regulators linking florigen signaling to downstream target expression and provide valuable allelic resources for breeding regionally adapted soybean varieties across a wide range of latitudinal environments.

Histone modulation↗

PubMed2026

Analysis of deep-resequencing data of 984 soybean accessions reveals structural variations underlying agronomic traits.

Genomic structural variants (SVs) are major sources of genetic variation and have profound impacts on phenotypic traits. However, their functional effects remain largely unexplored in soybean. Here, we resequence 940 soybean accessions. Together with 44 publicly available datasets, we identify 602,281 SVs. Using a graph-based genome, we detect an additional 58,760 presence/absence variations (PAVs) that broadly affect gene expression. Population genomic analyses reveal that SVs serve as a core driving force for soybean domestication and improvement. Integrating SVs with QTLs for oil and protein content, and performing GWAS on 27 traits, we identify key functional SVs. These include transposable element insertions altering seed coat color, multiple insertions within a cytochrome P450 gene modifying flower and hypocotyl color, and a GmMATE1 deletion enhancing seed size. Together, our study establishes a comprehensive SV map of soybean, offering a valuable resource for dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits to accelerate molecular breeding.

Glycine max↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide identification, characterization, evolutionary analysis, and expression profiling of the FCS-like zinc finger (FLZ) gene family in soybean (Glycine max L.) under abiotic stresses.

Drought and salinity limit soybean yield. Despite their role in the SnRK1 energy-sensing complex, a systematic study of FCS-Like Zinc Finger (FLZ) proteins in soybean has not been reported. We performed a genome-wide identification of the GmFLZ gene family, identifying 40 members distributed across 18 of the 20 soybean chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis of 87 FLZ proteins from Glycine max, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa revealed four major evolutionary clades, suggesting that diversification predates the separation of monocots and dicots. Structural analysis identified ten conserved motifs, with Motifs 1 and 2 present in all family members. Gene duplication analysis identified 304 paralogous pairs, most arising from segmental duplication. Ka/Ks analysis indicated localized positive selection in six gene pairs and purifying selection in 97.9% of pairs. Tissue-specific expression profiling across nine tissues showed that GmFLZ5, GmFLZ15, GmFLZ25, and GmFLZ34 had the highest expression levels detected across the GmFLZ family, with GmFLZ5 the most highly expressed member in leaves, nodules, and stem and showing moderate expression in pod, root, and root hairs, whereas GmFLZ18, GmFLZ23, and GmFLZ37 showed root-preferential expression. RT-qPCR validation under drought (20% PEG-6000) and salt (200 mM NaCl) treatments in the Giza 5 cultivar showed that 36 and 34 of the 40 GmFLZ genes, respectively, exhibited at least a two-fold change in expression, with GmFLZ21 and GmFLZ35 among the most strongly induced under salt stress. These findings provide an evolutionary and functional framework for the GmFLZ family and identify candidate genes for future functional studies in soybean stress tolerance.

Glycine max↗

PubMed1978

Occurrence of mRNA for storage protein in dry soybean seeds.

Poly(A)-containing RNA has been isolated from the cotyledons of soybean seeds by adsorption on a poly(U)-Sepharose column. Approximately 0.15% of the total soybean RNA applied bound to the column. The bound RNA (poly(A)-containing RNA) was shown to be mRNA by its ability to serve as template in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ. Poly(A)-containing RNA was polydisperse, migrating from approximately 50,000 to 700,000 daltons with a mean of 150,000 daltons in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The size of the poly(A) portion of this RNA was in the range of 55 to 290 nucleotides. The adenylic acid content of the presumed poly(A) fragment was about 95%. The radioactive products of translation directed by the poly(A)-containing RNA in the wheat germ cell-free system were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoprecipitation using antisera against beta-conglycinin and glycinin. The results of this investigation show that mRNAs for the subunit proteins of the major components of a soybean storage protein exist in the poly(A)-containing RNA preparation obtained from the cotyledons of dry soybean seeds.

Cell-Free System↗

PubMed2026

Photoperiod and UV-B orchestrate ICR1 to control seed isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean.

Being sessile, plants optimize their physiological and metabolic processes in response to ambient environmental cues, such as light. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying environmental regulation of seed isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean remain largely elusive. Here, our genome-wide association study (GWAS) identifies Isoflavone Content Regulator 1 (ICR1), encoding a Regulator of Chromosome Condensation (RCC1) family protein, as a positive regulator of seed isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean. The CONSTANS (CO) homolog GmCOL2b directly suppresses ICR1 transcription by binding to a CORE cis-element. Notably, nature variations flanking the CORE sequence influence GmCOL2b binding affinity, thereby modulating ICR1 transcription and seed isoflavone content. We further demonstrate that photoperiod significantly affects seed isoflavone content, with short-day (SD) conditions promoting isoflavonoid accumulation by relieving GmCOL2b-mediated repression of ICR1, while UV-B radiation facilitates ICR1 protein accumulation. Subsequently, ICR1 interacts with GmMYB12B2 to enhance seed isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Our findings elucidate how soybean integrates environmental light signals, including photoperiod and UV-B signaling that vary across seasons or latitudes, to coordinate seed isoflavonoid biosynthesis, providing a valuable genetic resource for improving soybean nutritional quality.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2024

PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 3b and transcription factor ABF3 modulate abscisic acid-dependent drought stress response in soybean.

The circadian system plays a pivotal role in facilitating the ability of crop plants to respond and adapt to fluctuations in their immediate environment effectively. Despite the increasing comprehension of PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORs and their involvement in the regulation of diverse biological processes, including circadian rhythms, photoperiodic control of flowering, and responses to abiotic stress, the transcriptional networks associated with these factors in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) remain incompletely characterized. In this study, we provide empirical evidence highlighting the significance of GmPRR3b as a crucial mediator in regulating the circadian clock, drought stress response, and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway in soybeans. A comprehensive analysis of DNA affinity purification sequencing and transcriptome data identified 795 putative target genes directly regulated by GmPRR3b. Among them, a total of 570 exhibited a significant correlation with the response to drought, and eight genes were involved in both the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of ABA. Notably, GmPRR3b played a pivotal role in the negative regulation of the drought response in soybeans by suppressing the expression of abscisic acid-responsive element-binding factor 3 (GmABF3). Additionally, the overexpression of GmABF3 exhibited an increased ability to tolerate drought conditions, and it also restored the hypersensitive phenotype of the GmPRR3b overexpressor. Consistently, studies on the manipulation of GmPRR3b gene expression and genome editing in plants revealed contrasting reactions to drought stress. The findings of our study collectively provide compelling evidence that emphasizes the significant contribution of the GmPRR3b-GmABF3 module in enhancing drought tolerance in soybean plants. Moreover, the transcriptional network of GmPRR3b provides valuable insights into the intricate interactions between this gene and the fundamental biological processes associated with plant adaptation to diverse environmental conditions.

Glycine max↗

PubMed2026

The transcription factors GmBBX17 and GmSTFs antagonistically regulate shade avoidance in soybean by oppositely modulating GmSRG1 transcription.

High-density planting represents a promising strategy to enhance crop productivity. However, this agronomic practice inevitably triggers shade avoidance responses, manifested as stem and petiole elongation, suppressed branching, and altered petiole angles. Elucidating the molecular underpinnings of shade avoidance remains imperative for rationalizing planting density strategies in crop production. Here, we report that soybean SHADE-REDUCED GENE 1 (GmSRG1) inhibits the stem and petiole growth both in white light and low ratio of Red:Far-red light conditions in soybean. GmSRG1 likely represents a catalytically inactive homolog of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase that lacks the conserved active site. Despite its enzymatic deficiency, it is associated with enhanced xyloglucan-degrading activity and prevents xyloglucan accumulation in soybean. GmBBX17 binds to the GmSRG1 promoter to repress its transcription, whereas GmSTFs (GmSTF1 and GmSTF2) transcriptionally activate GmSRG1. GmBBX17 physically interacts with GmSTFs to antagonistically regulate GmSRG1 expression. Unlike GmSRG1, its close homolog GmXTH23 is associated with increased xyloglucan accumulation and reduced xyloglucan-degrading activity, while GmSRG1 physically interacts with GmXTH23 and counteracts this GmXTH23-associated effect. Our work reveals an integrated regulatory network comprising the GmBBX17-GmSTFs transcriptional module and the GmSRG1-GmXTH23 regulatory module, which collectively govern shade avoidance architecture in soybean.

Glycine max↗

PubMed2026

Flavonoid biosynthesis mediated by GmF3Hs contributes to drought tolerance in soybean.

Flavonoids are central to abiotic stress responses, yet the specific signaling roles and evolutionary dynamics of flavonoid biosynthetic intermediates in crop drought adaptation remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that dihydrokaempferol (DHK) and dihydroquercetin (DHQ), specific intermediate products of the soybean flavanone 3-hydroxylases GmF3H1/2, function as potent signaling molecules that mitigate drought stress. Exogenous DHK/DHQ promoted abscisic acid-dependent stomatal closure and enhanced drought tolerance across diverse dicot species, including soybean and tobacco, highlighting a broadly conserved stress-mitigating signaling mechanism. CRISPR/Cas9-generated gmf3hs double mutants exhibited severe drought hypersensitivity due to compromised redox homeostasis and defective stomatal regulation, which could be specifically rescued by DHK/DHQ application. Furthermore, the loss of GmF3H triggered a distinct reproductive trade-off under stress, leading to increased pod initiation but severe filling defects. Multiomics network analysis revealed extensive rewiring of broader stress-responsive pathways and identified upstream transcription factors, among which GmPHL11 directly binds to and activates the GmF3H1 promoter; overexpression of GmPHL11 promoted DHK accumulation and enhanced drought stress tolerance in soybean hairy roots. Finally, population genomic analyses demonstrated that the GmF3H1H1 haplotype, which confers superior enzymatic activity and robust root growth under drought stress, might have undergone positive selection during soybean domestication. Collectively, our findings redefine the role of GmF3H-derived specific intermediates as potent signaling molecules, providing comprehensive mechanistic and evolutionary insights into flavonoid-mediated drought resilience, developmental trade-offs, and molecular breeding in crops.

Drought Resistance↗

PubMed2026

Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis of Stem Growth Habit Divergence in Wild Soybean (Glycine soja).

Stem architecture is a major determinant of lodging resistance, biomass accumulation, and harvest efficiency in soybean. However, the molecular features associated with contrasting stem growth habits in wild soybean remain incompletely characterised. Here, we performed an integrated transcriptomic, metabolomic, and epigenomic analysis of stem growth-habit divergence in wild soybean, comparing the wild-type accession ZYD7068 with contrasting vining and erect mutant lines derived from carbon-ion beam mutagenesis. Pairwise transcriptomic comparisons identified between 20 311 and 28 705 differentially expressed genes per contrast, with a core set of 2672 genes consistently altered across the comparisons. Functional enrichment, gene set variation analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis converged on xylem and phloem pattern formation as a prominent molecular pathway associated with growth-habit divergence. Random forest analysis identified BBR-BPC and ARF transcription factor families as major molecular discriminators, while metabolomic profiling revealed distinct metabolic profiles involving amino-acid-derived and lipid-associated metabolites. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing revealed context-specific DNA methylation differences, including substantial variation in CHG methylation among erect mutant lines. Integrated network and in silico perturbation analyses prioritised four candidate genes associated with vascular development for future functional validation. Together, these results provide a multi-layer molecular resource for investigating stem growth-habit divergence in G. soja and establish testable candidate pathways and genes for subsequent functional studies and soybean improvement.

glycine soja↗

PubMed2025

Cell-type-specific response to silicon treatment in soybean leaves revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing and targeted gene editing.

Mineral nutrient uptake and deposition profoundly influence plant development, stress resilience, and productivity. Silicon (Si), though classified as a non-essential element, significantly influences a plant's physiology, particularly in fortifying defense responses and mitigating stress. While the genetic and molecular mechanisms of Si uptake and transport are well studied in monocots, particularly rice, their role in dicot species, such as soybean, remains unclear at the cellular and molecular levels. In this study, we utilized single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to dissect cellular responses to Si accumulation in soybean leaves. We identified distinct cellular populations, including a unique Si-induced or Si-associated cell cluster within vascular cells, suggesting a specialized mechanism of Si distribution. Si treatment notably induced the expression of defense-related genes, with a pronounced enrichment in vascular cells, underscoring their pivotal role in activating plant defense mechanisms. Moreover, Si modulated the expression of genes involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis, salicylic acid, and immune receptor signaling, suggesting transcriptional priming of genes involved in defense responses. Further investigation of Si transporters revealed precise expression of an Si efflux gene in epidermal cells in response to Si treatment. We also validated the role of efflux Si transporters using a Xenopus oocyte assay and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of composite soybean plant roots. This study provides critical insights into the biotic stress regulatory networks influenced by Si treatment in soybean leaves at the single-cell level, thus laying the foundation for enhancing stress tolerance through optimized mineral nutrient uptake.

Glycine max↗

PubMed2025

Yield and yield component trait analysis with DArT genotyping for GWAS in soybean grown in drought conditions of Kazakhstan.

Development of drought tolerant cultivars of soybean is the single best way to address the challenge of global climate change and very limited water resources for crop irrigation in Central Asia including Kazakhstan. A set of 188 soybean cultivars with diverse origins was assessed for genome-wide association study (GWAS) for yield and eight yield-related traits in both irrigated (well-watered, WW) and non-irrigated (drought) conditions during 2 years in field trials in South-Eastern Kazakhstan. The 295K Diversity array technology (DArT) analysis was applied, and 16K filtered DArT markers were used for genotyping of 183 soybean accessions. In the results, 41 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN) were identified as significantly associated with nine studied traits. To verify these results, bulk segregant analysis (BSA) was carried out in six breeding lines originating from two crosses between high-yielding under drought cvs, Sponsor and Zen, with drought sensitive cv Lastochka. The evaluation of combined results revealed 10 most significant QTN and eight most promising putative candidate genes, which were selected and tested for their gene expression using RT-qPCR under drought compared with WW controls. Among them, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI), pentatricopeptide repeats (PPR) protein, and ABC transporter, associated with seed yield, seed weight per plant, and plant height, were highly upregulated in drought tolerant genotypes. In contrast, two other genes, Rab-GDP dissociation inhibitor (Rab-GDI) and Transducin with WD40 repeats, associated with seed yield, showed repression in the same genotypes. These verified genes involved in the control of yield and yield-related traits can be used for marker-assisted selection to develop novel genotypes and new soybean cultivars tolerant to strong drought in Kazakhstan and in other countries with similar conditions.

Diversity array technology (DArT)↗

PubMed2026

Two Bacillus PGPB Strains in Wheat and Soybean: Wheat Growth Promotion Without Detectable Rhizosphere Microbiome Restructuring.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are increasingly deployed as biofertilizers, yet the link between an inoculant's genomic potential and its realized effect on the plant is rarely assessed within an integrative framework that jointly captures the rhizosphere microbiome, plant phenotype, and strain genome. Two Bacillus strains-B. halotolerans 1453 and B. pumilus 630-were applied to wheat and soybean in a factorial pot experiment (2 strains × 2 application methods × 3 frequencies + control, 3-4 replicates). Rhizosphere samples (n = 67 after filtering) were profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing with PICRUSt2 functional prediction and compositional validation (Aitchison PERMANOVA, ALDEx2, ANCOM-BC2). The PGPB gene repertoire was characterized by genome mining (481 marker genes, 14 categories). Wheat phenotype (six traits) and soybean height were analyzed with models appropriate for count data (Negative Binomial and binomial GLMs) for treatment-vs.-control comparisons, and with factorial ANOVA for decomposition into main effects and interactions. Crop identity was the dominant factor shaping both microbiome structure and function (PERMANOVA R2 = 14.7% taxonomically and R2 = 7.8% functionally, both p < 0.001), with biologically meaningful taxonomic differences between wheat and soybean; strain, application count and method had no significant effect on community composition (R2 < 4% each), and co-occurrence networks showed no reliable differences between crops once read depth and sample size were controlled for. Despite this neutrality at the microbiome level, inoculation significantly increased wheat spike count (NB-GLM, all 12 treatments vs. control, padj 0.0002-0.031), ear weight, and stem count, with application count the strongest source of variability and a pronounced strain × application count. Strain 1453 outperformed 630 in spike count (+23.1%, p = 0.012) and ear weight (+20.4%, p = 0.023); we hypothesize that this may be related to its more complete DNRA pathway (narGHI + nirB-nirD) and biocontrol genes (bacE, srfAA). Strain 630 produced a less pronounced effect than strain 1453 but was subject to smaller fluctuations across replicates (CV ≈ 16-21% vs. ≈24-26% for 1453), which may reflect better resilience to environmental fluctuations, possibly due to its confirmed rsbV/rsbW stress-tolerance regulon. Rhizosphere microbiome composition differed clearly by crop (wheat vs. soybean) but showed no detectable response to strain, application method, or application count. Despite this lack of a microbiome signal, inoculation significantly increased wheat spike count and ear weight, with the magnitude and stability of this effect differing by strain. We hypothesize that this strain-dependent difference relates to underlying genomic differences-particularly in nitrogen metabolism (DNRA pathway) and stress-tolerance genes-though this link has not been tested directly and remains a hypothesis for future work.

Triticum↗

PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Identification of the Soybean GH5 Gene Family and Functional Analysis of GmGH5-22 in Salt Tolerance.

Plant GH5 family genes function in both cell wall biosynthesis and stress responses. However, comprehensive studies on GH5 genes in the soybean remain limited. Here, we identified 28 GmGH5 genes from the soybean genome. Phylogenetic analysis assigned these genes to three subfamilies (I-III), with no representatives in subfamily IV. The GmGH5 family harbors 15 conserved motifs, which are largely similar within subfamilies but differ across subfamilies. Additionally, exon-intron structures (2-7 introns) exhibit clade-specific patterns, with members within the same clade sharing similar intron numbers and lengths, whereas distinct clades show some variation. The promoter regions of GmGH5 genes contained various cis-acting regulatory elements associated with stress responses and developmental processes. Transcriptome-based expression profiling revealed distinct tissue-specific expression patterns of GmGH5 genes. RT-qPCR further confirmed their differential expression under salt, alkaline, cold, and drought stresses, especially a significant increase in GmGH5-22 expression under salt stress (approximately 22-fold at 6 h, **** p < 0.0001). Furthermore, GmGH5-22 was highly expressed in roots, and transient expression in tobacco leaves showed its peripheral localization, which aligns with its predicted extracellular localization, suggesting that GmGH5-22 is highly likely localized to the cell wall. Overexpression of GmGH5-22 in soybean hairy roots significantly improved tolerance to salt stress. These findings establish a foundation for functional characterization of GmGH5 genes and provide viable targets for molecular breeding to enhance salt tolerance in soybeans.

GH5 family↗

PubMed1975

Labeling of soybean agglutinin by oxidation with sodium periodate followed by reduction with sodium [3-H]borohydride.

Periodate oxidation of soybean agglutinin, a glycoprotein lectin, resulted in destruction of up to 5 out of the 9 mannose residues present in each of its subunits (MW 30,000) without any loss of hemagglutinating activity. The oxidation did, however, abolish the interaction of soybean agglutinin with concanvalin A, as measured by quantitative precipitation. Reduction with sodium [3-H]borohydride of soybean agglutinin in which 4 out of 9 mannose residues per subunit were oxidized, afforded a radioactive product which retained full hemagglutinating activity and was indistinguishable from the native lectin by gel filtration, gel electrophoresis, and affinity chromatography. These results establish that the integrity of the carbohydrate side chain of soybean agglutinin is not essential for the biological activity of the lectin, and suggest a general method for the preparation of radioactive glycoprotein lectins.

Borohydrides↗

PubMed1977

Direct plating versus dilution plating in qualitatively determining the mold flora of dried beans and soybeans.

Two methods presently used for examining whole foods and feeds for viable molds were evaluated for their relative effectiveness in the qualitative determination of the total number of mold species present in soybeans and dried beans: the direct plating method and the serial dilution method. Sixty-nine soybean samples and 40 dried bean samples were examined. Although the quantitative results of this study were inconclusive, the qualitative results show that the direct plating method was substantially more effective in detecting individual mold species. An average of 12.9 and 10.9 species was detected by the direct plating method in whole soybean and dried bean samples, respectively. An average of 4.4 and 2.8 species was detected by the dilution method in ground soybean and dried bean samples, respectively. A total of at least 37 mold species were found in the study, including 10 toxicogenic species. With few exceptions, detection rates of the 37 individual species were substantially greater among the samples examined by direct plating than those examined by serial dilution.

Food Microbiology↗